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Sardaru MC, Rosca I, Ursu C, Dascalu IA, Ursu EL, Morariu S, Rotaru A. Photothermal Hydrogel Composites Featuring G4-Carbon Nanomaterial Networks for Staphylococcus aureus Inhibition. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15833-15844. [PMID: 38617624 PMCID: PMC11007816 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Microbial infections represent a significant health risk, often leading to severe complications and, in some cases, even fatalities. As a result, there is an urgent need to explore innovative drug delivery systems and alternative therapeutic techniques. The photothermal therapy has emerged as a promising antibacterial approach and is the focus of this study. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of two distinct supramolecular composite hydrogels by incorporating graphene oxide (GO) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) into guanosine quadruplex (G4) based hydrogels containing covalently bound β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The G4 matrix was synthesized through a two-step process, establishing a robust network between G4 and β-CDs, followed by the encapsulation of either GO or SWNTs. Comprehensive characterization of these composite hydrogels were conducted using analytical techniques, including circular dichroism, Raman spectroscopy, rheological investigations, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. A notable discovery from the conducted research is the differential photothermal responses exhibited by the hydrogels when exposed to near-infrared laser irradiation. Specifically, SWNT-based hydrogels demonstrated superior photothermal performance, achieving a remarkable temperature increase of up to 52 °C, in contrast to GO-based hydrogels, which reached a maximum of 34 °C. These composite hydrogels showed good cytotoxicity evaluation results and displayed synergistic antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, positioning them as promising candidates for antibacterial photothermic platforms, particularly in the context of wound treatment. This study offers a valuable contribution to the development of advanced and combined therapeutic strategies for combating microbial infections and highlights the potential of carbon nanomaterial-enhanced supramolecular hydrogels in photothermal therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica-Cornelia Sardaru
- The
Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 90 Sos. Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
- “Petru
Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and
Biopolymers, Grigore
Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Rosca
- “Petru
Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and
Biopolymers, Grigore
Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian Ursu
- “Petru
Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Physics of Polymers and Polymeric Materials Laboratory, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioan-Andrei Dascalu
- “Petru
Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and
Biopolymers, Grigore
Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena-Laura Ursu
- “Petru
Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and
Biopolymers, Grigore
Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Simona Morariu
- Natural
Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry,
Romanian Academy, Grigore
Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Alexandru Rotaru
- “Petru
Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and
Biopolymers, Grigore
Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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2
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Saha P, Rafe MR. Cyclodextrin: A prospective nanocarrier for the delivery of antibacterial agents against bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19287. [PMID: 37662769 PMCID: PMC10472013 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry introduces us to the macrocyclic host cyclodextrin, which has a hydrophobic cavity. The hydrophobic cavity has a higher affinity for hydrophobic guest molecules and forms host-guest complexation with non-covalent interaction. Three significant cyclodextrin kinds are α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. The most often utilized is β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). An effective weapon against bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics is cyclodextrin. Several different kinds of cyclodextrin nanocarriers (β-CD, HP-β-CD, Meth-β-CD, cationic CD, sugar-grafted CD) are utilized to enhance the solubility, stability, dissolution, absorption, bioavailability, and permeability of the antibiotics. Cyclodextrin also improves the effectiveness of antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, metallic nanoparticles, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Again, cyclodextrin nanocarriers offer slow-release properties for sustained-release formulations where steady-state plasma antibiotic concentration is needed for an extended time. A novel strategy to combat bacterial resistance is a stimulus (pH, ROS)-responsive antibiotics released from cyclodextrin carrier. Once again, cyclodextrin traps autoinducer (AI), a crucial part of bacterial quorum sensing, and reduces virulence factors, including biofilm formation. Cyclodextrin helps to minimize MIC in particular bacterial strains, keep antibiotic concentrations above MIC in the infection site and minimize the possibility of antibiotic and biofilm resistance. Sessile bacteria trapped in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotic therapy than bacteria in a planktonic form. Cyclodextrin also involves delivering antibiotics to biofilm and resistant bacteria to combat bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranoy Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rajdoula Rafe
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
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Miyagawa A, Ohno S, Hattori T, Yamamura H. Antimicrobial activities of amphiphilic cationic polymers and their efficacy of combination with novobiocin. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:299-312. [PMID: 34559588 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1985243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Today, drug-resistant bacteria represent a significant problem worldwide. In fact, bacteria are becoming resistant even to newly developed antibiotics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop antibiotics to which bacteria cannot become resistant. In this study, antimicrobial polymers to which bacteria cannot develop resistance were prepared from 6-aminohexyl methacrylamide and N-isopropyl acrylamide. The polymers with molecular weights of the order of 105 showed little antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as low toxicity. On the other hand, polymers with lower molecular weights (of the order of 104) did show antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. These polymers were combined with novobiocin to investigate the combined usage effects against E. coli. The combined usage of novobiocin and the low-molecular-weight polymers reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration, which was less than 0.0625 μg/mL against E. coli. This result indicates that the combination is useful for increasing the efficacy of antibiotics and broadening their antimicrobial spectrum. Furthermore, the results showed the possibility that the antimicrobial polymers serve not only as antibiotics to which bacteria have not developed resistance but also as adjuvants for other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohno
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hattori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hatsuo Yamamura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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4
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Park SH, Hwang I, McNaughton DA, Kinross AJ, Howe EN, He Q, Xiong S, Kilde MD, Lynch VM, Gale PA, Sessler JL, Shin I. Synthetic Na +/K + exchangers promote apoptosis by disturbing cellular cation homeostasis. Chem 2021; 7:3325-3339. [PMID: 38239771 PMCID: PMC10795848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of artificial cation ionophores (or transporters) have been developed for basic research and biomedical applications. However, their mechanisms of action and the putative correlations between changes in intracellular cation concentrations and induced cell death remain poorly understood. Here, we show that three hemispherand-strapped calix[4]pyrrole-based ion-pair receptors act as efficient Na+/K+ exchangers in the presence of Cl- in liposomal models and promote Na+ influx and K+ efflux (Na+/K+ exchange) in cancer cells to induce apoptosis. Mechanistic studies reveal that these cation exchangers induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cancer cells by perturbing intracellular cation homeostasis, promote generation of reactive oxygen species, and eventually enhance mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. However, they neither induce osmotic stress nor affect autophagy. This study provides support for the notion that synthetic receptors, which perturb cellular cation homeostasis, may provide new small molecules with potentially useful apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Inhong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Daniel A. McNaughton
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Airlie J. Kinross
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ethan N.W. Howe
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Present address: GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Jurong, 1 Pioneer Sector 1, Singapore 628413
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Shenglun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Philip A. Gale
- School of Chemistry (F11), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (SydneyNano), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Lead contact
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Yamamura H, Hagiwara T, Hayashi Y, Osawa K, Kato H, Katsu T, Masuda K, Sumino A, Yamashita H, Jinno R, Abe M, Miyagawa A. Antibacterial Activity of Membrane-Permeabilizing Bactericidal Cyclodextrin Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31831-31842. [PMID: 34870006 PMCID: PMC8638021 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides that act by disrupting bacterial membranes are attractive agents for treating drug-resistant bacteria. This study investigates a membrane-disrupting peptide mimic made of a cyclic oligosaccharide cyclodextrin scaffold that can be chemically polyfunctionalized. An antibacterial functional group on the peptide was simplified to an alkylamino group that combines cationic and hydrophobic moieties, the former to interact with the anionic bacterial membrane and the latter with the membrane interior. The cyclodextrins equipped with eight alkylamino groups on the molecules using a poly-click reaction exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including drug-resistant pathogens such as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Several lines of evidence showed that these agents disrupt bacterial membranes, leading to rapid bacterial cell death. The resulting membrane perturbation was directly visualized using high-speed atomic force microscopy imaging. In Gram-negative bacteria, the membrane-permeabilizing action of these derivatives allowed the entry of co-treated traditional antibiotics, which were then active against these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsuo Yamamura
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute
of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hagiwara
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute
of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yuma Hayashi
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute
of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Kayo Osawa
- Department
of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe Tokiwa University, Nagata-ku, Kobe 653-0838, Japan
| | - Hisato Kato
- Graduate
School of Clinical Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Takashi Katsu
- Graduate
School of Clinical Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Masuda
- Graduate
School of Clinical Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sumino
- Nano
Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kakumamachi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Institute
for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa
University, Kakumamachi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamashita
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryo Jinno
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayuki Abe
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyagawa
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute
of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Abstract
Artificial receptors able to recognise biologically relevant molecules or ions have gained interest in the chemical community because they offer a plethora of posibilities. Molecular cage compounds are polycyclic compounds with a cavity designed for the encapsulation of guest species. Once inside the host cavity, the substrate can be transported through membranes and protected from the action of enzymes or other reactive species, thus offering the possibility of interfering with biological systems. Commonly, enzymes have been an inspiration for chemists in the search and design of defined cavities for different purposes. However, the chemical preparation of molecular cages has struggled with many synthetic challenges but this effort is worthwhile as they are a very promising tool for many applications ranging from sensing, delivery, purification or even promotion of/prevention from chemical modifications. Since the early reports at the end of the 60s, this field has experienced a growing interest; this review summarises the progress in the preparation and study of cage-like compounds highlighting their importance in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Tapia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Solà
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Abstract
Several life-threatening diseases, also known as 'Channelopathies' are linked to irregularities in ion transport proteins. Significant research efforts have fostered the development of artificial transport systems that facilitates to restore the functions of impaired natural transport proteins. Indeed, a few of these artificial ionophores demonstrate the rare combination of transmembrane ion transport and important biological activity, offering early promises of suitability in 'channel replacement therapy'. In this review, structural facets and functions of both cationophores and anionophores are discussed. Ionophores that are toxic to various bacteria and yeast, could be exploited as antimicrobial agent. Nevertheless, few non-toxic ionophores offer the likelihood of treating a wide range of genetic diseases caused by the gene mutations. In addition, their ability to disrupt cellular homeostasis and to alter lysosomal pH endow ionophores as promising candidates for cancer treatment. Overall, critically outlining the advances in artificial ionophores in terms of in vitro ion transport, possible modes of action and biological activities enables us to propose possible future roadmaps in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Pinaki Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
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8
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Sardaru MC, Rosca I, Morariu S, Ursu EL, Ghiarasim R, Rotaru A. Injectable Thixotropic β-Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Hydrogels Based on Guanosine Quartet Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179179. [PMID: 34502085 PMCID: PMC8431444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facile method for the preparation of β–cyclodextrin–functionalized hydrogels based on guanosine quartet assembly was described. A series of seven hydrogels were prepared by linking β–cyclodextrin molecules with guanosine moieties in different ratios through benzene–1,4–diboronic acid linker in the presence of potassium hydroxide. The potassium ions acted as a reticulation agent by forming guanosine quartets, leading to the formation of self–sustained transparent hydrogels. The ratios of the β–cyclodextrin and guanosine components have a significant effect on the internal structuration of the components and, correspondingly, on the mechanical properties of the final gels, offering a tunablity of the system by varying the components ratio. The insights into the hydrogels’ structuration were achieved by circular dichroism, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X–ray diffraction. Rheological measurements revealed self–healing and thixotropic properties of all the investigated samples, which, in combination with available cyclodextrin cavities for active components loading, make them remarkable candidates for specific applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Moreover, all the prepared samples displayed selective antimicrobial properties against S. aureus in planktonic and biofilm phase, the activity also depending on the guanosine and cyclodextrin ratio within the hydrogel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica-Cornelia Sardaru
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania; (M.-C.S.); (I.R.); (E.-L.U.); (R.G.)
| | - Irina Rosca
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania; (M.-C.S.); (I.R.); (E.-L.U.); (R.G.)
| | - Simona Morariu
- Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania;
| | - Elena-Laura Ursu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania; (M.-C.S.); (I.R.); (E.-L.U.); (R.G.)
| | - Razvan Ghiarasim
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania; (M.-C.S.); (I.R.); (E.-L.U.); (R.G.)
| | - Alexandru Rotaru
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania; (M.-C.S.); (I.R.); (E.-L.U.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Júnior EH, Gonçalves AG, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Murakami FS, Ducatti DRB. Semi-synthesis of N-alkyl-kappa-carrageenan derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Res 2021; 499:108234. [PMID: 33450478 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the semi-synthesis of N-alkyl-kappa-carrageenan derivatives and their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027). Kappa-carrageenan was submitted to partial acid hydrolysis promoting the selective cleavage of α-glycosidic bonds involving 3,6-anhydro-α-D-Galp units, giving rise to reducing low-molecular weight polysaccharide fragments, which were reacted with alkylamines of varying chain lengths by reductive amination. The carrageenan derivatives were characterized by HPSEC-MALLS-RID and 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of N-alkyl-kappa-carrageenan derivatives was compared with N-alkyl-(1-deoxylactitol-1-yl)-amines using a microdilution test, which indicated that inhibitory activity was dependent on the degree of substitution by hydrophobic groups at the polysaccharide structure. Comparing the effect of different N-alkyl chains, those with longer chains showed higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Hipólito Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências-Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alan G Gonçalves
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 3400, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Miguel D Noseda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências-Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CEP 81-531-990, PO Box 19046, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia R Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências-Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CEP 81-531-990, PO Box 19046, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Murakami
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 3400, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Diogo R B Ducatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências-Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CEP 81-531-990, PO Box 19046, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Sree GS, Botsa SM, Reddy BJM, Ranjitha KVB. Enhanced UV–Visible triggered photocatalytic degradation of Brilliant green by reduced graphene oxide based NiO and CuO ternary nanocomposite and their antimicrobial activity. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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11
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Roy R, Tiwari M, Donelli G, Tiwari V. Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action. Virulence 2018; 9:522-554. [PMID: 28362216 PMCID: PMC5955472 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1313372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. The biofilm matrix surrounding bacteria makes them tolerant to harsh conditions and resistant to antibacterial treatments. Moreover, the biofilms are responsible for causing a broad range of chronic diseases and due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria it has really become difficult to treat them with efficacy. Furthermore, the antibiotics available till date are ineffective for treating these biofilm related infections due to their higher values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), which may result in in-vivo toxicity. Hence, it is critically important to design or screen anti-biofilm molecules that can effectively minimize and eradicate biofilm related infections. In the present article, we have highlighted the mechanism of biofilm formation with reference to different models and various methods used for biofilm detection. A major focus has been put on various anti-biofilm molecules discovered or tested till date which may include herbal active compounds, chelating agents, peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics and synthetic chemical compounds along with their structures, mechanism of action and their respective MICs, MBCs, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) as well as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values available in the literature so far. Different mode of action of anti biofilm molecules addressed here are inhibition via interference in the quorum sensing pathways, adhesion mechanism, disruption of extracellular DNA, protein, lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides and secondary messengers involved in various signaling pathways. From this study, we conclude that the molecules considered here might be used to treat biofilm-associated infections after significant structural modifications, thereby investigating its effective delivery in the host. It should also be ensured that minimum effective concentration of these molecules must be capable of eradicating biofilm infections with maximum potency without posing any adverse side effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Roy
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Monalisa Tiwari
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Gianfranco Donelli
- b Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome , Italy
| | - Vishvanath Tiwari
- a Department of Biochemistry , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
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12
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Yamamura H, Nonaka M, Okuno S, Mitsuhashi R, Kato H, Katsu T, Masuda K, Tanimoto K, Tomita H, Miyagawa A. Membrane-active antimicrobial poly(amino-modified alkyl) β-cyclodextrins synthesized via click reactions. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:509-518. [PMID: 30108941 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00592j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has led to the high demand for new antibiotics. In this report, we investigated membrane-active antimicrobial β-cyclodextrins. These contain seven amino-modified alkyl groups on a molecule, which act as functional moieties to permeabilize bacterial cell membranes. The polyfunctionalization of cyclodextrins was achieved through a click reaction assisted by microwave irradiation. A survey using derivatives with systematically varied functionalities clarified the unique correlation of the antimicrobial activity of these compounds with their molecular structure and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balances. The optimum hydrophobicity for the compounds being membrane-active was specific to bacterial strains and animal cells; this led to specific compounds having selective toxicity against bacteria including multidrug-resistant pathogens. The results demonstrate that cyclodextrin is a versatile molecular scaffold for rationally designed structures and can be used for the development of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsuo Yamamura
- Life and Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho , Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan . .,Materials Science and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho , Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Miho Nonaka
- Materials Science and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho , Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Shingo Okuno
- Materials Science and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho , Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Ryogo Mitsuhashi
- Materials Science and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho , Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
| | - Hisato Kato
- School of Pharmacy , Shujitsu University , 1-6-1 Nishigawara , Naka-ku , Okayama-shi , Okayama 703-8516 , Japan
| | - Takashi Katsu
- School of Pharmacy , Shujitsu University , 1-6-1 Nishigawara , Naka-ku , Okayama-shi , Okayama 703-8516 , Japan
| | - Kazufumi Masuda
- Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy , Shujitsu University , 1-6-1 Nishigawara , Naka-ku , Okayama-shi , Okayama 703-8516 , Japan
| | - Koichi Tanimoto
- Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance , Graduate School of Medicine , Gunma University , 3-39-22 Showa-machi , Maebashi , Gunma 371-8511 , Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tomita
- Department of Bacteriology and Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance , Graduate School of Medicine , Gunma University , 3-39-22 Showa-machi , Maebashi , Gunma 371-8511 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyagawa
- Life and Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho , Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan . .,Materials Science and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya Institute of Technology , Gokiso-cho , Showa-ku , Nagoya 466-8555 , Japan
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13
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Agnes M, Thanassoulas A, Stavropoulos P, Nounesis G, Miliotis G, Miriagou V, Athanasiou E, Benkovics G, Malanga M, Yannakopoulou K. Designed positively charged cyclodextrin hosts with enhanced binding of penicillins as carriers for the delivery of antibiotics: The case of oxacillin. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:480-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Koh JJ, Lin S, Beuerman RW, Liu S. Recent advances in synthetic lipopeptides as anti-microbial agents: designs and synthetic approaches. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1653-1677. [PMID: 28823054 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases impose serious public health burdens and continue to be a global public health crisis. The treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens is challenging because only a few viable therapeutic options are clinically available. The emergence and risk of drug-resistant superbugs and the dearth of new classes of antibiotics have drawn increasing awareness that we may return to the pre-antibiotic era. To date, lipopeptides have been received considerable attention because of the following properties: They exhibit potent antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of pathogens, rapid bactericidal activity and have a different antimicrobial action compared with most of the conventional antibiotics used today and very slow development of drug resistance tendency. In general, lipopeptides can be structurally classified into two parts: a hydrophilic peptide moiety and a hydrophobic fatty acyl chain. To date, a significant amount of design and synthesis of lipopeptides have been done to improve the therapeutic potential of lipopeptides. This review will present the current knowledge and the recent research in design and synthesis of new lipopeptides and their derivatives in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Shuimu Lin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
- SRP Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Shouping Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower Level 6, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
- SRP Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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15
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Yamamura H. Chemical Modification of Cyclodextrin and Amylose by Click Reaction and Its Application to the Synthesis of Poly-alkylamine-Modified Antibacterial Sugars. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:312-317. [PMID: 28381669 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) can be chemically modified into desired and sophisticated functional molecules. However, poly-modification often produces complicated mixtures, resulting in a low yield of the desired product. As the most promising procedure to solve such problems and to achieve poly-modification of the CD molecule, we present here the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, known as a click reaction. This review will describe the results of our microwave-assisted click reaction for the poly-modification of CD and amylose molecules, and its application to the study of synthetic membrane active antibacterial derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsuo Yamamura
- Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,
Nagoya Institute of Technology
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16
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Yamamura H, Miyagawa A, Sugiyama H, Murata K, Mabuti T, Mitsuhashi R, Hagiwara T, Nonaka M, Tanimoto K, Tomita H. Rule of Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity Balance in Membrane-Disrupting Antimicrobial Activity of Polyalkylamino Cyclodextrins Synthesized via Click Chemistry. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatsuo Yamamura
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kensuke Murata
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Takahiro Mabuti
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Ryogo Mitsuhashi
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Miho Nonaka
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Koichi Tanimoto
- Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance; Graduate School of Medicine; Gunma University; 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tomita
- Department of Bacteriology and Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance; Graduate School of Medicine; Gunma University; 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi Gunma 371-8511 Japan
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17
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Filatov MA, Baluschev S, Landfester K. Protection of densely populated excited triplet state ensembles against deactivation by molecular oxygen. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4668-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different approaches towards protection of triplet excited states against deactivation by molecular oxygen are summarized and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Filatov
- Trinity Biomedical Science Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Stanislav Baluschev
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Optics and Spectroscopy Department
- Faculty of Physics
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Optics and Spectroscopy Department
- Faculty of Physics
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ochridski”
- 1164 Sofia
- Bulgaria
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18
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Yoshikiyo K, Shinjo M, Matsui Y, Yamamoto T. Regioselectivity in the formation of di- and tri-6-O-mesitylenesulfonates of α-cyclodextrin. Carbohydr Res 2015; 401:58-63. [PMID: 25464082 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of the reaction products for α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) with mesitylenesulfonyl chloride (MessCl) showed that di- and tri-mesitylenesulfonylation of the primary hydroxy groups of α-CD is regioselective. The reaction of mono-6-O-mesitylenesulfonyl-α-CD with MessCl in pyridine gave less 6(A),6(C)-di-O-mesitylenesulfonyl-α-CD than 6(A),6(B)-di-O-mesitylenesulfonyl-α-CD. The reaction of 6(A),6(D)-di-O-mesitylenesulfonyl-α-CD with MessCl gave less 6(A),6(B),6(E)-tri-O-mesitylenesulfonyl-α-CD than 6(A),6(B),6(D)-tri-O-mesitylenesulfonyl-α-CD. These results indicate that the mesitylenesulfonyl group attached to glucopyranose-A (Glc-A) retards further mesitylenesulfonylation of the primary hydroxy group of Glc-C. The (1)H NMR spectra of these modified α-CDs showed that the signal for the primary hydroxy and anomeric protons of Glc-C are significantly shifted upfield by the mesitylenesulfonyl group of Glc-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshikiyo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
| | - Misaki Shinjo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsui
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial features of sugammadex. Braz J Anesthesiol 2014; 64:105-8. [PMID: 24794452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs administered by intravenous routes may be contaminated during several stages of production or preparation. Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin. While research into the antibacterial effects of varieties of cyclodextrin is available, there are no studies focusing on the antibacterial effects of sugammadex. This study investigates the in vitro antimicrobial activity of sugammadex. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro antimicrobial activity of sugammadex was investigated using the broth microdilution method. The pH of the test solution was determined using a pH meter. The test microorganisms included Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus fecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. In the second phase of the study 100mg/mL sugammadex (50μg) was contaminated with test microorganisms (50μg), including S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. fecalis ATCC 29212, E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, left to incubate for 24h and then the bacterial production in sugammadex was evaluated. RESULTS The pH of the test solutions ranged between 7.25 and 6.97. Using the microdilution method, sugammadex had no antibacterial effect on S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa at any concentration. In the second phase of the study bacterial production was observed after 24h in 100mg/mL sugammadex contaminated with the test microorganisms S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS Sugammadex had no antimicrobial effect on the test microorganisms, S. aureus, E. fecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Care should be taken that sterile conditions are maintained in the preparation of sugammadex; that the same sugammadex preparation not be used for more than one patient; and that storage conditions are adhered to after sugammadex is put into the injector.
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Martina K, Cravotto G, Caporaso M, Rinaldi L, Villalonga-Barber C, Ermondi G. Efficient microwave-assisted synthetic protocols and in silico behaviour prediction of per-substituted β-cyclodextrins. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:5521-7. [PMID: 23864008 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40909k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective per-substituted cyclodextrin design enables the carrier's physicochemical and binding properties to be tailored and can even modify some biological native structure effects. We herein report a number of highly efficient microwave-assisted synthetic protocols for the preparation of several amino, ureido and thioureido per-substituted β-cyclodextrin derivatives. A rapid parallel synthetic approach has given a set of 14 different CD derivatives. Our strategy is supported by computational analyses which were used to estimate the physicochemical behaviour of per-substituted derivatives and to tailor suitable substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Hanci V, Vural A, Hanci SY, Kiraz HA, Ömür D, Ünver A. Avaliação in vitro das características antimicrobianas de sugamadex. Braz J Anesthesiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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22
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Yamamura H, Sugiyama Y, Murata K, Yokoi T, Kurata R, Miyagawa A, Sakamoto K, Komagoe K, Inoue T, Katsu T. Synthesis of antimicrobial cyclodextrins bearing polyarylamino and polyalkylamino groups via click chemistry for bacterial membrane disruption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5444-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49543d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Alfonso I, Quesada R. Biological activity of synthetic ionophores: ion transporters as prospective drugs? Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50882j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Nobusawa K, Akiyama M, Ikeda A, Naito M. pH responsive smart carrier of [60] fullerene with 6-amino-cyclodextrin inclusion complex for photodynamic therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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