1
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Na H, Kang YW, Park CS, Jung S, Kim HY, Sun JY. Hydrogel-based strong and fast actuators by electroosmotic turgor pressure. Science 2022; 376:301-307. [PMID: 35420951 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are promising as materials for soft actuators because of qualities such as softness, transparency, and responsiveness to stimuli. However, weak and slow actuations remain challenging as a result of low modulus and osmosis-driven slow water diffusion, respectively. We used turgor pressure and electroosmosis to realize a strong and fast hydrogel-based actuator. A turgor actuator fabricated with a gel confined by a selectively permeable membrane can retain a high osmotic pressure that drives gel swelling; thus, our actuator exerts large stress [0.73 megapascals (MPa) in 96 minutes (min)] with a 1.16 cubic centimeters of hydrogel. With the accelerated water transport caused by electroosmosis, the gel swells rapidly, enhancing the actuation speed (0.79 MPa in 9 min). Our strategies enable a soft hydrogel to break a brick and construct underwater structures within a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonuk Na
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Kang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seo Park
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Equilibrium swelling of multi-stimuli-responsive copolymer gels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 121:104623. [PMID: 34098283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Copolymer gels prepared by polymerization of thermo-responsive and anionic monomers demonstrate strong sensitivity to several triggers such as temperature, pH and ionic strength of aqueous solutions. For biomedical applications of these materials (as on-off switches in controlled drug delivery and release), fine tuning of their volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) and a sharp decay in degree of swelling upon transition from the swollen to the collapsed state are needed. These requirements are fulfilled under swelling of copolymer gels and microgels in water under acidic conditions, but are violated when tests are conducted under alkaline conditions or in aqueous solutions of salts with physiological salinity. A model is developed for equilibrium swelling of multi-stimuli-responsive copolymer gels in aqueous solutions with arbitrary pH and molar fractions of a monovalent salt. Unlike conventional approaches, the model accounts for secondary interactions between chains (hydrogen bonding) to describe the kinetics of aggregation of hydrophobic segments above VPTT. Material constants are determined by fitting experimental swelling diagrams on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) gels with various molar fractions of ionic monomers. The effects of temperature, pH and molar fraction of salt on the equilibrium degree of swelling below and above VPTT are studied numerically.
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3
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Xing Z, Lu H, Hossain M. Renormalized
Flory‐Huggins
lattice model of physicochemical kinetics and dynamic complexity in self‐healing double‐network hydrogel. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Haibao Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering Swansea University Swansea UK
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4
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Abstract
Abstract
The review presents current research results for Carbopol-based microgels as yield-stress materials, covering three aspects: chemical, physical and rheological. Such a joint three-aspect study has no analog in the literature. The chemical aspects of Carbopol polymers are presented in terms of a cross-linking polymerization of acrylic acid, their molecular structure, microgel formulation, polyacid dissociation and neutralization, osmotic pressure and associated immense microgel swelling. The physical characterization is focused on models of the shear-induced solid-to-liquid transition of microgels, which are formed of mesoscopic particles typical for soft matter materials. Models that describe interparticle effects are presented to explain the energy states of microgel particles at the mesoscale of scrutiny. Typical representatives of the models utilize attributes of jamming dispersions, micromechanical and polyelectrolyte reactions. Selected relationships that result from the models, such as scaling rules and nondimensional flow characteristics are also presented. The rheological part presents the discussion of problems of yield stress in 2D and 3D deformations, appearance and magnitude of the wall slip. The theory and characteristics of Carbopol microgel deformation in rotational rheometers are presented with graphs for the steady-state measurements, stress-controlled oscillation and two types of transient shear deformation. The review is concluded with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzisław Jaworski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Aleja Piastow 42 , 71-065 , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Tadeusz Spychaj
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Aleja Piastow 42 , 71-065 , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Anna Story
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Aleja Piastow 42 , 71-065 , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Story
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology , Aleja Piastow 42 , 71-065 , Szczecin , Poland
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5
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Nakajima T, Hoshino KI, Guo H, Kurokawa T, Gong JP. Experimental Verification of the Balance between Elastic Pressure and Ionic Osmotic Pressure of Highly Swollen Charged Gels. Gels 2021; 7:39. [PMID: 33915908 PMCID: PMC8167773 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium swelling degree of a highly swollen charged gel has been thought to be determined by the balance between its elastic pressure and ionic osmotic pressure. However, the full experimental verification of this balance has not previously been conducted. In this study, we verified the balance between the elastic pressure and ionic osmotic pressure of charged gels using purely experimental methods. We used tetra-PEG gels created using the molecular stent method (St-tetra-PEG gels) as the highly swollen charged gels to precisely and separately control their network structure and charge density. The elastic pressure of the gels was measured through the indentation test, whereas the ionic osmotic pressure was determined by electric potential measurement without any strong assumptions or fittings. We confirmed that the two experimentally determined pressures of the St-tetra-PEG gels were well balanced at their swelling equilibrium, suggesting the validity of the aforementioned relationship. Furthermore, from single-strand level analysis, we investigated the structural requirements of the highly swollen charged gels in which the elasticity and ionic osmosis are balanced at their swelling equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nakajima
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; (K.-i.H.); (H.G.); (T.K.); (J.P.G.)
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Hoshino
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; (K.-i.H.); (H.G.); (T.K.); (J.P.G.)
| | - Honglei Guo
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; (K.-i.H.); (H.G.); (T.K.); (J.P.G.)
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; (K.-i.H.); (H.G.); (T.K.); (J.P.G.)
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan; (K.-i.H.); (H.G.); (T.K.); (J.P.G.)
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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6
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Tang J, Katashima T, Li X, Mitsukami Y, Yokoyama Y, Chung UI, Shibayama M, Sakai T. Effect of Nonlinear Elasticity on the Swelling Behaviors of Highly Swollen Polyelectrolyte Gels. Gels 2021; 7:gels7010025. [PMID: 33804574 PMCID: PMC8005930 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte gels exhibit swelling behaviors that are dependent on the external environment. The swelling behaviors of highly charged polyelectrolyte gels can be well explained using the Flory-Rehner model combined with the Gibbs-Donnan effect and Manning's counterion condensation effect (the FRGDM model). This study investigated the swelling properties of a series of model polyelectrolyte gels, namely tetra-polyacrylic acid-polyethylene glycol gels (Tetra-PAA-PEG gels), and determined the applicability of the FRGDM model. The swelling ratio (Vs/V0) was well reproduced by the FRGDM model in the moderate swelling regime (Vs/V0 < 10). However, in the high swelling regime (Vs/V0 > 10), the FRGDM model is approx. 1.6 times larger than the experimental results. When we introduced the finite extensibility to the elastic free energy in the FRGDM model, the swelling behavior was successfully reproduced even in the high swelling regime. Our results reveal that finite extensibility is one of the factors determining the swelling equilibrium of highly charged polyelectrolyte gels. The modified FRGDM model reproduces well the swelling behavior of a wide range of polyelectrolyte gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (J.T.); (U.-i.C.)
| | - Takuya Katashima
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (J.T.); (U.-i.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Xiang Li
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 227-8581, Japan;
| | - Yoshiro Mitsukami
- Superabsorbents Research Department, Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd., Hyogo 671-1292, Japan; (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuki Yokoyama
- Superabsorbents Research Department, Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd., Hyogo 671-1292, Japan; (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (J.T.); (U.-i.C.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan;
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (J.T.); (U.-i.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (T.S.)
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7
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Zhou Y, Jin L. Hydrolysis-induced large swelling of polyacrylamide hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5740-5749. [PMID: 32525191 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00663g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels are widely used and studied. Their feature of hydrolysis is often ignored. When PAAm hydrogels are stored under alkaline conditions, they can undergo a hydrolysis reaction, which changes them from neutral hydrogels to polyelectrolyte hydrogels, resulting in significant volumetric increases. In this paper, we establish a non-equilibrium thermodynamic theory to describe hydrolysis-induced large swelling of PAAm hydrogels. In particular, a thermodynamically consistent reaction kinetics is proposed by accounting for auto-retardation of the hydrolysis reaction. As an example, hydrolysis-induced homogeneous swelling under free and constrained boundary conditions is modeled, and we show that mechanical constraints can significantly influence the swelling and reaction of the hydrogels. Our theoretical model is validated by comparing with experiments. This work provides guidelines for understanding and predicting the hydrolysis-induced swelling behavior of PAAm hydrogels under alkaline conditions, and is important for their utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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8
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Cooperative dynamics of heuristic swelling and inhibitive micellization in double-network hydrogels by ionic dissociation of polyelectrolyte. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Kozmai A, Nikonenko V, Zyryanova S, Pismenskaya N, Dammak L. A simple model for the response of an anion-exchange membrane to variation in concentration and pH of bathing solution. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Morozova S, Muthukumar M. Electrostatic effects in collagen fibril formation. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:163333. [PMID: 30384716 DOI: 10.1063/1.5036526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using light scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy techniques, we have studied the kinetics and equilibrium scattering intensity of collagen association, which is pertinent to the vitreous of the human eye. Specifically, we have characterized fibrillization dependence on pH, temperature, and ionic strength. At higher and lower pH, collagen triple helices remain stable in solution without fibrillization. At physiological pH, fibrillization occurs and the fibril growth is slowed upon either an increase in ionic strength or a decrease in temperature. The total light scattering with respect to ionic strength is non-monotonic in these conditions as a result of a competing dependence of fibril concentration and size on ionic strength. Fibril concentration is the highest at lower ionic strengths and rapidly decays for higher ionic strengths. On the other hand, fibril size is larger in solutions with higher ionic strength. We present a theoretical model, based on dipolar interactions in solutions, to describe the observed electrostatic nature of collagen assembly. At extreme pH values, either very low or very high, collagen triple helices carry a large net charge of the same sign preventing their assembly into fibrils. At intermediate pH values, fluctuations in the charge distribution of the collagen triple helices around roughly zero net charge lead to fibrillization. The growth kinetics of fibrils in this regime can be adequately described by dipolar interactions arising from charge fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Morozova
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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11
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Farzanian K, Ghahremaninezhad A. On the Effect of Chemical Composition on the Desorption of Superabsorbent Hydrogels in Contact with a Porous Cementitious Material. Gels 2018. [PMID: 30674846 DOI: 10.1617/s11527-017-1068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavior of poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) copolymer hydrogels with varied chemical compositions in artificial pore solutions with three different pH values is examined. The absorption, chemical characteristics, mechanical stiffness, and desorption of the hydrogels in contact with a porous cementitious material were investigated. It was observed that the surface characteristics of the hydrogels play an important role in the desorption of hydrogels due to the capillary forces. It was shown that in the hydrogel systems studied here, the bonding between the hydrogels and the porous cementitious material is improved with an increase in the content of acrylamide in the hydrogels, and this results in an increased desorption rate of the hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Farzanian
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Ali Ghahremaninezhad
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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12
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Farzanian K, Ghahremaninezhad A. On the Effect of Chemical Composition on the Desorption of Superabsorbent Hydrogels in Contact with a Porous Cementitious Material. Gels 2018; 4:E70. [PMID: 30674846 PMCID: PMC6209239 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) copolymer hydrogels with varied chemical compositions in artificial pore solutions with three different pH values is examined. The absorption, chemical characteristics, mechanical stiffness, and desorption of the hydrogels in contact with a porous cementitious material were investigated. It was observed that the surface characteristics of the hydrogels play an important role in the desorption of hydrogels due to the capillary forces. It was shown that in the hydrogel systems studied here, the bonding between the hydrogels and the porous cementitious material is improved with an increase in the content of acrylamide in the hydrogels, and this results in an increased desorption rate of the hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Farzanian
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Ali Ghahremaninezhad
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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13
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Zhang YR, Xu KJ, Bai YL, Tang LQ, Jiang ZY, Liu YP, Liu ZJ, Zhou LC, Zhou XF. Features of the volume change and a new constitutive equation of hydrogels under uniaxial compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 85:181-187. [PMID: 29906673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For high-water content hydrogels in compression, the water inside of hydrogels contributes to the response of hydrogels to external loads directly, but part of the water is expelled from hydrogels in the meantime to change the volume of the hydrogel and reduce the contribution. In order to consider the contribution of the water in the constitution equation, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) hydrogels with high-water content were used as examples, and compressive experiments were carried out to measure both the stress-strain relation and the change of the volume in the meantime. By considering the effect of the difference of the contribution of water in different directions of the hydrogel, we deduced a new constitutive equation, which can pretty well depict the stress-strain of hydrogels with different water contents. The results showed that the contribution of water to the total stress increases with the compression strain and even exceed that of the polymer, although the expelled water reduces the contribution at the early loading stage, which well explains the difference of elastic moduli of hydrogels in compression and tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangzhou, China
| | - K J Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y L Bai
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L Q Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Z Y Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y P Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z J Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L C Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, No.381, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X F Zhou
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Lai Y, Hu Y. Probing the swelling-dependent mechanical and transport properties of polyacrylamide hydrogels through AFM-based dynamic nanoindentation. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2619-2627. [PMID: 29577116 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02351k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are composed of a crosslinked polymer network and water. The constitutive behaviors of hydrogels have been modeled based on Flory-Huggins theory. Within this model, the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters are assumed to be of constant values and are typically characterized through swelling tests. Since most hydrogels can absorb a large amount of solvent from the dry state to the swollen state, and the network size and solvent concentration of the hydrogels change significantly, the assumption of constant values of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties as the network swells is questionable. In this work, we have experimentally shown that even for the simple neutral polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels, their mechanical responses cannot be fully described by the Flory-Huggins theory with constant thermodynamic parameters: N (number of chains per unit volume of dry polymers) and χ (polymer-solvent interaction parameter). For a more complete and precise characterization of the hydrogels, we measure the evolving properties of the gels as the network swells. Here, we use dynamic indentation to measure the poroelastic properties (shear modulus G, Poisson's ratio ν and diffusivity D) of the hydrogels under a wide range of swelling ratios. We also use linear perturbation to build the link between G, ν and N, χ, and plot the thermodynamic parameters in the Flory-Huggins theory as a function of the hydrogel swelling ratio. Consequently, the validity of the hydrogel models based on Flory-Huggins theory can be quantitatively examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lai
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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15
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López-Serrano F, Silva JM, Sánchez-Díaz JC, Vargas RO, Puig JE. Understanding the semicontinuous-heterophase, surfactant-supported, acrylamide inverse polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Jorge M. Silva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jal. 44300 México
| | - Juan C. Sánchez-Díaz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jal. 44300 México
| | - René O. Vargas
- ESIME Azcapotzalco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México 02250 México
| | - Jorge E. Puig
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jal. 44300 México
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16
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Nam C, Zimudzi TJ, Wiencek RA, Chung TM, Hickner MA. Improved ATR-FTIR detection of hydrocarbons in water with semi-crystalline polyolefin coatings on ATR elements. Analyst 2018; 143:5589-5596. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01280f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ detection of hydrocarbons in water using ATR-FTIR with LLDPE film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwoo Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Tawanda J. Zimudzi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Materials Research Institute
| | - Richard A. Wiencek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - T.C. Mike Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Materials Research Institute
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17
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Pareek A, Maheshwari S, Cherlo S, Thavva RSR, Runkana V. Modeling drug release through stimuli responsive polymer hydrogels. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:502-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Nyström L, Álvarez-Asencio R, Frenning G, Saunders BR, Rutland MW, Malmsten M. Electrostatic Swelling Transitions in Surface-Bound Microgels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27129-27139. [PMID: 27644921 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, electrostatic swelling transitions of poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid) microgels covalently bound to silica surfaces are investigated. Confined at a solid surface, microgel swelling is anisotropically hindered and the structure is flattened to an extent dictated by pH and microgel composition. Microgel deformation under applied load is also shown to depend on microgel charge density, with the highest deformation observed at intermediate charge densities. Two modes of microgel deformation under load were observed, one elastic and one viscoelastic, related to polymer strand deformation and displacement of trapped water, respectively. Results on polymer strand dynamics reveal that the microgels are highly dynamic, as the number of strand-tip interaction points increases 4-fold during a 10 s contact time. Furthermore, finite element modeling captures these effects qualitatively and shows that stress propagation in the microgel network decays locally at the rim of contact with a solid interface or close to the tip probe. Taken together, the results demonstrate a delicate interplay between the surface and microgel which determines the structure and nanomechanical properties of the latter and needs to be controlled in applications of systems such as pH-responsive surface coatings in biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Nyström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , P.O. Box 580, SE-752 32 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rubén Álvarez-Asencio
- Department of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Göran Frenning
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , P.O. Box 580, SE-752 32 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian R Saunders
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester , MSS Tower, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Rutland
- Department of Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SP Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces , SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , P.O. Box 580, SE-752 32 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Drozdov A, Christiansen JD. Structure-property relations for equilibrium swelling of cationic gels. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Cheng X, Petsche SJ, Pinsky PM. A structural model for the in vivo human cornea including collagen-swelling interaction. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:20150241. [PMID: 26156299 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A structural model of the in vivo cornea, which accounts for tissue swelling behaviour, for the three-dimensional organization of stromal fibres and for collagen-swelling interaction, is proposed. Modelled as a binary electrolyte gel in thermodynamic equilibrium, the stromal electrostatic free energy is based on the mean-field approximation. To account for active endothelial ionic transport in the in vivo cornea, which modulates osmotic pressure and hydration, stromal mobile ions are shown to satisfy a modified Boltzmann distribution. The elasticity of the stromal collagen network is modelled based on three-dimensional collagen orientation probability distributions for every point in the stroma obtained by synthesizing X-ray diffraction data for azimuthal angle distributions and second harmonic-generated image processing for inclination angle distributions. The model is implemented in a finite-element framework and employed to predict free and confined swelling of stroma in an ionic bath. For the in vivo cornea, the model is used to predict corneal swelling due to increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) and is adapted to model swelling in Fuchs' corneal dystrophy. The biomechanical response of the in vivo cornea to a typical LASIK surgery for myopia is analysed, including tissue fluid pressure and swelling responses. The model provides a new interpretation of the corneal active hydration control (pump-leak) mechanism based on osmotic pressure modulation. The results also illustrate the structural necessity of fibre inclination in stabilizing the corneal refractive surface with respect to changes in tissue hydration and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Petsche
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Pinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Majidi Salehi S, Di Profio G, Fontananova E, Nicoletta FP, Curcio E, De Filpo G. Membrane distillation by novel hydrogel composite membranes. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Tang J, Li J, Vlassak JJ, Suo Z. Adhesion between highly stretchable materials. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1093-9. [PMID: 26573427 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02305j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed high-speed ionic devices require adherent laminates of stretchable and dissimilar materials, such as gels and elastomers. Adhesion between stretchable and dissimilar materials also plays important roles in medicine, stretchable electronics, and soft robots. Here we develop a method to characterize adhesion between materials capable of large, elastic deformation. We apply the method to measure the debond energy of elastomer-hydrogel bilayers. The debond energy between an acrylic elastomer and a polyacrylamide hydrogel is found to be about 0.5 J m(-2), independent of the thickness and the crosslink density of the hydrogel. This low debond energy, however, allows the bilayer to be adherent and highly stretchable, provided that the hydrogel is thin and compliant. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nanoparticles applied at the interface can improve adhesion between the elastomer and the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingda Tang
- State Key Lab for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Jianyu Li
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Joost J Vlassak
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Zhigang Suo
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. and Kavli Institute of Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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23
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24
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Abstract
In this paper we present hyperelastic models for swelling elastic shells, due to pressurization of the internal cavity. These shells serve as model systems for cells having cell walls, as can be found in bacteria, plants and fungi. The pressurized internal cavity represents the cell vacuole with intact membrane at a certain turgor pressure, and the elastic shell represents the hydrated cell wall. At pressurization the elastic shell undergoes inhomogeneous deformation. Its deformation is governed by a strain energy function. Using the scaling law of Cloizeaux for the osmotic pressure, we obtain approximate analytical expressions of the cell volume versus turgor pressure - which are quite comparable to numerical solutions of the problem. Subsequently, we have simulated the swelling of shells - where the cell wall material is embedded with microfibrils, leading to strain hardening and anisotropic cell expansion. The purpose of our investigations is to elucidate the contribution of cell membrane integrity and turgor to the water holding capacity (hydration) of plant foods. We conclude with a discussion of the impact of this work on the hydration of food material, and other fields like plant science and the soft matter physics of responsive gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G M van der Sman
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands.
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25
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Drozdov AD, deClaville Christiansen J. Modeling the effects of pH and ionic strength on swelling of polyelectrolyte gels. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:114904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Drozdov
- Center for Plastics Technology, Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 7, Taastrup 2630, Denmark
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - J. deClaville Christiansen
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
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26
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Drozdov AD, deClaville Christiansen J. Swelling of pH-sensitive hydrogels. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:022305. [PMID: 25768503 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.022305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A model is derived for the elastic response of polyelectrolyte gels subjected to unconstrained and constrained swelling. A gel is treated as a three-phase medium consisting of a solid phase (polymer network), solvent (water), and solutes (mobile ions). Transport of solvent and solutes is modeled as their diffusion through the network accelerated by an electric field formed by ions and accompanied by chemical reactions (dissociation of functional groups attached to the chains). Constitutive equations (including the van't Hoff law for ionic pressure and the Henderson-Hasselbach equation for ionization of chains) are derived by means of the free energy imbalance inequality. Good agreement is demonstrated between equilibrium swelling diagrams on several pH-sensitive gels and results of simulation. It is revealed that swelling of polyelectrolyte gels is driven by electrostatic repulsion of bound charges, whereas the effect of ionic pressure is of secondary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Drozdov
- Center for Plastics Technology, Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 7, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J deClaville Christiansen
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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27
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Yeh PD, Alexeev A. Mesoscale modelling of environmentally responsive hydrogels: emerging applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10083-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review recent advances in mesoscale computational modeling, focusing on dissipative particle dynamics, used to probe stimuli-sensitive behavior of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Yeh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- USA
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- USA
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28
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Naficy S, Spinks GM. Effect of tensile load on the actuation performance of pH-sensitive hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Naficy
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Spinks
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
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29
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Gianneli M, Anac I, Rostkamp R, Menges B, Loppinet B, Jonas U, Knoll W, Fytas G. Dynamic Response of Anchored Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid-co-benzophenone methacrylate) Terpolymer Hydrogel Layers to Physicochemical Stimuli. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gianneli
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; P.O. Box 3148 55128 Mainz Germany
- FORTH/IESL; P.O. Box 1527 71110 Heraklion Greece
| | - Ilke Anac
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; P.O. Box 3148 55128 Mainz Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Gebze Institute of Technology; TR-41400 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Robert Rostkamp
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; P.O. Box 3148 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Bernhard Menges
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; P.O. Box 3148 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Uli Jonas
- FORTH/IESL; P.O. Box 1527 71110 Heraklion Greece
- FORTH/BOMCLab; P.O. Box 1527 71110 Heraklion Greece
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Siegen; Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2 57076 Siegen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology; Donau-City Str. 1 1220 Vienna Austria
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; P.O. Box 3148 55128 Mainz Germany
- FORTH/IESL; P.O. Box 1527 71110 Heraklion Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; University of Crete; Heraklion Greece
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30
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Li M, Li J, Na H, Vlassak JJ. Mechanical behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)-based ionogels. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7993-8000. [PMID: 25157559 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionogels are formed when a cross-linked polymer network absorbs an ionic liquid. Ionogels are ionic conductors and, as such, are being considered for use in stretchable electronics and artificial muscles or nerves. The use of ionogels in these applications is limited in part by their mechanical behavior. Here we present an ionogel prepared by swelling covalently cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide. The resulting ionogel is compliant, stretchable, and relatively tough. We demonstrate that the swelling ratio, elastic modulus, stretchability, and fracture energy of the ionogel depend sensitively on the cross-link density of the polymer network. The behavior of the ionogel is well captured by the model of the ideal elastomeric gel combined with the Flory-Huggins model for the energy of mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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31
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Ghosh SK, Cherstvy AG, Metzler R. Deformation propagation in responsive polymer network films. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:074903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4893056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Surya K. Ghosh
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andrey G. Cherstvy
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralf Metzler
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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