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Aletsee CC, Hochfilzer D, Kwiatkowski A, Becherer M, Kibsgaard J, Chorkendorff I, Tschurl M, Heiz U. A re-useable microreactor for dynamic and sensitive photocatalytic measurements: Exemplified by the photoconversion of ethanol on Pt-loaded titania P25. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:033909. [PMID: 37012796 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous advancements in synthesizing photoactive materials, the evaluation of their catalytic performance remains challenging since their fabrication often involves tedious strategies, yielding only low quantities in the μ-gram scale. In addition, these model catalysts exhibit different forms, such as powders or film(-like) structures grown on various supporting materials. Herein, we present a versatile gas phase μ-photoreactor, compatible with different catalyst morphologies, which is, in contrast to existing systems, re-openable and -useable, allowing not only post-characterization of the photocatalytic material but also enabling catalyst screening studies in short experimental time intervals. Sensitive and time-resolved reaction monitoring at ambient pressure is realized by a lid-integrated capillary, transmitting the entire gas flow from the reactor chamber to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Due to the microfabrication of the lid from borosilicate as base material, 88% of the geometrical area can be illuminated by a light source, further enhancing sensitivity. Gas dependent flow rates through the capillary were experimentally determined to be 1015-1016 molecules s-1, and in combination with a reactor volume of 10.5 μl, this results in residence times below 40 s. Furthermore, the reactor volume can easily be altered by adjusting the height of the polymeric sealing material. The successful operation of the reactor is demonstrated by selective ethanol oxidation over Pt-loaded TiO2 (P25), which serves to exemplify product analysis from dark-illumination difference spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara C Aletsee
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Degenhart Hochfilzer
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anika Kwiatkowski
- ZEIT, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Becherer
- ZEIT, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Masliuk L, Swoboda M, Algara-Siller G, Schlögl R, Lunkenbein T. A quasi in situ TEM grid reactor for decoupling catalytic gas phase reactions and analysis. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 195:121-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Müller SA, Degler D, Feldmann C, Türk M, Moos R, Fink K, Studt F, Gerthsen D, Bârsan N, Grunwaldt JD. Exploiting Synergies in Catalysis and Gas Sensing using Noble Metal-Loaded Oxide Composites. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A. Müller
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - David Degler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen (EKUT); 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (AOC); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael Türk
- Institute for Technical Thermodynamics and Refrigeration (ITTK); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials; University of Bayreuth; 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Nicolae Bârsan
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Tübingen (EKUT); 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Kehres J, Pedersen T, Masini F, Andreasen JW, Nielsen MM, Diaz A, Nielsen JH, Hansen O, Chorkendorff I. Novel micro-reactor flow cell for investigation of model catalysts using in situ grazing-incidence X-ray scattering. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:455-63. [PMID: 26917133 PMCID: PMC5297905 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The design, fabrication and performance of a novel and highly sensitive micro-reactor device for performing in situ grazing-incidence X-ray scattering experiments of model catalyst systems is presented. The design of the reaction chamber, etched in silicon on insulator (SIO), permits grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) in transmission through 10 µm-thick entrance and exit windows by using micro-focused beams. An additional thinning of the Pyrex glass reactor lid allows simultaneous acquisition of the grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). In situ experiments at synchrotron facilities are performed utilizing the micro-reactor and a designed transportable gas feed and analysis system. The feasibility of simultaneous in situ GISAXS/GIWAXS experiments in the novel micro-reactor flow cell was confirmed with CO oxidation over mass-selected Ru nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kehres
- Center for Individual Nanoparticle Functionality, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Pedersen
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Federico Masini
- Center for Individual Nanoparticle Functionality, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Wenzel Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 49, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Martin Meedom Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villingen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jane Hvolbæk Nielsen
- Center for Individual Nanoparticle Functionality, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Hansen
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Center for Individual Nanoparticle Functionality, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Gänzler AM, Casapu M, Boubnov A, Müller O, Conrad S, Lichtenberg H, Frahm R, Grunwaldt JD. Operando spatially and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy and infrared thermography during oscillatory CO oxidation. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Leong GJ, Ebnonnasir A, Schulze MC, Strand MB, Ngo C, Maloney D, Frisco SL, Dinh HN, Pivovar B, Gilmer GH, Kodambaka S, Ciobanu CV, Richards RM. Shape-directional growth of Pt and Pd nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11364-11371. [PMID: 25142814 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of shape-directed nanoscale noble metal particles have attracted much attention due to their enhanced catalytic properties and the opportunities to study fundamental aspects of nanoscale systems. As such, numerous methods have been developed to synthesize crystals with tunable shapes, sizes, and facets by adding foreign species that promote or restrict growth on specific sites. Many hypotheses regarding how and why certain species direct growth have been put forward, however there has been no consensus on a unifying mechanism of nanocrystal growth. Herein, we develop and demonstrate the capabilities of a mathematical growth model for predicting metal nanoparticle shapes by studying a well known procedure that employs AgNO3 to produce {111} faceted Pt nanocrystals. The insight gained about the role of auxiliary species is then utilized to predict the shape of Pd nanocrystals and to corroborate other shape-directing syntheses reported in literature. The fundamental understanding obtained herein by combining modeling with experimentation is a step toward computationally guided syntheses and, in principle, applicable to predictive design of the growth of crystalline solids at all length scales (nano to bulk).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jeremy Leong
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
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Vendelbo SB, Elkjær CF, Falsig H, Puspitasari I, Dona P, Mele L, Morana B, Nelissen BJ, van Rijn R, Creemer JF, Kooyman PJ, Helveg S. Visualization of oscillatory behaviour of Pt nanoparticles catalysing CO oxidation. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:884-90. [PMID: 25038730 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many catalytic reactions under fixed conditions exhibit oscillatory behaviour. The oscillations are often attributed to dynamic changes in the catalyst surface. So far, however, such relationships were difficult to determine for catalysts consisting of supported nanoparticles. Here, we employ a nanoreactor to study the oscillatory CO oxidation catalysed by Pt nanoparticles using time-resolved high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, mass spectrometry and calorimetry. The observations reveal that periodic changes in the CO oxidation are synchronous with a periodic refacetting of the Pt nanoparticles. The oscillatory reaction is modelled using density functional theory and mass transport calculations, considering the CO adsorption energy and the oxidation rate as site-dependent. We find that to successfully explain the oscillations, the model must contain the phenomenon of refacetting. The nanoreactor approach can thus provide atomic-scale information that is specific to surface sites. This will improve the understanding of dynamic properties in catalysis and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Vendelbo
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C F Elkjær
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - H Falsig
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I Puspitasari
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P Dona
- FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L Mele
- FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B Morana
- DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5053, 2600 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - B J Nelissen
- Albemarle Catalyst Company BV, PO Box 37650, 1030 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R van Rijn
- Leiden Probe Microscopy BV, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J F Creemer
- DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5053, 2600 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P J Kooyman
- ChemE, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S Helveg
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Figueroa SJ, Newton MA. What drives spontaneous oscillations during CO oxidation using O2 over supported Rh/Al2O3 catalysts? J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Merte LR, Ahmadi M, Behafarid F, Ono LK, Lira E, Matos J, Li L, Yang JC, Roldan Cuenya B. Correlating Catalytic Methanol Oxidation with the Structure and Oxidation State of Size-Selected Pt Nanoparticles. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R. Merte
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Farzad Behafarid
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Luis K. Ono
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Estephania Lira
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Jeronimo Matos
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Long Li
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15261, United States
| | - Judith C. Yang
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15261, United States
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
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