1
|
Chen L, Batista VF, Karring H, Wu C. Protein-Polymer Conjugates as Biocompatible and Recyclable ATRP Catalysts. Biomacromolecules 2025; 26:1023-1031. [PMID: 39778213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a leading method for creating polymers with precise control over molecular weight, yet its reliance on metal catalysts limits its application in metal-sensitive and environmental contexts. Addressing these limitations, we have developed a recyclable, biocompatible, robust, and tunable ATRP catalyst composed of a protein-polymer-copper conjugate, synthesized by polymerizing an L-proline-based monomer onto bovine serum albumin and complexing with Cu(II). The use of this conjugate catalyst maintains ATRP's precision while ensuring biocompatibility with bothEscherichia coli and HEK 293 cells, and its high molecular weight allows for easy recycling through dialysis. Therefore, our efforts extend ATRP's applicability across diverse fields, including biotechnology and green chemistry, marking a significant advance toward environmentally friendly and safe polymerization technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Vasco Figueiredo Batista
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Henrik Karring
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Changzhu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amiri A, Abedanzadeh S, Davaeil B, Shaabani A, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Protein click chemistry and its potential for medical applications. Q Rev Biophys 2024; 57:e6. [PMID: 38619322 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583524000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A revolution in chemical biology occurred with the introduction of click chemistry. Click chemistry plays an important role in protein chemistry modifications, providing specific, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-handle methods. Under physiological conditions, click chemistry often overlaps with bioorthogonal chemistry, defined as reactions that occur rapidly and selectively without interfering with biological processes. Click chemistry is used for the posttranslational modification of proteins based on covalent bond formations. With the contribution of click reactions, selective modification of proteins would be developed, representing an alternative to other technologies in preparing new proteins or enzymes for studying specific protein functions in different biological processes. Click-modified proteins have potential in diverse applications such as imaging, labeling, sensing, drug design, and enzyme technology. Due to the promising role of proteins in disease diagnosis and therapy, this review aims to highlight the growing applications of click strategies in protein chemistry over the last two decades, with a special emphasis on medicinal applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Amiri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bagher Davaeil
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen X, Josephson B, Davis BG. Carbon-Centered Radicals in Protein Manipulation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:614-638. [PMID: 37122447 PMCID: PMC10141601 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Methods to directly post-translationally modify proteins are perhaps the most straightforward and operationally simple ways to create and study protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). However, precisely altering or constructing the C-C scaffolds pervasive throughout biology is difficult with common two-electron chemical approaches. Recently, there has been a surge of new methods that have utilized single electron/radical chemistry applied to site-specifically "edit" proteins that have started to create this potential-one that in principle could be near free-ranging. This review provides an overview of current methods that install such "edits", including those that generate function and/or PTMs, through radical C-C bond formation (as well as C-X bond formation via C• where illustrative). These exploit selectivity for either native residues, or preinstalled noncanonical protein side-chains with superior radical generating or accepting abilities. Particular focus will be on the radical generation approach (on-protein or off-protein, use of light and photocatalysts), judging the compatibility of conditions with proteins and cells, and novel chemical biology applications afforded by these methods. While there are still many technical hurdles, radical C-C bond formation on proteins is a promising and rapidly growing area in chemical biology with long-term potential for biological editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxiao Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 OFA, U.K.
| | - Brian Josephson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 OFA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mathieu‐Gaedke M, Böker A, Glebe U. How to Characterize the Protein Structure and Polymer Conformation in Protein‐Polymer Conjugates – a Perspective. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mathieu‐Gaedke
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Zhao Q, Haag R, Wu C. Biocatalytic Synthesis Using Self-Assembled Polymeric Nano- and Microreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213974. [PMID: 36260531 PMCID: PMC10100074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is increasingly being explored for the sustainable development of green industry. Though enzymes show great industrial potential with their high efficiency, specificity, and selectivity, they suffer from poor usability and stability under abiological conditions. To solve these problems, researchers have fabricated nano- and micro-sized biocatalytic reactors based on the self-assembly of various polymers, leading to highly stable, functional, and reusable biocatalytic systems. This Review highlights recent progress in self-assembled polymeric nano- and microreactors for biocatalytic synthesis, including polymersomes, reverse micelles, polymer emulsions, Pickering emulsions, and static emulsions. We categorize these reactors into monophasic and biphasic systems and discuss their structural characteristics and latest successes with representative examples. We also consider the challenges and potential solutions associated with the future development of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangxin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Road(S) 30, 211816, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qingcai Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Changzhu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Church DC, Davis E, Caparco AA, Takiguchi L, Chung YH, Steinmetz NF, Pokorski JK. Polynorbornene-based bioconjugates by aqueous grafting-from ring-opening metathesis polymerization reduce protein immunogenicity. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2022; 3:101067. [PMID: 36816463 PMCID: PMC9933924 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates (PPCs) improve therapeutic efficacy of proteins and have been widely used for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis. PEGylation is considered as the "gold standard" in bioconjugation, although in practice its clinical applications are becoming limited because of extensive evidence of immunogenicity induced by pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies in patients. Here, optimized reaction conditions for living aqueous grafting-from ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) are utilized to synthesize water-soluble polynorbornene (PNB)-based PPCs of lysozyme (Lyz-PPCs) and bacteriophage Qβ (Qβ-PPCs) as PEG alternatives. Lyz-PPCs retain nearly 100% bioactivity and Qβ-PPCs exhibit up to 35% decrease in protein immunogenicity. Qβ-PPCs derived from NB-PEG show no reduction in recognition by anti-PEG antibodies while Qβ-PPCs derived from NB-Zwit show >95% reduction as compared with Qβ-PEG. This work demonstrates a new method for PPC synthesis and the utility of grafting from PPCs to evade immune recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek C. Church
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Elizabathe Davis
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Adam A. Caparco
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lauren Takiguchi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moncalvo F, Lacroce E, Franzoni G, Altomare A, Fasoli E, Aldini G, Sacchetti A, Cellesi F. Selective Protein Conjugation of Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) and Poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate) with Tunable Topology via Reductive Amination with Multifunctional ATRP Initiators for Activity Preservation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Moncalvo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Elisa Lacroce
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fasoli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Francesco Cellesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang Y, Li X, Zhang YC, Shi Z, Zeng L, Xie J, Du Y, Lu D, Hu Z, Cai T, Luo Z. Aqueous Protein-Polymer Bioconjugation via Photoinduced RAFT Polymerization Using High Loading Heterogeneous Catalyst. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44488-44496. [PMID: 34514775 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven polymerization, such as photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization, enables biological benign conditions and versatile functional polymer structure design, which is readily used in protein-polymer bioconjugates. However, conventional metalloporphyrinic homogeneous catalysts for PET-RAFT polymerization suffer from limited aqueous solubility and tedious purification. Here we demonstrate the design of PET-RAFT photocatalyst from the reticular assembled Zr-porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), along with a biomacromolecule-based chain transfer agent, as efficient bioconjugation tools in water. Our methodology offers manufacturing advantages on bioconjugates under mild conditions such that MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and cytotoxicity assays have shown the preservation of the protein integrity, bioactivity, and high cell viability after PET-RAFT polymerization. We find that the fast kinetics are benefiting from the ultrahigh loading of metalloporphyrins in MOF-525-Zn. This heterogeneous catalyst also allows us to maintain living characteristics to incorporate myriads of monomers into block copolymers. Other advantages like easy postreaction purification, reusability, and high oxygen tolerance even in an open system are demonstrated. This study provides a tool of highly efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts for polymer-protein bioconjugation in aqueous media and paves the road for biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Shi
- Guangzhou Baiyun Medical Adhesive Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P. R. China
| | - Lun Zeng
- Guangzhou Baiyun Medical Adhesive Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- Guangzhou Baiyun Medical Adhesive Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P. R. China
| | - Yucong Du
- Guangzhou Baiyun Medical Adhesive Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P. R. China
| | - Dong Lu
- Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Silver Age Engineering Plastics (Dongguan) Company Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523187, P. R. China
| | - Tao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kiran P, Khan A, Neekhra S, Pallod S, Srivastava R. Nanohybrids as Protein-Polymer Conjugate Multimodal Therapeutics. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:676025. [PMID: 35047929 PMCID: PMC8757875 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.676025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutic formulations are being widely explored as multifunctional nanotherapeutics. Challenges in ensuring susceptibility and efficacy of nanoformulation still prevail owing to various interactions with biological fluids before reaching the target site. Smart polymers with the capability of masking drugs, ease of chemical modification, and multi-stimuli responsiveness can assist controlled delivery. An active moiety like therapeutic protein has started to be known as an important biological formulation with a diverse medicinal prospect. The delivery of proteins and peptides with high target specificity has however been tedious, due to their tendency to aggregate formation in different environmental conditions. Proteins due to high chemical reactivity and poor bioavailability are being researched widely in the field of nanomedicine. Clinically, multiple nano-based formulations have been explored for delivering protein with different carrier systems. A biocompatible and non-toxic polymer-based delivery system serves to tailor the polymer or drug better. Polymers not only aid delivery to the target site but are also responsible for proper stearic orientation of proteins thus protecting them from internal hindrances. Polymers have been shown to conjugate with proteins through covalent linkage rendering stability and enhancing therapeutic efficacy prominently when dealing with the systemic route. Here, we present the recent developments in polymer-protein/drug-linked systems. We aim to address questions by assessing the properties of the conjugate system and optimized delivery approaches. Since thorough characterization is the key aspect for technology to enter into the market, correlating laboratory research with commercially available formulations will also be presented in this review. By examining characteristics including morphology, surface properties, and functionalization, we will expand different hybrid applications from a biomaterial stance applied in in vivo complex biological conditions. Further, we explore understanding related to design criteria and strategies for polymer-protein smart nanomedicines with their potential prophylactic theranostic applications. Overall, we intend to highlight protein-drug delivery through multifunctional smart polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kiran
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Amreen Khan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Center for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suditi Neekhra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shubham Pallod
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hajizadeh S, Bülow L, Ye L. Synthesizing a Hybrid Nanocomposite as an Affinity Adsorbent through Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Catalyzed by Myoglobin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10462-10474. [PMID: 34056199 PMCID: PMC8153740 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid bifunctional core-shell nanostructure was synthesized for the first time via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) using myoglobin as a biocatalyst (ATRPase) in an aqueous solution. N-Isopropyl acrylamide (NIPA) and N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (APMA) were applied to graft flexible polymer brushes onto initiator-functionalized silica nanoparticles. Two different approaches were implemented to form the core-shell nanocomposite: (a) random copolymerization, Si@p(NIPA-co-APMA) and (b) sequential block copolymerization, Si@pNIPA-b-pAPMA. These nanocomposites can be used as versatile intermediates, thereby leading to different types of materials for targeted applications. In this work, a phenylboronic acid ligand was immobilized on the side chain of the grafted brushes during a series of postmodification reactions to create a boronate affinity adsorbent. The ability to selectively bind glycoproteins (ovalbumin and glycated hemoglobin) via boronic acid was assessed at two different temperatures (20 and 40 °C), where Si@pNIPA-b-APMABA (163 mg OVA/g of particle) displayed an approximately 1.5-fold higher capacity than Si@p(NIPA-co-APMA)BA (107 mg OVA/g of particle). In addition to selective binding to glycoproteins, the nanocomposites exhibited selective binding for myoglobin due to the molecular imprinting effect during the postmodification process, that is, 72 and 111 mg Mb/g for Si@p(NIPA-co-APMA)BA and Si@pNIPA-b-pAPMABA, respectively.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rahman MS, Brown J, Murphy R, Carnes S, Carey B, Averick S, Konkolewicz D, Page RC. Polymer Modification of Lipases, Substrate Interactions, and Potential Inhibition. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:309-318. [PMID: 33416313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An industrially important enzyme, Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB), was modified with a range of functional polymers including hydrophilic, hydrophobic, anionic, and cationic character using a "grafting to" approach. We determined the impact of polymer chain length on CalB activity by synthesizing biohybrids of CalB with each polymer at three different chain lengths, using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The activity of CalB in both aqueous and aqueous-organic media mixtures was significantly enhanced for acrylamide (Am) and N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAm) conjugates, with activity remaining approximately constant in 25 and 50% ethanol solvent systems. Interestingly, the activity of N,N-dimethylaminopropyl-acrylamide (DMAPA) conjugates increased gradually with increasing organic solvent content in the system. Contrary to other literature reports, our study showed significantly diminished activity for hydrophobic polymer-protein conjugates. Functional thermal stability assays also displayed a considerable enhancement of retained activity of Am, DMAm, and DMAPA conjugates compared to the native CalB enzyme. Thus, this study provides an insight into possible advances in lipase production, which can lead to new improved lipase bioconjugates with increased activity and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sharfin Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Julian Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Reena Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Sydney Carnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Ben Carey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Saadyah Averick
- Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kovaliov M, Zhang B, Konkolewicz D, Szcześniak K, Jurga S, Averick S. Polymer grafting from a metallo‐centered enzyme improves activity in non‐native environments. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kovaliov
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh PA USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Borui Zhang
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh PA USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | | | - Stefa Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Saadyah Averick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh PA USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Olson RA, Korpusik AB, Sumerlin BS. Enlightening advances in polymer bioconjugate chemistry: light-based techniques for grafting to and from biomacromolecules. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5142-5156. [PMID: 34122971 PMCID: PMC8159357 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01544j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemistry has revolutionized the field of polymer-biomacromolecule conjugation. Ligation reactions necessitate biologically benign conditions, and photons have a significant energy advantage over what is available thermally at ambient temperature, allowing for rapid and unique reactivity. Photochemical reactions also afford many degrees of control, specifically, spatio-temporal control, light source tunability, and increased oxygen tolerance. Light-initiated polymerizations, in particular photo-atom-transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) and photoinduced electron/energy transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (PET-RAFT), have been used for grafting from proteins, DNA, and cells. Additionally, the spatio-temporal control inherent to light-mediated chemistry has been utilized for grafting biomolecules to hydrogel networks for many applications, such as 3-D cell culture. While photopolymerization has clear advantages, there are factors that require careful consideration in order to obtain optimal control. These factors include the photocatalyst system, light intensity, and wavelength. This Perspective aims to discuss recent advances of photochemistry for polymer biomacromolecule conjugation and potential considerations while tailoring these systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Olson
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Angie B Korpusik
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moncalvo F, Martinez Espinoza MI, Cellesi F. Nanosized Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Proteins: Clinically Validated Technologies and Advanced Development Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:89. [PMID: 32117952 PMCID: PMC7033645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of protein therapeutics in healthcare is steadily increasing, due to advancements in the field of biotechnology and a deeper understanding of several pathologies. However, their safety and efficacy are often limited by instability, short half-life and immunogenicity. Nanodelivery systems are currently being investigated for overcoming these limitations and include covalent attachment of biocompatible polymers (PEG and other synthetic or naturally derived macromolecules) as well as protein nanoencapsulation in colloidal systems (liposomes and other lipid or polymeric nanocarriers). Such strategies have the potential to develop next-generation protein therapeutics. Herein, we review recent research progresses on these nanodelivery approaches, as well as future directions and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Cellesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Belén LH, Rangel-Yagui CDO, Beltrán Lissabet JF, Effer B, Lee-Estevez M, Pessoa A, Castillo RL, Farías JG. From Synthesis to Characterization of Site-Selective PEGylated Proteins. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1450. [PMID: 31920645 PMCID: PMC6930235 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent attachment of therapeutic proteins to polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used for the improvement of its pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties, as well as the reduction in reactogenicity and related side effects. This technique named PEGylation has been successfully employed in several approved drugs to treat various diseases, even cancer. Some methods have been developed to obtain PEGylated proteins, both in multiple protein sites or in a selected amino acid residue. This review focuses mainly on traditional and novel examples of chemical and enzymatic methods for site-selective PEGylation, emphasizing in N-terminal PEGylation, that make it possible to obtain products with a high degree of homogeneity and preserve bioactivity. In addition, the main assay methods that can be applied for the characterization of PEGylated molecules in complex biological samples are also summarized in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge F. Beltrán Lissabet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Brian Effer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Manuel Lee-Estevez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L. Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine East, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge G. Farías
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu D, Zhou J, Hou S, Xiong Q, Chen Y, Pu K, Ren J, Duan H. Functional Macromolecule-Enabled Colloidal Synthesis: From Nanoparticle Engineering to Multifunctionality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902733. [PMID: 31463987 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined inorganic colloidal nanostructures using functional macromolecules is an enabling technology that offers the possibility of fine-tuning the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and has contributed to a broad range of practical applications. The utilization of functional reactive polymers and their colloidal assemblies leads to a high level of control over structural parameters of inorganic nanoparticles that are not easily accessible by conventional methods based on small-molecule ligands. Recent advances in polymerization techniques for synthetic polymers and newly exploited functions of natural biomacromolecules have opened up new avenues to monodisperse and multifunctional nanostructures consisting of integrated components with distinct chemistries but complementary properties. Here, the evolution of colloidal synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles is revisited. Then, the new developments of colloidal synthesis enabled by functional macromolecules and practical applications associated with the resulting optical, catalytic, and structural properties of colloidal nanostructures are summarized. Finally, a perspective on new and promising pathways to novel colloidal nanostructures built upon the continuous development of polymer chemistry, colloidal science, and nanochemistry is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derong Lu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Shuai Hou
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Qirong Xiong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Yonghao Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dai X, Böker A, Glebe U. Broadening the scope of sortagging. RSC Adv 2019; 9:4700-4721. [PMID: 35514663 PMCID: PMC9060782 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06705h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortases are enzymes occurring in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Sortase A (SrtA), the best studied sortase class, plays a key role in anchoring surface proteins with the recognition sequence LPXTG covalently to oligoglycine units of the bacterial cell wall. This unique transpeptidase activity renders SrtA attractive for various purposes and motivated researchers to study multiple in vivo and in vitro ligations in the last decades. This ligation technique is known as sortase-mediated ligation (SML) or sortagging and developed to a frequently used method in basic research. The advantages are manifold: extremely high substrate specificity, simple access to substrates and enzyme, robust nature and easy handling of sortase A. In addition to the ligation of two proteins or peptides, early studies already included at least one artificial (peptide equipped) substrate into sortagging reactions - which demonstrates the versatility and broad applicability of SML. Thus, SML is not only a biology-related technique, but has found prominence as a major interdisciplinary research tool. In this review, we provide an overview about the use of sortase A in interdisciplinary research, mainly for protein modification, synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates and immobilization of proteins on surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Dai
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang J, Qin H, Chen X, Wang B, Liang H, Lu J. Synthesis of an ortho-phthalaldehyde-functionalized copolymer for rapid, chemoselective and efficient conjugation with native proteins under physiological conditions. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00365g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anortho-phthalaldehyde-containing copolymer was designed and synthesized for rapid, chemoselective and efficient conjugation with proteins under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Herong Qin
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Biyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Hui Liang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| | - Jiang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Resin-based Composites
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Crooke SN, Zheng J, Ganewatta MS, Guldberg SM, Reineke TM, Finn M. Immunological Properties of Protein–Polymer Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:93-103. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jukuan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mitra S. Ganewatta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kovaliov M, Cohen-Karni D, Burridge KA, Mambelli D, Sloane S, Daman N, Xu C, Guth J, Kenneth Wickiser J, Tomycz N, Page RC, Konkolewicz D, Averick S. Grafting strategies for the synthesis of active DNase I polymer biohybrids. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Synthesis of lipase polymer hybrids with retained or enhanced activity using the grafting-from strategy. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Kovaliov M, Cheng C, Cheng B, Averick S. Grafting-from lipase: utilization of a common amino acid residue as a new grafting site. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A previously overlooked amino acid residue was utilized to grow polymers from proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kovaliov
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
| | - Cooper Cheng
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
| | - Boyle Cheng
- Neuroscience Institute
- Allegheny Health Network
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Saadyah Averick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tucker BS, Coughlin ML, Figg CA, Sumerlin BS. Grafting-From Proteins Using Metal-Free PET-RAFT Polymerizations under Mild Visible-Light Irradiation. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:452-457. [PMID: 35610863 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a new strategy toward polymer-protein conjugates using a grafting-from method that employs photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. Initial screening of reaction conditions showed rapid polymerization of acrylamides under high dilution in water using eosin Y as a photocatalyst in the presence of a tertiary amine. A lysozyme-modified chain transfer agent allowed the same conditions to be utilized for grafting-from polymerizations, and we further demonstrated the broad scope of this technique by polymerizing acrylic and styrenic monomers. Finally, retention of the RAFT end group was suggested by successful chain extension with N-isopropylacrylamide from the polymer-protein conjugates to form block copolymer-protein conjugates. This strategy should expand the capabilities of grafting-from proteins with RAFT polymerization under mild conditions to afford diverse functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Tucker
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - McKenzie L. Coughlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - C. Adrian Figg
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Charan H, Glebe U, Anand D, Kinzel J, Zhu L, Bocola M, Garakani TM, Schwaneberg U, Böker A. Nano-thin walled micro-compartments from transmembrane protein-polymer conjugates. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2866-2875. [PMID: 28352880 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02520j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The high interfacial activity of protein-polymer conjugates has inspired their use as stabilizers for Pickering emulsions, resulting in many interesting applications such as synthesis of templated micro-compartments and protocells or vehicles for drug and gene delivery. In this study we report, for the first time, the stabilization of Pickering emulsions with conjugates of a genetically modified transmembrane protein, ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA). The lysine residues of FhuA with open pore (FhuA ΔCVFtev) were modified to attach an initiator and consequently controlled radical polymerization (CRP) carried out via the grafting-from technique. The resulting conjugates of FhuA ΔCVFtev with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and poly((2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), the so-called building blocks based on transmembrane proteins (BBTP), have been shown to engender larger structures. The properties such as pH-responsivity, temperature-responsivity and interfacial activity of the BBTP were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and pendant drop tensiometry. The BBTP were then utilized for the synthesis of highly stable Pickering emulsions, which could remain non-coalesced for well over a month. A new UV-crosslinkable monomer was synthesized and copolymerized with NIPAAm from the protein. The emulsion droplets, upon crosslinking of polymer chains, yielded micro-compartments. Fluorescence microscopy proved that these compartments are of micrometer scale, while cryo-scanning electron microscopy and scanning force microscopy analysis yielded a thickness in the range of 11.1 ± 0.6 to 38.0 ± 18.2 nm for the stabilizing layer of the conjugates. Such micro-compartments would prove to be beneficial in drug delivery applications, owing to the possibility of using the channel of the transmembrane protein as a gate and the smart polymer chains as trigger switches to tune the behavior of the capsules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Charan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee PW, Isarov SA, Wallat JD, Molugu SK, Shukla S, Sun JEP, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Dougherty ML, Konkolewicz D, Stewart PL, Steinmetz NF, Hore MJA, Pokorski JK. Polymer Structure and Conformation Alter the Antigenicity of Virus-like Particle-Polymer Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3312-3315. [PMID: 28121424 PMCID: PMC5569573 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Covalent conjugation of water-soluble polymers to proteins is critical for evading immune surveillance in the field of biopharmaceuticals. The most common and long-standing polymer modification is the attachment of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG), termed PEGylation, which has led to several clinically approved pharmaceuticals. Recent data indicate that brush-type polymers significantly enhance in vitro and in vivo properties. Herein, the polymer conformation of poly(ethylene glycol) is detailed and compared with those of water-soluble polyacrylate and polynorbornene (PNB) when attached to icosahedral virus-like particles. Small-angle neutron scattering reveals vastly different polymer conformations of the multivalent conjugates. Immune recognition of conjugated particles was evaluated versus PEGylated particles, and PNB conjugation demonstrated the most effective shielding from antibody recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parker W. Lee
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sergey A. Isarov
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jaqueline D. Wallat
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sudheer K. Molugu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jessie E. P. Sun
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | | | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Phoebe L. Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Michael J. A. Hore
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cohen-Karni D, Kovaliov M, Ramelot T, Konkolewicz D, Graner S, Averick S. Grafting challenging monomers from proteins using aqueous ICAR ATRP under bio-relevant conditions. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00669a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous ICAR ATRP was applied to graft well defined acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide and N-vinylimidazole homo and block copolymers from a model protein initiator (bovine serum albumin (BSA)) under bio-relevant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devora Cohen-Karni
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
| | - Marina Kovaliov
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
| | - Theresa Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford
- USA
| | | | - Scott Graner
- Department of Pathology
- Allegheny Health Network
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Saadyah Averick
- Neuroscience Disruptive Research Lab
- Allegheny Health Network Research Institute
- Allegheny General Hospital
- Pitts-burgh
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Charan H, Kinzel J, Glebe U, Anand D, Garakani TM, Zhu L, Bocola M, Schwaneberg U, Böker A. Grafting PNIPAAm from β-barrel shaped transmembrane nanopores. Biomaterials 2016; 107:115-23. [PMID: 27614163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The research on protein-polymer conjugates by grafting from the surface of proteins has gained significant interest in the last decade. While there are many studies with globular proteins, membrane proteins have remained untouched to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we established the conjugate formation with a class of transmembrane proteins and grow polymer chains from the ferric hydroxamate uptake protein component A (FhuA; a β-barrel transmembrane protein of Escherichia coli). As the lysine residues of naturally occurring FhuA are distributed over the whole protein, FhuA was reengineered to have up to 11 lysines, distributed symmetrically in a rim on the membrane exposed side (outside) of the protein channel and exclusively above the hydrophobic region. Reengineering of FhuA ensures a polymer growth only on the outside of the β-barrel and prevents blockage of the channel as a result of the polymerization. A water-soluble initiator for controlled radical polymerization (CRP) was consecutively linked to the lysine residues of FhuA and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) polymerized under copper-mediated CRP conditions. The conjugate formation was analyzed by using MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Such conjugates combine the specific functions of the transmembrane proteins, like maintaining membrane potential gradients or translocation of substrates with the unique properties of synthetic polymers such as temperature and pH stimuli handles. FhuA-PNIPAAm conjugates will serve as functional nanosized building blocks for applications in targeted drug delivery, self-assembly systems, functional membranes and transmembrane protein gated nanoreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Charan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julia Kinzel
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Deepak Anand
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tayebeh Mirzaei Garakani
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Edwards E, Roychoudhury R, Schwarz B, Jordan P, Lisher J, Uchida M, Douglas T. Co-localization of catalysts within a protein cage leads to efficient photochemical NADH and/or hydrogen production. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5375-5384. [PMID: 32263461 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Using the interior of the P22 virus-like particle (VLP) we have co-localized and constrained multiple copies of a photosensitizer (Eosin-Y) and a NADH/hydrogen catalyst (cobaloxime). These small molecules were conjugated to an amine bearing polymer framework synthesized within the confines of the P22 capsid by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Using aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA) and bis-acrylamide as the monomers we introduced a crosslinked polymer framework with addressable amines and conjugated each of the small molecules through an isothiocyanate moiety. With precise control over the average labeling stoichiometry, we conjugated the Eosin-Y and cobaloxime catalysts to the polymer such that they were co-localized on the interior of the P22 VLP. This co-localization facilitated the photochemical production of NADH from NAD+ under aqueous conditions with a maximum turnover of 11.40 × 10-3 s-1. The reaction products could be switched from NADH to H2 production by increasing the relative stoichiometry of the cobaloxime labeling. The co-confinement of this coupled catalytic system within the VLP P22 creates a nano-material whose turnover activity is independent of the bulk concentration. These constructs are an example of a biomimetic materials design and synthesis approach in which efficient photochemical production of both NADH and hydrogen can be controlled by co-localizing catalysts within a virus-like particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Isarov SA, Lee PW, Pokorski JK. “Graft-to” Protein/Polymer Conjugates Using Polynorbornene Block Copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:641-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Isarov
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Parker W. Lee
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huang T, Cui Z, Ding Y, Lu X, Cai Y. The use of electrostatic association for rapid RAFT synthesis of histamine polyelectrolyte in aqueous solutions at and below 25 °C. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic association for rapid and quantitative synthesis of well-defined polyelectrolytes in dilute aqueous solutions at and below 25 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design & Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Zhigang Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design & Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Yi Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design & Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Xinhua Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design & Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Yuanli Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design & Precision Synthesis
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rother M, Nussbaumer MG, Renggli K, Bruns N. Protein cages and synthetic polymers: a fruitful symbiosis for drug delivery applications, bionanotechnology and materials science. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6213-6249. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages have become essential tools in bionanotechnology due to their well-defined, monodisperse, capsule-like structure. Combining them with synthetic polymers greatly expands their application, giving rise to novel nanomaterials fore.g.drug-delivery, sensing, electronic devices and for uses as nanoreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rother
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martin G. Nussbaumer
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering
- ETH Zürich
- 4058 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Danial M, Telwatte S, Tyssen D, Cosson S, Tachedjian G, Moad G, Postma A. Combination anti-HIV therapy via tandem release of prodrugs from macromolecular carriers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01882c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation has been used to create a library of copolymers outfitted with a combination of self-immolative reverse transcriptase inhibitor prodrug pendents comprising zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine (3TC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- Centre for Biomedical Research
- Burnet Institute
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - David Tyssen
- Centre for Biomedical Research
- Burnet Institute
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Steffen Cosson
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton VIC 3168
- Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Centre for Biomedical Research
- Burnet Institute
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Monash University
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton VIC 3168
- Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Garcia DR, Lavignac N. Poly(amidoamine)–BSA conjugates synthesised by Michael addition reaction retained enzymatic activity. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A bioconjugate synthesised using a “grafted to” method and Michael addition reaction retained the activity of the native protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Garcia
- Medway School of Pharmacy
- Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway
- Chatham Maritime
- UK
| | - N. Lavignac
- Medway School of Pharmacy
- Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway
- Chatham Maritime
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cox VE, Gaucher EA. Molecular Evolution Directs Protein Translation Using Unnatural Amino Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:223-228. [PMID: 26629613 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch150115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Unnatural amino acids have in recent years established their importance in a wide range of fields, from pharmaceuticals to polymer science. Unnatural amino acids can increase the number of chemical groups within proteins and thus expand or enhance biological function. Our ability to utilize these important building blocks, however, has been limited by the inherent difficulty in incorporating these molecules into proteins. To address this challenge, researchers have examined how the canonical twenty amino acids are incorporated, regulated, and modified in nature. This review focuses on achievements and techniques used to engineer the ribosomal protein-translation machinery, including the introduction of orthogonal translation components, how directed evolution enhances the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, and the potential utility of ancient biomolecules for this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Cox
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric A Gaucher
- School of Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Boyer C, Corrigan NA, Jung K, Nguyen D, Nguyen TK, Adnan NNM, Oliver S, Shanmugam S, Yeow J. Copper-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Copper(0) Mediated Polymerization): From Fundamentals to Bioapplications. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1803-949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Alan Corrigan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nik Nik M. Adnan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Larnaudie SC, Brendel JC, Jolliffe KA, Perrier S. Cyclic peptide-polymer conjugates: Grafting-to vs grafting-from. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C. Larnaudie
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Katrina A. Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry; The University of Sydney; Building F11 New South Wales Sydney 2006 Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cui Y, Liu F, Li X, Wang L, Wang H, Chen G, Yuan L, Brash JL, Chen H. Improvement in the Thermal Stability of Pyrophosphatase by Conjugation to Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): Application to the Polymerase Chain Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:21913-21918. [PMID: 26373436 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful method for nucleic acid amplification. However, the PCR is inhibited in its yield due to its byproduct, pyrophosphate (PPi), a byproduct of the reaction; the yield is thereby limited. The conventional method for hydrolysis of PPi by pyrophosphatase (PPase) is not well adapted for operation at elevated temperatures over long times as required during the PCR. In this work, we reported a strategy to improve the PCR yield using a conjugate of the enzyme with the thermally responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). Pyrophosphatase (PPase) was conjugated to PNIPAM site-specifically near the active center. As compared to the free enzyme, the optimum temperature of the conjugate was shown to increase from 45 to 60 °C. For the conjugate, about 77% enzyme activity was retained after incubation at 60 °C for 3 h, representing a 6.8-fold increase as compared to the unconjugated enzyme. For the PCR using the conjugate, the yield was 1.5-fold greater than using the unconjugated enzyme. As well as improving the yield of the PCR (and possibly other biological reactions) at elevated temperature, polymer conjugation may also provide a strategy to improve the heat resistance of proteins more generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Cui
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yuan
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - John L Brash
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Hong Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Isarov SA, Pokorski JK. Protein ROMP: Aqueous Graft-from Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:969-973. [PMID: 35596466 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was carried out from the surface of a protein under aqueous conditions. Grubbs' third generation catalyst was modified with PEGylated pyridyl groups to form a water-soluble species that showed high activity in aqueous buffered solutions at near-neutral pH. The modification of a protein with this catalyst to create a stable macroinitiator for ROMP is described. The protein macroinitiator was then used to polymerize water-soluble norbornenes, resulting in high molecular weight protein/polymer conjugates. Varying polymerization time and monomer concentration demonstrated the kinetics of molecular weight evolution and macroinitiator conversion of graft-from ROMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Isarov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, and ‡Department of
Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, and ‡Department of
Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tucker BS, Stewart JD, Aguirre JI, Holliday LS, Figg CA, Messer JG, Sumerlin BS. Role of Polymer Architecture on the Activity of Polymer–Protein Conjugates for the Treatment of Accelerated Bone Loss Disorders. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2374-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Tucker
- Department of Chemistry, ‡George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, and §Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine and ¶Department of Orthodontics,
College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, ‡George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, and §Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine and ¶Department of Orthodontics,
College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - J. Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, ‡George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, and §Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine and ¶Department of Orthodontics,
College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - L. Shannon Holliday
- Department of Chemistry, ‡George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, and §Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine and ¶Department of Orthodontics,
College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - C. Adrian Figg
- Department of Chemistry, ‡George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, and §Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine and ¶Department of Orthodontics,
College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jonathan G. Messer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, and §Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine and ¶Department of Orthodontics,
College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, and §Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine and ¶Department of Orthodontics,
College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Boutureira
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu L, Glebe U, Böker A. Surface-initiated controlled radical polymerizations from silica nanoparticles, gold nanocrystals, and bionanoparticles. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress in surface-initiated controlled radical polymerizations from silica nanoparticles, gold nanocrystals, and bionanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen
| | - Ulrich Glebe
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
- 14476 Potsdam-Golm
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologie
- Universität Potsdam
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Averick S, Mehl RA, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Well-defined biohybrids using reversible-deactivation radical polymerization procedures. J Control Release 2014; 205:45-57. [PMID: 25483427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) methods has significantly expanded the field of bioconjugate synthesis. RDRP procedures have allowed the preparation of a broad range of functional materials that could not be realized using prior art poly(ethylene glycol) functionalization. The review of procedures for synthesis of biomaterials is presented with a special focus on the use of RDRP to prepare biohybrids with proteins, DNA and RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saadyah Averick
- Laboratory for Bimolecular Medicine, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, 320 E. North St., Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Subha R Das
- Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hovlid ML, Lau JL, Breitenkamp K, Higginson CJ, Laufer B, Manchester M, Finn MG. Encapsidated atom-transfer radical polymerization in Qβ virus-like nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8003-14. [PMID: 25073013 PMCID: PMC4148144 DOI: 10.1021/nn502043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are unique macromolecular structures that hold great promise in biomedical and biomaterial applications. The interior of the 30 nm-diameter Qβ VLP was functionalized by a three-step process: (1) hydrolytic removal of endogenously packaged RNA, (2) covalent attachment of initiator molecules to unnatural amino acid residues located on the interior capsid surface, and (3) atom-transfer radical polymerization of tertiary amine-bearing methacrylate monomers. The resulting polymer-containing particles were moderately expanded in size; however, biotin-derivatized polymer strands were only very weakly accessible to avidin, suggesting that most of the polymer was confined within the protein shell. The polymer-containing particles were also found to exhibit physical and chemical properties characteristic of positively charged nanostructures, including the ability to easily enter mammalian cells and deliver functional small interfering RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L. Hovlid
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jolene L. Lau
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kurt Breitenkamp
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cody J. Higginson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Burkhardt Laufer
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - M. G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Matyjaszewski K, Tsarevsky NV. Macromolecular engineering by atom transfer radical polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6513-33. [PMID: 24758377 DOI: 10.1021/ja408069v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective presents recent advances in macromolecular engineering enabled by ATRP. They include the fundamental mechanistic and synthetic features of ATRP with emphasis on various catalytic/initiation systems that use parts-per-million concentrations of Cu catalysts and can be run in environmentally friendly media, e.g., water. The roles of the major components of ATRP--monomers, initiators, catalysts, and various additives--are explained, and their reactivity and structure are correlated. The effects of media and external stimuli on polymerization rates and control are presented. Some examples of precisely controlled elements of macromolecular architecture, such as chain uniformity, composition, topology, and functionality, are discussed. Syntheses of polymers with complex architecture, various hybrids, and bioconjugates are illustrated. Examples of current and forthcoming applications of ATRP are covered. Future challenges and perspectives for macromolecular engineering by ATRP are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sun H, Kabb CP, Sumerlin BS. Thermally-labile segmented hyperbranched copolymers: using reversible-covalent chemistry to investigate the mechanism of self-condensing vinyl copolymerization. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermally-reversible inimer was used to confirm the controlled growth of individual branches during self-condensing vinyl atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - Christopher P. Kabb
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| |
Collapse
|