1
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Moreno K, Díaz X, Endara D, Sánchez F, Aragón-Tobar CF. Zinc and Lead Leaching from Sphalerite-Galena Concentrate Using Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Choline Chloride: Effect of Roasting and Iodine as Oxidizing Agent. Molecules 2024; 29:3742. [PMID: 39202823 PMCID: PMC11357157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional metallurgical routes for producing lead and zinc from primary sources have a significant environmental footprint. Thus, using less pollutant solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), would offer a greener solution in metal extraction. This study explores the use of three DESs based on choline chloride (ChCl) (1:2 ChCl-urea, 1:2 ChCl-ethylene glycol, and 1:2 ChCl-glycerol) for recovering Zn and Pb from a sphalerite-galena concentrate of the mining region in Ecuador. Leaching tests of the concentrate (untreated and roasted at 600 °C) in each DES were conducted (30 °C-24 h). The effect of adding iodine as an oxidizing agent was also evaluated. Recoveries of 2% (Zn) and 14% (Pb) were reported when leaching the untreated concentrate with DES. These recovery values increased to 11% (Zn) and 99% (Pb) after adding iodine during the leaching of the untreated concentrate. Roasting had a similar effect on leaching, increasing the recovery values of Zn (75%) and Pb (90%). Combining roasting as a pretreatment and iodine as an oxidizing agent produced higher Zn recoveries (99%) and Pb (99%). These results were compared to recoveries in acid leaching (H2SO4 and HNO3), revealing the potential of DESs as an alternative for metal recovery from primary sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Moreno
- Department of Extractive Metallurgy, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, P.O. Box 17-01-2759, Quito 170525, Ecuador; (X.D.); (D.E.); (F.S.); (C.F.A.-T.)
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2
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Doneux T, Sorgho A, Soma F, Rayée Q, Bougouma M. Electrodeposition in Deep Eutectic Solvents: The "Obvious", the "Unexpected" and the "Wonders". Molecules 2024; 29:3439. [PMID: 39065016 PMCID: PMC11279597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are attracting considerable attention as non-conventional media for electrodeposition processes. This opinion contribution discusses the debated nature and definition of these solvents as well as some practical considerations of relevance when performing electrodeposition studies in DESs. Using a few illustrative case studies, it is shown that speciation is a key factor determining the electrochemical behaviour of chemical elements in different DESs, and that accounting for the speciation strong similarities can often be found with more conventional or more documented solvents. The need for thermodynamic data is emphasised and it is suggested to expand the composition range of these solvents beyond fixed ratios between the components to exploit the full potentialities of DESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doneux
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alassane Sorgho
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, de Physique Spatiale et Energétique (L@CAPSE), UFR/Sciences et Technologies (ST), Université Norbert ZONGO, Avenue Maurice Yameogo, Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Fousséni Soma
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, de Physique Spatiale et Energétique (L@CAPSE), UFR/Sciences et Technologies (ST), Université Norbert ZONGO, Avenue Maurice Yameogo, Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Quentin Rayée
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Moussa Bougouma
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, de Physique Spatiale et Energétique (L@CAPSE), UFR/Sciences et Technologies (ST), Université Norbert ZONGO, Avenue Maurice Yameogo, Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
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3
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Daskalopoulou E, Hunt P, Elgar CE, Yang M, Abbott AP, Hartley JM. Overcoming passivation through improved mass transport in dense ionic fluids. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 39007290 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00030g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have recently been shown to be part of a dense ionic fluid continuum between ionic liquids and concentrated aqueous brines. Charge transport was shown to be governed by fluidity, with no discontinuity between molar conductivity and fluidity irrespective of cation, charge density or ionic radius. By adjusting the activity of water and chloride ions, mass transport, speciation and reactivity can be altered. It has been shown that while brines provide a high chloride content at a lower viscosity than DESs, unlike DESs, brines are unable to prevent metal passivation due to their high water content. This results in the possibility to impart a level of selectivity towards metal dissolution (or passivation) when processing mixed metal materials. Forced convection can be used to avoid the issue of slow mass transport in viscous media, and the use of jets or targeted ultrasound are effective methods for overcoming this issue. High-powered ultrasound was applied to copper, cobalt, and aluminium electrodes undergoing anodic dissolution, and linear sweep voltammetry showed a linear current-voltage response at potentials anodic of the oxidation potential under sonication, with total charge passed being 5 to 134 times greater than under silent conditions. Application of ultrasound to silver and nickel electrodes displayed an initial linear current-voltage response, but the increased water content of the brines resulted in passivation. Mass transport throughout the bulk solution is governed by the forced convection imparted by the ultrasound and ionic species must only migrate across the electrical double layer. It is shown that the anodic dissolution of a range of metals classically expected to passivate, e.g. aluminium, can be significantly accelerated under insonation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Hunt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | | | - Minjun Yang
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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4
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Cappelluti F, Gontrani L, Mariani A, Galliano S, Carbone M, Bonomo M. Voronoi Tessellation as a Tool for Predicting the Formation of Deep Eutectic Solvents. J Chem Inf Model 2024. [PMID: 38950140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their broad applicability in different fields, but their computer-aided discovery, which avoids a time-consuming trial-and-error investigation, is still lagging. In this paper, a set of nine DESs, composed of choline chloride as a hydrogen-bond acceptor and nine functionalized phenols as hydrogen bond donors, is simulated by using classical molecular dynamics to investigate the possible formation of a DES. The tool of the Voronoi tessellation analysis is employed for producing an intuitive and straightforward representation of the degree of mixing between the different components of the solutions, therefore permitting the definition of a metric quantifying the propensity of the components to produce a uniform solution. The computational findings agree with the experimental results, thus confirming that the Voronoi tessellation analysis can act as a lightweight yet powerful approach for the high-throughput screening of mixtures in the optics of the new DES design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Gontrani
- Startnetics - Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Elettra Synchrotron of Trieste, SS per Basovizza, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Galliano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Marilena Carbone
- Startnetics - Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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5
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Svärd M, Ma C, Forsberg K, Schiavi PG. Addressing the Reuse of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Li-Ion Battery Recycling: Insights into Dissolution Mechanism, Metal Recovery, Regeneration and Decomposition. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400410. [PMID: 38727554 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have garnered attention in Li-ion battery (LIB) recycling due to their declared eco-friendly attributes and adjustable metal dissolution selectivity, offering a promising avenue for recycling processes. However, DESs currently lack competitiveness compared to mineral acids, commonly used in industrial-scale LIB recycling. Current research primarily focuses on optimizing DES formulation and experimental conditions to maximize metal dissolution yields in standalone leaching experiments. While achieving yields comparable to traditional leaching systems is important, extensive DES reuse is vital for overall recycling feasibility. To achieve this, evaluating the metal dissolution mechanism can assist in estimating DES consumption rates and assessing process makeup stream costs. The selection of appropriate metal recovery and DES regeneration strategies is essential to enable subsequent reuse over multiple cycles. Finally, decomposition of DES components should be avoided throughout the designed recycling process, as by-products can impact leaching efficiency and compromise the safety and environmental friendliness of DES. In this review, these aspects are emphasized with the aim of directing research efforts away from simply pursuing the maximization of metal dissolution efficiency, towards a broader view focusing on the application of DES beyond the laboratory scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Svärd
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Teknikringen 42, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chunyan Ma
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Teknikringen 42, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Forsberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Teknikringen 42, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pier Giorgio Schiavi
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, Piazzale Aldo Moro n.5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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6
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Bidari E, Winardhi CW, Godinho JRD, Frisch G. Role of Oxidants in Metal Extraction from Sulfide Minerals in a Deep Eutectic Solvent. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14592-14603. [PMID: 38559972 PMCID: PMC10976405 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Metallurgical applications of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), known as ionometallurgy, have received significant research attention in recent years. While many studies claim that DESs are generally green and enhance process efficiency, others believe that industrial applications of ionometallurgy are generally not viable. Here, we report on leaching experiments of a sulfide flotation concentrate using ethaline, a chloride-based DES, in the presence of common oxidants. Following a mineral-based approach, we compare results with those obtained from aqueous chloride solutions to assess the influence of the leaching medium. We aim to contribute to a basic understanding of key differences between DESs and aqueous solutions and hope that this will help to make informed decisions about the suitability of DESs for leaching applications. Experiments were performed on a feed concentrate comprising a mixture of sulfide minerals along with substantial concentrations of Au, Ag, and Te. We found similar leaching behaviors for ethaline and aqueous solutions in nonoxidative leaching. However, when oxidizing agents were introduced, ethaline exhibited higher leaching efficiencies. Notably, the oxidation rate of pyrite in ethaline was very low, while chalcopyrite exhibited high oxidation rates. Furthermore, the results highlight significant variations in leaching rates depending on the type of oxidant, with the highest rate observed for I2, followed by CuCl2, and FeCl3. H2O2 and O2 were less effective. The leaching of gold-silver tellurides was possible in ethaline. This could be of particular significance, given that Au-Ag-Te compounds pose challenges in conventional cyanide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Bidari
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Chandra Widyananda Winardhi
- Helmholtz
Zentrum-Dresden Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute
Freiberg for Resource Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Gero Frisch
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Technische
Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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7
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Gabriele F, Casieri C, Spreti N. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Rust Removal Agents from Lithic and Cellulosic Substrates. Molecules 2024; 29:624. [PMID: 38338368 PMCID: PMC10856158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The peculiar physicochemical features of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), in particular their tunability, make them ideal media for various applications. Despite their ability to solubilize metal oxides, their use as rust removers from valuable substrates has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we chose three known DESs, consisting of choline chloride and acetic, oxalic or citric acid for evaluating their ability to remove corrosion products from a cellulose-based material as linen fabric and two different lithotypes, as travertine and granite. The artificial staining was achieved by placing a rusty iron grid on their surfaces. The DESs were applied by means of cellulose poultice on the linen fabrics, while on the rusted stone surfaces with a cotton swab. Macro- and microscopic observations, colorimetry and SEM/EDS analysis were employed to ascertain the cleaning effectiveness and the absence of side effects on the samples after treatment. Oxalic acid-based DES was capable of removing rust stains from both stone and cellulose-based samples, while choline chloride/citric acid DES was effective only on stone specimens. The results suggest a new practical application of DESs for the elimination of rust from lithic and cellulosic substrates of precious and artistic value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicoletta Spreti
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.G.); (C.C.)
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Jacobson B, Li S, Marin Rivera R, Daly P, Elgar CE, Mulvihill DM, Abbott AP, Feeney A, Prentice P. A mechanistic study identifying improved technology critical metal delamination from printed circuit boards at lower power sonications in a deep eutectic solvent. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106701. [PMID: 38029568 PMCID: PMC10711237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of ionic liquids that offer a solution to reclaiming technology critical metals (TCMs) from electronic waste, with potential for improved life cycle analysis. The high viscosities typical of DESs, however, impose mass transport limitations such that passive TCM removal generally requires immersion over extended durations, in some cases in the order of hours. It is postulated that, through the targeted application of power ultrasound, delamination of key structures in electronic components immersed in DESs can be significantly accelerated, thereby enabling rapid recovery of TCMs. In this paper, we fully characterise cavitation in a Choline Chloride-Ethylene Glycol DES as a function of sonotrode input power, by the acoustic detection of the bubble collapse shockwave content generated during sonications at more than 20 input powers over the available range. This justifies the selection of two powers for a detailed study of ultrasonically enhanced TCM-delamination from printed circuit boards (PCBs). Dual-perspective high-speed imaging is employed, which facilitates simultaneous observation of TCM removal, and the cavitation evolution and interaction with the PCB surface. Bubble jetting is identified as a key contributor to initial pitting of the TCM layers, exposing the larger underlying copper layer, with the contributions of additional inertial cavitation-mediated phenomena such as bubble-collapse shockwaves also demonstrated as important for delamination. Optimal cavitation activity throughout the sonication then promotes etching of the copper base layer of the PCB structure targeted by the DES, liberating the overlaying TCMs in sections as large as 0.79 mm2. We report a thirtyfold improvement in processing time compared to passive delamination, with sonications at the lower power outperforming those at the higher power. The results demonstrate the potential for industrially scalable recovery of TCMs from the growing quantities of global e-waste, using combined power ultrasonics and DESs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jacobson
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Shida Li
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Paul Daly
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Daniel M Mulvihill
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew Feeney
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul Prentice
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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9
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Li J, Xu A, Xue J, Qian W, Xu P, Hu Z, Chen C, Wu C. Development and validation of a deep eutectic solvent-assisted liquid-liquid extraction method for simultaneous quantification of six steroid hormones in serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464413. [PMID: 37806044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones have been reported to be associated with endocrine system diseases. This paper proposes a novel procedure of deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) to extract six steroid hormones (including cortisone, cortisol, androstenedione, testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and progesterone) from serum coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of five types of L-proline, choline chloride, and citric acid-based DESs were tailored; the DES from L-proline and ethylene glycol at a molar ratio of 1:4 with 20 % acetonitrile was selected as the best-fit assisted solvent for the six steroid hormones compared with other DESs. The parameters for extraction by selected DES were optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD), and the optimal extraction conditions are 200 µL of acetonitrile, 100 µL of the sample, and 80 µL of DES. Under optimum conditions, the method has good linear calibration ranges (between 0.07 ng mL-1 and 600 ng mL-1), correlation coefficients of determination (r2>0.99), and low limits of quantification (between 0.02 and 0.60 ng mL-1). The extraction recoveries were in the range of 81.84-114.43 %, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 10 %.In general, the DES-LC-MS/MS method is a simple and environmentally-friendly method, which can be complementary to the presently available methods for determining steroid hormones in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufang Li
- Zhejiang Biozon Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Aiping Xu
- Laprode (Zhejiang) Analysis Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Jianyou Xue
- Zhejiang Biozon Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Zhejiang Biozon Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Zhejiang Biozon Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Zhineng Hu
- Zhejiang Biozon Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China.
| | - Chaochao Wu
- Zhejiang Biozon Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
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10
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Richter J, Pietsch T, Elsner N, Ruck M. Critical Investigation of Betaine Hydrochloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent for Ionometallurgical Metal Production. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300114. [PMID: 37548281 PMCID: PMC10405249 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The applicability of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of betainium hydrochloride, urea and glycerol is examined with respect to ionometallurgical metal extraction and compared with the ionic liquid (IL) betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Hbet][NTf2 ]). The DES dissolves numerous metal oxides, where not only betaine and chloride act as stabilizing ligands, but also nascent ammonia seems to be essential. From such solutions, cobalt, copper, zinc, tin, lead, and even vanadium can be electrodeposited, demonstrating the feasibility of ionometallurgy. However, repeated recycling of the DES is not conceivable. NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry identify numerous decomposition reactions taking place at 60 °C already. The by-products that are formed not only make recycling more difficult, but also pose a toxicity problem. The opportunities and obstacles of DESs and ILs for their application in ionometallurgy are critically discussed. It is shown that a thorough understanding of the underlying chemical processes is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Richter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Tobias Pietsch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of SolidsNöthnitzer Str. 4001187DresdenGermany
| | - Noah Elsner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of SolidsNöthnitzer Str. 4001187DresdenGermany
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11
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Datta S, Mahin J, Liberti E, Manasi I, Edler KJ, Torrente-Murciano L. Role of the Deep Eutectic Solvent Reline in the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:10242-10251. [PMID: 37476420 PMCID: PMC10354802 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c07337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a mechanistic understanding of the synthesis of small (<3 nm) gold nanoparticles in a nontoxic, eco-friendly, and biodegradable eutectic mixture of choline chloride and urea (reline) without the addition of external reducing or stabilization agents. Reline acts as a reducing agent by releasing ammonia (via urea hydrolysis), forming gold nanoparticles even at trace ammonia concentration levels. Reline also affects the speciation of the gold precursor forming gold chloro-complexes, stabilizing Au+ species, leading to an easier reduction and avoiding the otherwise fast disproportionation reaction. Such a capability is however lost in the presence of large amounts of water, where water replaces the chloride ligands in the precursor speciation. In addition, reline acts as a weak stabilizing agent, leading to small particles (<3 nm) and narrow distributions although agglomerates quickly form. Such properties are maintained in the presence of water, indicating that it is linked to the urea stabilization rather than the hydrogen-bonding network. This work has important implications in the field of green synthesis of nanoparticles with small sizes, especially for biomedical and health care applications, due to the nontoxic nature of the components of deep eutectic solvents in contrast to the conventional routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Datta
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Julien Mahin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Emanuela Liberti
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PH Oxford U.K.
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QS Oxfordshire, U.K.
| | - Iva Manasi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down Road, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down Road, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K.
| | - Laura Torrente-Murciano
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U.K.
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12
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Richter J, Pietsch T, Ruck M. Cobalt Deposition from Ionothermally Dissolved Cobalt Oxides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300090. [PMID: 36872889 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the environmental problems of numerous metal production processes, there is a growing need for more energy-efficient approaches. Cobalt is considered a strategic element that is extracted not only from ores but also from spent Li-ion batteries. One promising new approach is ionometallurgy, which is the extraction of metal oxides by ionic liquids (ILs). This study concerns new investigations into ionometallurgical processing of CoO, Co3 O4 , and LiCoO2 in the IL betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][NTf2 ]. Three crystal structures of cobalt-betaine complex compounds and combined spectroscopic and diffraction studies provide insights into the dissolution process. In addition, an optimized dissolution procedure for metal oxides is presented, avoiding the previously reported decomposition of the IL. Subsequent cobalt electrodeposition is only possible from cationic complex species, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of the complex equilibria. The presented method is also compared to other recently reported approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Richter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Pietsch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Ebrahimi E, Abdollahi H, Ziaedin Shafaei S, Ghanbarzad M, Talebi E. Green extraction of pure ferromagnetic nickel from spent hydroprocessing catalysts via deep eutectic solvents. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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14
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Daskalopoulou E, Hartley JM, Rivera RM, Zante G, Abbott AP. Anion effect on the redox properties of copper ions in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4854-4861. [PMID: 36692445 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It has long been claimed that the anion of the DES or IL is critical for controlling the redox properties of metal ions. In this study we investigate the effect of different salt anions on the copper redox properties and speciation, and compare that with the effect of the different solvent anions, when a single copper salt is used in a range of solvents. It is shown that the effect of the solvent anion is much more significant than that of the salt anion on the redox properties. It is also found that copper species remain the same copper tetrachloride species despite the starting salt. An exception is seen for the copper(I) salt, which makes linear dichloride species, as well as the copper(II) acetate system, which displays concentration dependence. When the anion of the ionic liquid is changed, the copper species change correspondingly with the coordinating strength of the solvent anion, leading to a greater difference in redox response, which is due to the different species present. Thus, these speciation differences can be used to modify the redox potentials in the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guillaume Zante
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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15
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Stepping away from serendipity in Deep Eutectic Solvent formation: Prediction from precursors ratio. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Selective recovery of rare earth elements from e-waste via ionic liquid extraction: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Hartley JM, Scott S, Dilruba Z, Lucio AJ, Bird PJ, Harris RC, Jenkin GRT, Abbott AP. Iodine speciation in deep eutectic solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24105-24115. [PMID: 36178251 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iodine has been shown to act as a good electrocatalyst for metal digestion in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) but little is known about its speciation or reactivity in these high chloride containing media. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy measurements were made at the iodine K-edge in a range of DESs with different glycolic or acidic hydrogen bond donors (HBDs), along with examining the effect of iodine concentration between 0.01 and 0.5 mol dm-3. Three groups of speciation were detected: mixed I2Cl-/I3- (glycol and lactic acid systems), mixed I3-/I2 (oxalic acid and urea systems), and singular I3- (levulinic acid system). UV-vis spectroscopy was used to confirm the speciation. Electrochemistry showed that iodine redox behaviour was unaffected by the changing speciation. Leaching data showed that metal oxidation was related not only to changing iodine speciation, but also the reactivity and coordination ability of the HBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Scott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Zarfishan Dilruba
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Anthony J Lucio
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Philip J Bird
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Robert C Harris
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Gawen R T Jenkin
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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18
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Peeters N, Janssens K, de Vos D, Binnemans K, Riaño S. Choline chloride-ethylene glycol based deep-eutectic solvents as lixiviants for cobalt recovery from lithium-ion battery cathode materials: are these solvents really green in high-temperature processes? GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:6685-6695. [PMID: 36132435 PMCID: PMC9426644 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc02075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) are often considered to be safe, eco-friendly and non-toxic solvents. Due to these green credentials, they are increasingly being studied for application in metal recycling processes. One example is their use as lixiviants for the recovery of cobalt from lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, LCO), which is a common cathode material in lithium-ion batteries. Here, leaching of cobalt is facilitated by reduction of cobalt(iii) to cobalt(ii) in the presence of a reducing agent. However, several recent publications report on the use of DESs as lixiviants at high temperatures (180 °C) without addition of a reducing agent. Typical DESs for these applications are based on mixtures of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (ChCl : EG). Unfortunately, these studies ignore the limited thermal stability of ChCl : EG at high temperatures, which limits the recyclability of this DES. In this work, the drawbacks of using ChCl : EG as the lixiviant in high-temperature ionometallurgical processes are demonstrated. Structural analysis confirmed that ChCl : EG is not stable at 180 °C, forming hazardous and toxic decomposition products such as trimethylamine and 2-chloroethanol. It was hypothesized that choline chloride reduces cobalt(iii) while simultaneously undergoing a radical β-hydrogen abstraction reaction, thereby decomposing to trimethylamine and other degradation products. The main conclusion is that this type of DES should not be used for high-temperature leaching processes due to their limited stability under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nand Peeters
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F P.O. box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kwinten Janssens
- Centre for Membrane separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Dirk de Vos
- Centre for Membrane separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F P.O. box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sofía Riaño
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F P.O. box 2404 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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19
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Li B, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Shi M, Wu C. Deep eutectic solvent for spent lithium-ion battery recycling: comparison with inorganic acid leaching. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19029-19051. [PMID: 35938373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy. Compared with inorganic acids, the physicochemical properties of DESs and their applications in recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries were summarized. The viscosity, metal solubility, toxicological properties and biodegradation of DESs depend on the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA). The viscosity of ChCl-based DESs increased according to the HBD in the following order: alcohols < carboxylic acids < sugars < inorganic salts. The strongly coordinating HBDs increased the solubility of metal oxide via surface complexation reactions followed by ligand exchange for chloride in the bulk solvent. Interestingly, the safety and degradability of DESs reported in the literature are superior to those of inorganic acids. Both DESs and inorganic acids have excellent metal leaching efficiencies (>99%). However, the reaction kinetics of DESs are 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than those of inorganic acids. A significant advantage of DESs is that they can be regenerated and recycled multiple times after recovering metals by electrochemical deposition or precipitation. In the future, the development of efficient and selective DESs still requires a lot of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xuelei Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Miao Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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20
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Electrochemical degradation of organic pollutants using Cu nanocubes modified electrode – A facile approach for environmental remediation. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Lanaridi O, Schnürch M, Limbeck A, Schröder K. Liquid- and Solid-based Separations Employing Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals Typically Encountered in Catalytic Converters: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102262. [PMID: 34962087 PMCID: PMC9306556 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The wide application range and ascending demand for platinum group metals combined with the progressive depletion of their natural resources renders their efficient recycling a very important and pressing matter. Primarily environmental considerations associated with state-of-the-art recovery processes have shifted the focus of the scientific community toward the investigation of alternative recycling approaches. Within this context, ionic liquids have gained considerable attention in the last two decades chiefly sparked by properties such as tunabilty, low-volatility, and relatively easy recyclability. In this review an understanding of the state-of-the-art processes, including their drawbacks and limitations, is provided. The core of the discussion is focused on platinum group metal recovery with ionic liquid-based systems. A brief insight in some environmental considerations related to ionic liquids is also provided while some discussion on research gaps, common misconceptions related to ionic liquids and outlook on unresolved issues could not be absent from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lanaridi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Schröder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
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22
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Chemical Dissolution of Chalcopyrite Concentrate in Choline Chloride Ethylene Glycol Deep Eutectic Solvent. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the high demand for copper is in direct contrast with the decrease in the mineral grade and, more significantly, the concerns regarding the environmental impact that arise as a result of processing such low-grade materials. Consequently, new mineral processing concepts are needed. This work explores the chemical dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate at ambient pressure and moderate temperatures in a deep eutectic solvent. Copper and iron are dissolved without changing their oxidation state, without solvent pH change, and stabilized as a chloride complex with no evidence of passivation. Chemical equilibria of the metallic chloride complexes limit the dissolution, and the step that is rate-controlling of the kinetics is the interdiffusion of species in the solvent. The chemical mechanism may involve initial chloride adsorption at positive sites of the solid surface, pointing out the importance of surfaces states on chalcopyrite particles. A model based on a shrinking particle coupled with pseudo-second-order increase in the liquid concentration of copper describes the dissolution kinetics and demonstrates the importance of the liquid to solid ratio. Iron and copper can be recovered separately from the solvent, which highlights that this concept is an interesting alternative to both redox-hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy to obtain copper by the processing of chalcopyrite concentrate.
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23
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Li D, Zhao C, Doherty A, Yuan S, Gong Y, Wang Q. Nucleation and growth mechanism of dendrite-free Ni–Cu catalysts by magneto-electrodeposition for the hydrogen evolution reaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05967j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A controllable preparation strategy for high-efficiency Ni–Cu catalysts with specific morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggang Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, P. R. China
| | - Can Zhao
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, P. R. China
| | - Andrew Doherty
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Shuang Yuan
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Gong
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, P. R. China
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24
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Hartley JM, Allen J, Meierl J, Schmidt A, Krossing I, Abbott AP. Calcium chloride-based systems for metal electrodeposition. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Rosoiu SP, Costovici S, Moise C, Petica A, Anicai L, Visan T, Enachescu M. Electrodeposition of ternary Sn-Cu-Ni alloys as lead-free solders using deep eutectic solvents. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Kim K, Raymond D, Candeago R, Su X. Selective cobalt and nickel electrodeposition for lithium-ion battery recycling through integrated electrolyte and interface control. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6554. [PMID: 34772937 PMCID: PMC8590046 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly-selective metal separations are key to sustainable recycling of Li-ion battery electrodes. However, metals with close reduction potentials present a fundamental challenge for selective electrodeposition, especially for critical elements such as cobalt and nickel. Here, we demonstrate the synergistic combination of electrolyte control and interfacial design to achieve molecular selectivity for cobalt and nickel during potential-dependent electrodeposition. Concentrated chloride allows for the speciation control via distinct formation of anionic cobalt chloride complex (CoCl42-), while maintaining nickel in the cationic form ([Ni(H2O)5Cl]+). Furthermore, functionalizing electrodes with a positively charged polyelectrolyte (i.e., poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride) changes the mobility of CoCl42- by electrostatic stabilization, which tunes cobalt selectivity depending on the polyelectrolyte loading. This strategy is applied for the multicomponent metal recovery from commercially-sourced lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide electrodes. We report a final purity of 96.4 ± 3.1% and 94.1 ± 2.3% for cobalt and nickel, respectively. Based on a technoeconomic analysis, we identify the limiting costs arising from the background electrolyte, and provide a promising outlook of selective electrodeposition as an efficient separation approach for battery recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwiyong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Darien Raymond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Riccardo Candeago
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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27
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JUMA JA, KARIM WO, AZIZ SA, OMER KM. Cobalt Electroplating in Choline Chloride-ethylene Glycol: A Comparative Study. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil A. JUMA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University
| | - Wrya O. KARIM
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani
| | - Shujahadeen A. AZIZ
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani
| | - Khalid M. OMER
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani
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28
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Li X, Li Z, Binnemans K. Closed-loop process for recovery of metals from NdFeB magnets using a trichloride ionic liquid. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Song Q, Sun H, Zhang L, Xu Z. Renewable redox couple system for sustainable precious metal recycling from e-waste via halide-regulated potential inversion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126568. [PMID: 34252663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precious metal (PM) retrievement from e-waste is of great significance for reducing virgin mining activity and promoting rare resource sustainability. However, current PM recycling methods rely mainly on caustic aqua regia or unstable sulfur-based ligand, which has caused severe environmental damage and process inefficiency. Here, we propose an environmentally friendly halide-regulated strategy, utilizing milder and renewable oxidant-cupric/ferric ion for facile PM dissolution. This is realized by the synergistic effect of enhanced oxidizing ability of Cu(II) and reduced oxidation potential of PM with halide addition. Electrochemical tests and leaching experiment results show that Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potential experiences great change with bromide, increasing from 0.4 to 0.75 V. Fast corrosion feature was observed for Au in Cu(II)/Fe(III)-Br- and Pd in Cu(II)/Fe(III)-Cl-, and it can be accelerated by increasing oxidant and halide concentration. Our proposed strategy outperforms traditional methods with stable and fast dissolution, where 2.5 mol/L Br- is appropriate for Au dissolution. Moreover, selective dissolution of base metal, Pd/Ag, and Au can be achieved via ligand alteration and be further combined with electrodeposition technique for multi metal recovery and oxidant regeneration. This halide-regulated strategy can lead PM recycling from pollutive status towards environmentally friendly road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghuai Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingen Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Alesary HF, Ismail HK, Hameid Odda A, Watkins MJ, Arkan Majhool A, Ballantyne AD, Ryder KS. Influence of different concentrations of nicotinic acid on the electrochemical fabrication of copper film from an ionic liquid based on the complexation of choline chloride-ethylene glycol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are becoming more and more significant as they play crucial roles in many advanced technologies. Therefore, the development of optimized processes for their recovery, whether from primary resources or from secondary sources, has become necessary, including recovery from mine tailings, recycling of end-of-life products and urban and industrial waste. Ionic solvents, including ionic liquids (ILs) and deep-eutectic solvents (DESs), have attracted much attention since they represent an alternative to conventional processes for metal recovery. These systems are used as reactive agents in leaching and extraction processes. The most significant studies reported in the last decade regarding the recovery of REEs are presented in this review.
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He W, Shi Z, Liu A, Guan J, Yang S. Electro-reduction of Cu2O to Cu in urea/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Dissolution of metals in organic solvents is relevant to various application fields, such as metal extraction from ores or secondary resources, surface etching or polishing of metals, direct synthesis of organometallic compounds, and separation of metals from other compounds. Organic solvents for dissolution of metals can offer a solution when aqueous systems fail, such as separation of metals from metal oxides, because both the metal and metal oxide could codissolve in aqueous acidic solutions. This review critically discusses organic media (conventional molecular organic solvents, ionic liquids, deep-eutectic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide) for oxidative dissolution of metals in different application areas. The reaction mechanisms of dissolution processes are discussed for various lixiviant systems which generally consist of oxidizing agents, chelating agents, and solvents. Different oxidizing agents for dissolution of metals are reviewed such as halogens, halogenated organics, donor-acceptor electron-transfer systems, polyhalide ionic liquids, and others. Both chemical and electrochemical processes are included. The review can guide researchers to develop more efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly processes for dissolution of metals in their elemental state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Tan SY, Bedoya-Lora FE, Hallett JP, Kelsall GH. Evaluation of N,N,N-Dimethylbutylammonium Methanesulfonate Ionic liquid for electrochemical recovery of lead from lead-acid batteries. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Van den Bossche A, Rodriguez Rodriguez N, Riaño S, Dehaen W, Binnemans K. Dissolution behavior of precious metals and selective palladium leaching from spent automotive catalysts by trihalide ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10110-10120. [PMID: 35423479 PMCID: PMC8695518 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dissolution behavior of the precious metals gold, platinum, rhodium and palladium in the trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium trihalide ionic liquids [P66614][Cl3], [P66614][Br3], [P66614][IBr2] and [P66614][I3] was investigated. The highest dissolution rates were observed for the trichloride ionic liquid [P66614][Cl3] and this system was investigated in more detail. The effects of the trichloride concentration in the ionic liquid and temperature were studied, reaching higher leaching rates at higher trichloride conversions and increased temperatures. The stability of the trichloride anion at these elevated temperatures was studied by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the trichloride anion decomposed during leaching at higher temperatures, showing the requirement to store these reactive compounds in sealed and cool environments, shielded from light. The optimal leaching conditions were applied for the recovery of palladium from ceramic monolith powder, obtained from end-of-life automotive catalysts. The catalyst powder was contacted with the ionic liquid [P66614][Cl3] and the metal concentrations in the ionic liquid were monitored. The trihalide ionic liquid allowed a more selective leaching of palladium compared to other metals present at very high concentrations in the monolith structure, like magnesium. The relative ratio of palladium over magnesium increased by two orders of magnitude compared to the original catalyst composition. The effect of the contact time between the catalyst powder and the ionic liquid on the metal concentrations in the leachate was investigated, but no significant improvement in the selectivity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Van den Bossche
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404 Leuven, B-3001 Belgium +3216327446
| | - Nerea Rodriguez Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404 Leuven, B-3001 Belgium +3216327446
| | - Sofía Riaño
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404 Leuven, B-3001 Belgium +3216327446
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404 Leuven, B-3001 Belgium +3216327446
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404 Leuven, B-3001 Belgium +3216327446
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Vargas SJR, Passos H, Schaeffer N, Coutinho JAP. Integrated Leaching and Separation of Metals Using Mixtures of Organic Acids and Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2020; 25:E5570. [PMID: 33260955 PMCID: PMC7729566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the aqueous phase diagram for the mixture of the hydrophilic tributyltetradecyl phosphonium ([P44414]Cl) ionic liquid with acetic acid (CH3COOH) is determined, and the temperature dependency of the biphasic region established. Molecular dynamic simulations of the [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH + H2O system indicate that the occurrence of a closed "type 0" biphasic regime is due to a "washing-out" phenomenon upon addition of water, resulting in solvophobic segregation of the [P44414]Cl. The solubility of various metal oxides in the anhydrous [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH system was determined, with the system presenting a good selectivity for CoO. Integration of the separation step was demonstrated through the addition of water, yielding a biphasic regime. Finally, the [P44414]Cl + CH3COOH system was applied to the treatment of real waste, NiMH battery black mass, being shown that it allows an efficient separation of Co(II) from Ni(II), Fe(III) and the lanthanides in a single leaching and separation step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Schaeffer
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.J.R.V.); (H.P.); (J.A.P.C.)
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Fuchs D, Bayer BC, Gupta T, Szabo GL, Wilhelm RA, Eder D, Meyer JC, Steiner S, Gollas B. Electrochemical Behavior of Graphene in a Deep Eutectic Solvent. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40937-40948. [PMID: 32805835 PMCID: PMC7496728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene electrodes and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are two emerging material systems that have individually shown highly promising properties in electrochemical applications. To date, however, it has not been tested whether the combination of graphene and DESs can yield synergistic effects in electrochemistry. We therefore study the electrochemical behavior of a defined graphene monolayer of centimeter-scale, which was produced by chemical vapor deposition and transferred onto insulating SiO2/Si supports, in the common DES choline chloride/ethylene glycol (12CE) under typical electrochemical conditions. We measure the graphene potential window in 12CE and estimate the apparent electron transfer kinetics of an outer-sphere redox couple. We further explore the applicability of the 12CE electrolyte to fabricate nanostructured metal (Zn) and metalloid (Ge) hybrids with graphene by electrodeposition. By comparing our graphene electrodes with common bulk glassy carbon electrodes, a key finding we make is that the two-dimensional nature of the graphene electrodes has a clear impact on DES-based electrochemistry. Thereby, we provide a first framework toward rational optimization of graphene-DES systems for electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fuchs
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Bernhard C. Bayer
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Tushar Gupta
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Gabriel L. Szabo
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Vienna University of
Technology (TU Wien), Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - Richard A. Wilhelm
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Vienna University of
Technology (TU Wien), Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - Dominik Eder
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Jannik C. Meyer
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Sandra Steiner
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz A-8010, Austria
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HE W, SHI Z, LIU F, YANG S. Electrodeposition of Copper Metal from the 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Fluoride ([EMIM]F)-urea-H 2O System Containing Cu 2O. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wencai HE
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science, Jackson State University
| | - Zhongning SHI
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University
| | - Fengguo LIU
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University
| | - Shan YANG
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science, Jackson State University
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Vukmirovic MB, Adzic RR, Akolkar R. Copper Electrodeposition from Deep Eutectic Solvents-Voltammetric Studies Providing Insights into the Role of Substrate: Platinum vs Glassy Carbon. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5465-5475. [PMID: 32497430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on the effect of the substrate on electrochemical deposition of Cu from deep eutectic solvent ethaline. We investigated the polarization behavior during electrodeposition of Cu on Pt and glassy carbon (GC) from both Cu2+ and Cu+ containing ethaline using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Formation of bulk Cu deposits on both substrates underwent nucleation and growth processes; however, the nucleation was considerably sluggish on GC compared to Pt. While experiments in Cu+ solutions indicated that coalescence of Cu islands on Pt is a slow process and that its surface may not be fully covered by Cu, such determination of Cu coverage could not be made on GC. Cu dissolution is also slower from GC than from Pt. It was observed that CV of Cu deposition on GC is influenced by the surface preparation method. Since ethaline has high chloride concentration, a parallel study in aqueous 3 M NaCl solution was conducted in order to examine the influence of the chloride medium on the electrodeposition process. This revealed that electrodeposition in both media occurred in the same manner but with different charge and mass transfer rates caused by the differences in viscosity and chloride concentrations of the two solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miomir B Vukmirovic
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
| | - Radoslav R Adzic
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton New York 11973, United States
| | - Rohan Akolkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Ohio 44106, United States
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Jung Y, Dilasari B, Bae WS, Kim HI, Kwon K. Building an electrochemical series of metals in pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24115-24118. [PMID: 35517324 PMCID: PMC9055058 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03598j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical series of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids is established by designing a redox system where only one kind of anion is present in the electrolyte and metal ions are supplied by anodic dissolution. This is the first report where an electrochemical series is established in pure ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojin Jung
- Department of Energy, Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Bonita Dilasari
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung 40132 Indonesia
| | - Wi-Sup Bae
- Department of Energy, Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-In Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Development of Mineral Resources, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources Daejeon 34132 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjung Kwon
- Department of Energy, Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea
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Lei H, Singh Siwal S, Zhang X, Zhang Q. Compositional and morphological engineering of in-situ-grown Ag nanoparticles on Cu substrate for enhancing oxygen reduction reaction activity: A novel electrochemical redox tuning approach. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 571:1-12. [PMID: 32182494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (NPs) developed on a copper substrate, Ag NPs/Cu, are synthesized by a novel and facile galvanic replacement method performed in Ethaline deep eutectic solvent (DES). It reveals that the Ag NPs could be well dispersed on the Cu support via an in-situ electrochemical oxidation-reduction (ECO-ECR) activation process, which deliver significantly enhanced activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The in-situ redox tuning triggers a reversible phase transformation of the formed initially Ag NPs, Ag ↔ Ag2O, with surface reconstruction and gives rise to a strong metal-support interaction with tailored atomic/electronic structures, resulting in enhanced ORR activity. Impressively, the introduction of NiII ions can regulate the galvanic replacement kinetics by mediating the diffusion of AgI ions and subsequent growth of Ag on the Cu surface in Ethaline, leading to the formation of uniformly distributed Ag NPs. Coupled with redox activation, the optimal Ag-Ni1 NPs/Cu_ECO-ECR exhibits ORR activity similar to that of the commercial state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst, and better long-term durability (95% activity retention after 30,000 s), cyclic stability performance, and anti-poisoning capacity for methanol (96% after 3300 s), suggesting it a promising ORR electrocatalyst for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Kunming Metallurgy Research Institute, Kunming 650031, PR China
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Cleaning Utilization in Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, PR China.
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Pateli IM, Abbott AP, Binnemans K, Rodriguez Rodriguez N. Recovery of yttrium and europium from spent fluorescent lamps using pure levulinic acid and the deep eutectic solvent levulinic acid–choline chloride. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28879-28890. [PMID: 35520061 PMCID: PMC9055884 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvometallurgical approach for the recovery of rare-earth elements from lamp phosphor waste was developed. The solubility of individual phosphors in different deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) was measured. The DES levulinic acid–choline chloride (xChCl = 0.33) showed high solubility of the YOX phosphor (Y2O3:Eu3+) and low solubility of the HALO phosphor (Sr,Ca)10(PO4)(Cl,F)2:Sb3+,Mn2+, which does not contain any rare-earth element. This DES was selected for further investigation. When the DES was compared to pure levulinic acid, very similar leaching behaviour was observed, showing that the proton activity is more important than the chloride as a metal ligand. The leaching of YOX and HALO using levulinic acid–choline chloride (xChCl = 0.33) or pure levulinic acid was optimised in terms of water content, temperature and leaching time. The optimised parameters were validated in a synthetic mixture of phosphors and in real lamp phosphor waste. The co-dissolution of HALO is higher in the real waste than in the synthetic mixture. The real waste was also leached with an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, which was non-selective against dissolution of YOX, and with the functionalised ionic liquid betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The ionic liquid gave a similar selectivity as levulinic acid, but is much more expensive. The recovery of the metals from the pregnant leach solution was tested via precipitation with oxalic acid and solvent extraction. Oxalic acid precipitation was not suitable for the DES system. The metals could be extracted via solvent extraction with the acidic extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and stripped by an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. Pure levulinic acid was found to be more suitable than the corresponding ChCl-based DES for the selective recovery of YOX. Yttrium and europium are selectively recovered from spent fluorescent lamps using levulinic acid-based solvents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna M. Pateli
- University of Leicester
- Chemistry Department
- Materials Centre
- LE1 7RH Leicester
- UK
| | - Andrew P. Abbott
- University of Leicester
- Chemistry Department
- Materials Centre
- LE1 7RH Leicester
- UK
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Lei H, Li X, Sun C, Zeng J, Siwal SS, Zhang Q. Galvanic Replacement-Mediated Synthesis of Ni-Supported Pd Nanoparticles with Strong Metal-Support Interaction for Methanol Electro-oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804722. [PMID: 30735296 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, well-defined Pd nanoparticles (NPs) developed on Ni substrate (Pd NPs/Ni) are synthesized via a facile galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) route performed in ethaline-based deep eutectic solvent (DES). For comparison, a Pd NPs/Ni composite is also prepared by the GRR method conducted in an aqueous solution. The Pd NPs/Ni obtained from the ethaline-DES is catalytically more active and durable for the methanol electro-oxidation reaction (MOR) than those of the counterpart derived from conventional aqueous solution and commercial Pd/C under alkaline media. Detailed kinetic analysis indicates that the unique solvent environment offered by ethaline plays vital roles in adjusting the reactivity of the active species and their mass transport properties to control over the genesis of the Pd NPs/Ni nanocomposite. The resulting Pd NPs/Ni catalyst possesses a homogeneous dispersion of Pd NPs with a strong Pd (metal)-Ni (support) interaction. This structure enhances the charge transfer between the support and the active phases, and optimizes the adsorption energy of OH- and CO on the surface, leading to superior electrocatalytic performance. This work provides a novel GRR strategy performed in ethaline-DES to the rational design and construction of advanced metal/support catalysts with strong interaction for improving the activity and durability for MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lei
- Department of Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P.R. China
| | - Changbin Sun
- Department of Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P.R. China
| | - Junrong Zeng
- Department of Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P.R. China
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department of Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P.R. China
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Department of Metallurgy, Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Cleaning Utilization in Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, P.R. China
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Lahiri A, Pulletikurthi G, Endres F. A Review on the Electroless Deposition of Functional Materials in Ionic Liquids for Batteries and Catalysis. Front Chem 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 30842942 PMCID: PMC6391325 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing functional materials via electroless deposition, without the need of external energy is a fascinating concept. Electroless deposition can be subcategorized into galvanic displacement reaction, disproportionation reaction, and deposition in presence of reducing agents. Galvanic displacement reaction is a spontaneous reduction process wherein the redox potentials of the metal/metal ion in the electrolyte govern the thermodynamic feasibility of the process. In aqueous solutions, the galvanic displacement reaction takes place according to the redox potentials of the standard electrochemical series. In comparison, in the case of ionic liquids, galvanic displacement reaction can be triggered by forming metal ion complexes with the anions of the ionic liquids. Therefore, the redox potentials in ILs can be different to those of metal complexes in aqueous solutions. In this review, we highlight the progress in the electroless deposition of metals and semiconductors nanostructures, from ionic liquids and their application toward lithium/sodium batteries, and in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Lahiri
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Ballantyne AD, Hallett JP, Riley DJ, Shah N, Payne DJ. Lead acid battery recycling for the twenty-first century. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171368. [PMID: 29892351 PMCID: PMC5990833 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to develop novel processes to recover lead from end-of-life lead-acid batteries, due to increasing energy costs of pyrometallurgical lead recovery, the resulting CO2 emissions and the catastrophic health implications of lead exposure from lead-to-air emissions. To address these issues, we are developing an iono-metallurgical process, aiming to displace the pyrometallurgical process that has dominated lead production for millennia. The proposed process involves the dissolution of Pb salts into the deep eutectic solvent (DES) Ethaline 200, a liquid formed when a 1 : 2 molar ratio of choline chloride and ethylene glycol are mixed together. Once dissolved, the Pb can be recovered through electrodeposition and the liquid can then be recycled for further Pb recycling. Firstly, DESs are being used to dissolve the lead compounds (PbCO3, PbO, PbO2 and PbSO4) involved and their solubilities measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The resulting Pb2+ species are then reduced and electrodeposited as elemental lead at the cathode of an electrochemical cell; cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry are being used to determine the electrodeposition behaviour and mechanism. The electrodeposited films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We discuss the implications and opportunities of such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Ballantyne
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - D. Jason Riley
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nilay Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David J. Payne
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Orefice M, Binnemans K, Vander Hoogerstraete T. Metal coordination in the high-temperature leaching of roasted NdFeB magnets with the ionic liquid betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9299-9310. [PMID: 35541845 PMCID: PMC9078659 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are largely used to leach metals from primary (ores) and secondary sources (end-of-life products). However, dry ionic liquids with a carboxylic function on the cation have not yet been used to leach metals at temperature above 100 °C and under atmospheric pressure. The ionic liquid betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][Tf2N], was used in the dry state to recover neodymium, dysprosium and cobalt from NdFeB magnets and NdFeB production scrap. The magnets and the scrap were crushed, milled and roasted before being leached above 100 °C. Recovery efficiencies below 10% and a lack of selectivity for all the parameters tested pointed to the importance of water in the dissolution process. The influence of the viscosity of the ionic liquid and the composition of the metal oxides after roasting was investigated as well. Although the dissolution of pure metal oxides was faster than the dissolution of the magnets, the low leaching efficiencies could not be attributed to the composition and crystal structure of the samples, since magnets roasted with the same protocol have already been successfully leached in the past, albeit in the presence of water. The role of water on the mass transfer and on the coordination of the metals was studied by viscometry and by spectroscopic methods, respectively. It is shown that for leaching of rare earths with [Hbet][Tf2N], the presence of ligands such as water is mandatory to saturate the first coordination sphere of the dissolved rare-earth ions. This paper provides new insights in the dissolution mechanism of metal oxides by [Hbet][Tf2N] at leaching temperatures higher than those typically used in hydrometallurgical leaching processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Orefice
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
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Lê Anh M, Wolff A, Kaiser M, Yogendra S, Weigand JJ, Pallmann J, Brunner E, Ruck M, Doert T. Mechanistic exploration of the copper(i) phosphide synthesis in phosphonium-based and phosphorus-free ionic liquids. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:15004-15011. [PMID: 29051938 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03083e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the synthesis of copper(i) phosphide (Cu3-xP) in the ionic liquid (IL) trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride ([P66614][Cl]) was investigated. The phosphide formation is promoted by a transformation of red phosphorus (Pred) into mobile P4 molecules and a surface activation of copper caused by the IL including the Brønsted acidic impurity. The surface activation is important to obtain a quantitative product yield. Moreover, we demonstrate that single-phase Cu3-xP can also be synthesized in the nitrogen-based IL tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N4444][Cl]). Further substitution of the anion of the IL using tetrabutylammonium bromide ([N4444][Br]) or the complete replacement of the IL by a deep eutectic solvent consisting of adipic acid and betaine do not lead to single-phase Cu3-xP. Therefore, the nature of the anions present in the IL also seems to be relevant for the convenient phosphidization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Lê Anh
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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