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Ou J, Cui W, Zhao Y, Tang Y, Williams A, Wasalathanthri D, Xu J, Lee J, Borys MC, Khetan A. Use of spectroscopic process analytical technology for rapid quality evaluation during preparation of CHO cell culture media. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3477. [PMID: 38699906 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Media preparation parameters contribute significantly to media quality, cell culture performance, productivity, and product quality. Establishing proper media preparation procedures is critical for ensuring a robust CHO cell culture process. Process analytical technology (PAT) enables unique ways to quantify assessments and improve media quality. Here, cell culture media were prepared under a wide range of temperatures (40-80°C) and pH (7.6-10.0). Media quality profiles were compared using three real-time PATs: Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies identified shifts in media quality under high preparation temperature (80°C) and at differing preparation pH which negatively impacted monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. In fed-batch processes for production of three different mAbs, viable cell density (VCD) and cell viability were mostly unaffected under all media preparation temperatures, while titer and cell specific productivity of mAb decreased when cultured in basal and feed media prepared at 80°C. High feed preparation pH alone was tolerated but cell growth and productivity profiles deviated from the control condition. Further, charge variants (main, acidic, basic species) and glycosylation (G0F, afucosylation, and high mannose) were examined. Statistically significant differences were observed for one or more of these quality attributes with any shifts in media preparation. In this study, we demonstrated strong associations between media preparation conditions and cell growth, productivity, and product quality. The rapid evaluation of media by PAT implementation enabled more comprehensive understanding of different parameters on media quality and consequential effects on CHO cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Ou
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wanyue Cui
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yawen Tang
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Williams
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dhanuka Wasalathanthri
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael C Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Głowacz K, Skorupska S, Grabowska-Jadach I, Bro R, Ciosek-Skibińska P. Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy Coupled with PARAFAC Modeling for Viability Prediction of Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15968-15978. [PMID: 37179610 PMCID: PMC10173342 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based sensors and assays have great potential in bioanalysis, drug discovery screening, and biochemical mechanisms research. The cell viability tests should be fast, safe, reliable, and time- and cost-effective. Although methods stated as "gold standards", such as MTT, XTT, and LDH assays, usually fulfill these assumptions, they also show some limitations. They can be time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to errors and interference. Moreover, they do not enable the observation of the cell viability changes in real-time, continuously, and nondestructively. Therefore, we propose an alternative method of viability testing: native excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), which is especially advantageous for cell monitoring due to its noninvasiveness and nondestructiveness and because there is no need for labeling and sample preparation. We demonstrate that our approach provides accurate results with even better sensitivity than the standard MTT test. With PARAFAC, it is possible to study the mechanism of the observed cell viability changes, which can be directly linked to increasing/decreasing fluorophores in the cell culture medium. The resulting parameters of the PARAFAC model are also helpful in establishing a reliable regression model for accurate and precise determination of the viability in A375 and HaCaT-adherent cell cultures treated with oxaliplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Głowacz
- Chair
of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra Skorupska
- Chair
of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Grabowska-Jadach
- Chair
of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rasmus Bro
- Department
of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska
- Chair
of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Berg C, Herbst L, Gremm L, Ihling N, Paquet-Durand O, Hitzmann B, Büchs J. Assessing the capabilities of 2D fluorescence monitoring in microtiter plates with data-driven modeling for secondary substrate limitation experiments of Hansenula polymorpha. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:12. [PMID: 36782293 PMCID: PMC9926666 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive online fluorescence monitoring in high-throughput microbioreactors is a well-established method to accelerate early-stage bioprocess development. Recently, single-wavelength fluorescence monitoring in microtiter plates was extended to measurements of highly resolved 2D fluorescence spectra, by introducing charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors. Although introductory experiments demonstrated a high potential of the new monitoring technology, an assessment of the capabilities and limits for practical applications is yet to be provided. RESULTS In this study, three experimental sets introducing secondary substrate limitations of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate to cultivations of a GFP-expressing H. polymorpha strain were conducted. This increased the complexity of the spectral dynamics, which were determined by 2D fluorescence measurements. The metabolic responses upon growth limiting conditions were assessed by monitoring of the oxygen transfer rate and extensive offline sampling. Using only the spectral data, subsequently, partial least-square (PLS) regression models for the key parameters of glycerol, cell dry weight, and pH value were generated. For model calibration, spectral data of only two cultivation conditions were combined with sparse offline sampling data. Applying the models to spectral data of six cultures not used for calibration, resulted in an average relative root-mean-square error (RMSE) of prediction between 6.8 and 6.0%. Thus, while demanding only sparse offline data, the models allowed the estimation of biomass accumulation and glycerol consumption, even in the presence of more or less pronounced secondary substrate limitation. CONCLUSION For the secondary substrate limitation experiments of this study, the generation of data-driven models allowed a considerable reduction in sampling efforts while also providing process information for unsampled cultures. Therefore, the practical experiments of this study strongly affirm the previously claimed advantages of 2D fluorescence spectroscopy in microtiter plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Berg
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XAVT - Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Herbst
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XAVT - Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lisa Gremm
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XAVT - Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nina Ihling
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XAVT - Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Olivier Paquet-Durand
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Department of Process Analytics & Cereal Science, Institute for Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernd Hitzmann
- grid.9464.f0000 0001 2290 1502Department of Process Analytics & Cereal Science, Institute for Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Rösner LS, Walter F, Ude C, John GT, Beutel S. Sensors and Techniques for On-Line Determination of Cell Viability in Bioprocess Monitoring. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120762. [PMID: 36550968 PMCID: PMC9774925 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the bioprocessing industry has experienced significant growth and is increasingly emerging as an important economic sector. Here, efficient process management and constant control of cellular growth are essential. Good product quality and yield can only be guaranteed with high cell density and high viability. Whereas the on-line measurement of physical and chemical process parameters has been common practice for many years, the on-line determination of viability remains a challenge and few commercial on-line measurement methods have been developed to date for determining viability in industrial bioprocesses. Thus, numerous studies have recently been conducted to develop sensors for on-line viability estimation, especially in the field of optical spectroscopic sensors, which will be the focus of this review. Spectroscopic sensors are versatile, on-line and mostly non-invasive. Especially in combination with bioinformatic data analysis, they offer great potential for industrial application. Known as soft sensors, they usually enable simultaneous estimation of multiple biological variables besides viability to be obtained from the same set of measurement data. However, the majority of the presented sensors are still in the research stage, and only a few are already commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Rösner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Walter
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Ude
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gernot T. John
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Am BioPark 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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de Faria e Silva AL, Ryder AG. Analyzing protein conjugation reactions for antibody-drug conjugate synthesis using polarized excitation emission matrix spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3432-3446. [PMID: 36071600 PMCID: PMC9828061 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising anticancer therapeutics, which offer important advantages compared to more classical therapies. There are a variety of ADC critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as the protein structure, aggregation, and drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), which all impact on potency, stability, and toxicity. Production processes can destabilize antibodies via a variety of physical and chemical stresses, and or by increased aggregation after conjugation of hydrophobic drugs. Thus, a proper control strategy for handling, production, and storage is necessary to maintain CQA levels, which requires the use of in-process quality measurements to first identify, then understand, and control the variables which adversely affect ADC CQAs during manufacturing. Here, we show how polarized excitation emission matrix (pEEM) spectroscopy, a sensitive, nondestructive, and potentially fast technique, can be used for rapidly assessing aggregation and DAR in a single measurement. pEEM provides several sources of information for protein analysis: Rayleigh scatter for identifying aggregate/particle formation and fluorescence emission to assess chemical and structural changes induced by attachment of a linker and/or a small molecule drug payload. Here, we used a nontoxic ADC mimic (monoclonal antibody with linker molecule) to demonstrate efficacy of the measurement method. Emission changes caused via light absorption by the attached linker, allowed us to predict DAR with good accuracy using fluorescence signal from the final purified products (6% relative error of prediction [REP]) and also from unpurified alkylation intermediates (11% REP). pEEM changes could also be correlated with size (hydrodynamic radius, Rh ) and aggregate content parameters obtained from dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). For the starting material and purified product samples, pEEM correlated better with Rh (R2 = 0.99, 6% REP) than SEC determined aggregate content (18% REP). Combining both fluorescence and light scatter signals also enabled in-process size quantification (6% REP). Overall, combining polarized measurements with EEM and Rayleigh scatter provides a single measurement, multi-attribute test method for ADC manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. de Faria e Silva
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of ChemistryNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Alan G. Ryder
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of ChemistryNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
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6
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Alemneh ST, Emire SA, Jekle M, Paquet-Durand O, von Wrochem A, Hitzmann B. Application of Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the On-Line Monitoring of Teff-Based Substrate Fermentation Inoculated with Certain Probiotic Bacteria. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081171. [PMID: 35454758 PMCID: PMC9025233 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing demand for cereal-based probiotic fermented beverages as an alternative to dairy-based products due to their limitations. However, analyzing and monitoring the fermentation process is usually time consuming, costly, and labor intensive. This research therefore aims to apply two-dimensional (2D)-fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and artificial neural networks (ANN) for the on-line quantitative analysis of cell growth and concentrations of lactic acid and glucose during the fermentation of a teff-based substrate. This substrate was inoculated with mixed strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum A6 (LPA6) and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LCGG). The fermentation was performed under two different conditions: condition 1 (7 g/100 mL substrate inoculated with 6 log cfu/mL) and condition 2 (4 g/100 mL substrate inoculated with 6 log cfu/mL). For the prediction of LPA6 and LCGG cell growth, the relative root mean square error of prediction (pRMSEP) was measured between 2.5 and 4.5%. The highest pRMSEP (4.5%) was observed for the prediction of LPA6 cell growth under condition 2 using ANN, but the lowest pRMSEP (2.5%) was observed for the prediction of LCGG cell growth under condition 1 with ANN. A slightly more accurate prediction was found with ANN under condition 1. However, under condition 2, a superior prediction was observed with PLSR as compared to ANN. Moreover, for the prediction of lactic acid concentration, the observed values of pRMSEP were 7.6 and 7.7% using PLSR and ANN, respectively. The highest error rates of 13 and 14% were observed for the prediction of glucose concentration using PLSR and ANN, respectively. Most of the predicted values had a coefficient of determination (R2) of more than 0.85. In conclusion, a 2D-fluorescence spectroscopy combined with PLSR and ANN can be used to accurately monitor LPA6 and LCGG cell counts and lactic acid concentration in the fermentation process of a teff-based substrate. The prediction of glucose concentration, however, showed a rather high error rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sendeku Takele Alemneh
- Department of Process Analytics and Cereal Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.T.A.); (O.P.-D.); (A.v.W.)
| | - Shimelis Admassu Emire
- Food Engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Mario Jekle
- Department of Plant-Based Foods, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Olivier Paquet-Durand
- Department of Process Analytics and Cereal Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.T.A.); (O.P.-D.); (A.v.W.)
| | - Almut von Wrochem
- Department of Process Analytics and Cereal Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.T.A.); (O.P.-D.); (A.v.W.)
| | - Bernd Hitzmann
- Department of Process Analytics and Cereal Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.T.A.); (O.P.-D.); (A.v.W.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Otsuka Y, Makino K, Takahashi H. Experimental Study on the Raman Spectra of Imine Emulsification with Chemometrics. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1109-1114. [PMID: 34349087 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate imine emulsification using Raman spectroscopy with chemometrics. The imine emulsification samples were obtained by mixing aldehydes and amines in methanol and aqueous methanol. The Raman spectra of the samples were measured over time between 400 and 2300 cm-1 every 40 s using a Raman spectrometer. The obtained spectra were regarded as a dataset matrix. A multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares was applied to the dataset. A multivariate analysis based on the Raman spectrum revealed that raw materials, emulsions, and products were decomposed when the water-rich samples were emulsified. Additionally, we evaluated the kinetics of the synthesis. The effect of water content on emulsification was investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The molecular dynamics of the co-solvent model were also investigated. The phase-layer construction was consistent with the phase transition in the water-methanol imine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Otsuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kosho Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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8
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Chiappini FA, Azcarate S, Alcaraz MR, Forno ÁG, Goicoechea HC. Prospective inference of bioprocess cell viability through chemometric modeling of fluorescence multiway data. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3173. [PMID: 33969945 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, the fermentation step of a standard mammalian cell-based industrial bioprocess for the production of a therapeutic protein was studied, with particular emphasis on the evolution of cell viability. This parameter constitutes one of the critical variables for bioprocess monitoring since it can affect downstream operations and the quality of the final product. In addition, when the cells experiment an unpredictable drop in viability, the assessment of this variable through classic off-line methods may not provide information sufficiently in advance to take corrective actions. In this context, Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework aims to develop novel strategies for more efficient monitoring of critical variables, in order to improve the bioprocess performance. Thus, in this work, a set of chemometric tools were integrated to establish a PAT strategy to monitor cell viability, based on fluorescence multiway data obtained from fermentation samples of a particular bioprocess, in two different scales of operation. The spectral information, together with data regarding process variables, was integrated through chemometric exploratory tools to characterize the bioprocess and stablish novel criteria for the monitoring of cell viability. These findings motivated the development of a multivariate classification model, aiming to obtain predictive tools for the monitoring of future lots of the same bioprocess. The model could be satisfactorily fitted, showing the non-error rate of prediction of 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A Chiappini
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Argentinian national institution of research, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, Argentina
| | - Silvana Azcarate
- Argentinian national institution of research, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Argentina
| | - Mirta R Alcaraz
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Argentinian national institution of research, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, Argentina
| | - Ángela G Forno
- Zelltek SA, Parque Tecnológico Litoral Centro - CCT Conicet Santa Fe (C1425FQB), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hector C Goicoechea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Argentinian national institution of research, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, Argentina
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9
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Boateng BO, Elcoroaristizabal S, Ryder AG. Development of a rapid polarized total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (pTSFS) method for protein quantification in a model bioreactor broth. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1805-1817. [PMID: 33501639 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein quantification during bioprocess monitoring is essential for biopharmaceutical manufacturing and is complicated by the complex chemical composition of the bioreactor broth. Here we present the early-stage development and optimization of a polarized total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (pTSFS) method for protein quantification in a hydrolysate-protein model (mimics clarified bioreactor broth samples) using a standard benchtop laboratory fluorometer. We used UV transmitting polarizers to provide wider range pTSFS spectra for screening of the four different TSFS spectra generated by the measurement: parallel (||), perpendicular (⊥), unpolarized (T) intensity spectra and anisotropy maps. TSFS|| (parallel polarized) measurements were the best for protein quantification compared to standard unpolarized measurements and the Bradford assay. This was because TSFS|| spectra had a better analyte signal to noise ratio (SNR), due to the anisotropy of protein emission. This meant that protein signals were better resolved from the background emission of small molecule fluorophores in the cell culture media. SNR of >5000 was achieved for concentrations of bovine serum albumin/yeastolate 1.2/10 g L-1 with TSFS|| . Optimization using genetic algorithm and interval partial least squares based variable selection enabled reduction of spectral resolution and number of excitation wavelengths required without degrading performance. This enables fast (<3.5 min) online/at-line measurements, and the method had an LOD of 0.18 g L-1 and high accuracy with a predictive error of <9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard O Boateng
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Saioa Elcoroaristizabal
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan G Ryder
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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10
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Chiappini FA, Allegrini F, Goicoechea HC, Olivieri AC. Sensitivity for Multivariate Calibration Based on Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12265-12272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A. Chiappini
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA C1425FQB, Argentina
| | | | - Héctor C. Goicoechea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Alejandro C. Olivieri
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA C1425FQB, Argentina
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11
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Chiappini FA, Teglia CM, Forno ÁG, Goicoechea HC. Modelling of bioprocess non-linear fluorescence data for at-line prediction of etanercept based on artificial neural networks optimized by response surface methodology. Talanta 2020; 210:120664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Graf A, Claßen J, Solle D, Hitzmann B, Rebner K, Hoehse M. A novel LED-based 2D-fluorescence spectroscopy system for in-line monitoring of Chinese hamster ovary cell cultivations - Part I. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:352-362. [PMID: 32625014 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A new two-dimensional fluorescence sensor system was developed for in-line monitoring of mammalian cell cultures. Fluorescence spectroscopy allows for the detection and quantification of naturally occurring intra- and extracellular fluorophores in the cell broth. The fluorescence signals correlate to the cells' current redox state and other relevant process parameters. Cell culture pretests with twelve different excitation wavelengths showed that only three wavelengths account for a vast majority of spectral variation. Accordingly, the newly developed device utilizes three high-power LEDs as excitation sources in combination with a back-thinned CCD-spectrometer for fluorescence detection. This setup was first tested in a lab design of experiments study with process relevant fluorophores proving its suitability for cell culture monitoring with LOD in the μg/L range. The sensor was then integrated into a CHO-K1 cell culture process. The acquired fluorescence spectra of several batches were evaluated using multivariate methods. The resulting batch evolution models were challenged in deviating and "golden batch" validation runs. These first tests showed that the new sensor can trace the cells' metabolic state in a fast and reliable manner. Cellular distress is quickly detected as a deviation from the "golden batch".
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Graf
- R&D Spectroscopy & Chemometrics Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH Göttingen Germany
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T) Faculty Applied Chemistry Reutlingen University Reutlingen Germany
| | - Jens Claßen
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz University of Hanover Hanover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz University of Hanover Hanover Germany
| | - Bernd Hitzmann
- Process Analytics and Cereal Science Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology University Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
| | - Karsten Rebner
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T) Faculty Applied Chemistry Reutlingen University Reutlingen Germany
| | - Marek Hoehse
- R&D Spectroscopy & Chemometrics Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH Göttingen Germany
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Claßen J, Graf A, Aupert F, Solle D, Höhse M, Scheper T. A novel LED-based 2D-fluorescence spectroscopy system for in-line bioprocess monitoring of Chinese hamster ovary cell cultivations-Part II. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:341-351. [PMID: 32625013 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed in order to evaluate a new LED-based 2D-fluorescence spectrometer for in-line bioprocess monitoring of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture processes. The new spectrometer used selected excitation wavelengths of 280, 365, and 455 nm to collect spectral data from six 10-L fed-batch processes. The technique provides data on various fluorescent compounds from the cultivation medium as well as from cell metabolism. In addition, scattered light offers information about the cultivation status. Multivariate data analysis tools were applied to analyze the large data sets of the collected fluorescence spectra. First, principal component analysis was used to accomplish an overview of all spectral data from all six CHO cultivations. Partial least square regression models were developed to correlate 2D-fluorescence spectral data with selected critical process variables as offline reference values. A separate independent fed-batch process was used for model validation and prediction. An almost continuous in-line bioprocess monitoring was realized because 2D-fluorescence spectra were collected every 10 min during the whole cultivation. The new 2D-fluorescence device demonstrates the significant potential for accurate prediction of the total cell count, viable cell count, and the cell viability. The results strongly indicated that the technique is particularly capable to distinguish between different cell statuses inside the bioreactor. In addition, spectral data provided information about the lactate metabolism shift and cellular respiration during the cultivation process. Overall, the 2D-fluorescence device is a highly sensitive tool for process analytical technology applications in mammalian cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Claßen
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | | | - Florian Aupert
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Marek Höhse
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH Göttingen Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
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15
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Neutsch L, Kroll P, Brunner M, Pansy A, Kovar M, Herwig C, Klein T. Media photo-degradation in pharmaceutical biotechnology - impact of ambient light on media quality, cell physiology, and IgG production in CHO cultures. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2018; 93:2141-2151. [PMID: 30069078 PMCID: PMC6055871 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many vital components in bioprocess media are prone to photo-conversion or photo-degradation upon exposure to ambient light, with severe negative consequences for biomass yield and overall productivity. However, there is only limited awareness of light irradiation as a potential risk factor when working in transparent glass bioreactors, storage vessels or disposable bag systems. The chemical complexity of most media renders a root-cause analysis difficult. This study investigated in a novel, holistic approach how light-induced changes in media composition relate to alterations in radical burden, cell physiology, morphology, and product formation in industrial Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) bioprocesses. RESULTS Two media formulations from proprietary and commercial sources were tested in a pre-hoc light exposure scenario prior to cultivation. Using fluorescence excitation/emission (EEM) matrix spectroscopy, a photo-sensitization of riboflavin was identified as a likely cause for drastically decreased IgG titers (up to -80%) and specific growth rates (-50% to -90%). Up to three-fold higher radical levels were observed in photo-degraded medium. On the biological side, this resulted in significant changes in cell morphology and aberrations in the normal IgG biosynthesis/secretion pathway. CONCLUSION These findings clearly illustrate the underrated impact of room light after only short periods of exposure, occurring accidentally or knowingly during bioprocess development and scale- up. The detrimental effects, which may share a common mechanistic cause at the molecular level, correlate well with changes in spectroscopic properties. This offers new perspectives for online monitoring concepts, and improved detectability of such effects in future. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Neutsch
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
| | - Paul Kroll
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Matthias Brunner
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Pansy
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Michael Kovar
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Tobias Klein
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
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16
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Li BQ, Wang X, Xu ML, Zhai HL, Chen J, Liu JJ. The multi-resolution capability of Tchebichef moments and its applications to the analysis of fluorescence excitation-emission spectra. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 6:015008. [PMID: 28933348 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa8e1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy with an excitation-emission matrix (EEM) is a fast and inexpensive technique and has been applied to the detection of a very wide range of analytes. However, serious scattering and overlapping signals hinder the applications of EEM spectra. In this contribution, the multi-resolution capability of Tchebichef moments was investigated in depth and applied to the analysis of two EEM data sets (data set 1 consisted of valine-tyrosine-valine, tryptophan-glycine and phenylalanine, and data set 2 included vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and vitamin B6) for the first time. By means of the Tchebichef moments with different orders, the different information in the EEM spectra can be represented. It is owing to this multi-resolution capability that the overlapping problem was solved, and the information of chemicals and scatterings were separated. The obtained results demonstrated that the Tchebichef moment method is very effective, which provides a promising tool for the analysis of EEM spectra. It is expected that the applications of Tchebichef moment method could be developed and extended in complex systems such as biological fluids, food, environment and others to deal with the practical problems (overlapped peaks, unknown interferences, baseline drifts, and so on) with other spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Qiong Li
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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17
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Kumar K, Tarai M, Mishra AK. Unconventional steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy as an analytical technique for analyses of complex-multifluorophoric mixtures. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Ryder AG, Stedmon CA, Harrit N, Bro R. Calibration, standardization, and quantitative analysis of multidimensional fluorescence (MDF) measurements on complex mixtures (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis IUPAC Technical Report describes and compares the currently applied methods for the calibration and standardization of multi-dimensional fluorescence (MDF) spectroscopy data as well as recommendations on the correct use of chemometric methods for MDF data analysis. The paper starts with a brief description of the measurement principles for the most important MDF techniques and a short introduction to the most important applications. Recommendations are provided for instrument calibration, sample preparation and handling, and data collection, as well as the proper use of chemometric data analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G. Ryder
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Colin A. Stedmon
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs.Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Harrit
- Nanoscience Center, H. C. Ørsted Institute, Universitetsparken 5, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Bro
- Department Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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19
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Accurate anisotropy recovery from fluorophore mixtures using Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR). Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1000:132-143. [PMID: 29289302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anisotropy resolved multidimensional emission spectroscopy (ARMES) provides valuable insights into multi-fluorophore systems like proteins that have complex overlapping emission bands. The method combines multidimensional fluorescence, anisotropy, and chemometrics to facilitate the differentiation of fluorophores with very similar emission properties. Here, we address the critical issue of standardizing the chemometric methods required to accurately extract spectral and anisotropy information from fluorophore mixtures using two standard sample sets: perylene in glycerol, and a mixture of Erythrosin B and Phloxine B with overlapping emission but different anisotropies. We show for the first time how to accurately model component anisotropy using Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) from data collected using total synchronous fluorescence scan (TSFS) and Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) measurement methods. These datasets were selected to avoid the presence of inner filter effects (IFE) or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) that would depolarize fluorescence emission or reduce data tri-linearity. This allowed the non-trilinear TSFS data to yield accurate component anisotropy data once modelled using the correct data augmentation strategy, however, the EEM data proved to be more accurate once optimal constraints (non-negativity and correspondence among species) were employed. For perylene (S2) and Phloxine B which both have very weak anisotropy (<0.06), while the spectral recovery was excellent, the modelled anisotropy values were reasonably accurate (±20% of the real value) because of large relative noise contributions. However, for perylene (S1) and Erythrosin B which have large (>0.2) anisotropies, bilinear and trilinear EEM models built using a total tri-linearity constraint, yielded solutions without any rotational ambiguities and very accurate (±4% of real value) anisotropy values. These sample systems thus provide simple and robust test systems for validating the spectral measurement and chemometric data analysis elements of ARMES.
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20
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Floris P, McGillicuddy N, Albrecht S, Morrissey B, Kaisermayer C, Lindeberg A, Bones J. Untargeted LC-MS/MS Profiling of Cell Culture Media Formulations for Evaluation of High Temperature Short Time Treatment Effects. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9953-9960. [PMID: 28823148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An untargeted LC-MS/MS platform was implemented for monitoring variations in CHO cell culture media upon exposure to high temperature short time (HTST) treatment, a commonly used viral clearance upstream strategy. Chemically defined (CD) and hydrolysate-supplemented media formulations were not visibly altered by the treatment. The absence of solute precipitation effects during media treatment and very modest shifts in pH values observed indicated sufficient compatibility of the formulations evaluated with the HTST-processing conditions. Unsupervised chemometric analysis of LC-MS/MS data, however, revealed clear separation of HTST-treated samples from untreated counterparts as observed from analysis of principal components and hierarchical clustering sample grouping. An increased presence of Maillard products in HTST-treated formulations contributed to the observed differences which included organic acids, observed particularly in chemically defined formulations, and furans, pyridines, pyrazines, and pyrrolidines which were determined in hydrolysate-supplemented formulations. The presence of Maillard products in media did not affect cell culture performance with similar growth and viability profiles observed for CHO-K1 and CHO-DP12 cells when cultured using both HTST-treated and untreated media formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Floris
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Nicola McGillicuddy
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Simone Albrecht
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Brian Morrissey
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Christian Kaisermayer
- Biomarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43 R298, Ireland
| | - Anna Lindeberg
- Biomarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43 R298, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1 W8, Ireland
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21
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Casamayou-Boucau Y, Ryder AG. Extended wavelength anisotropy resolved multidimensional emission spectroscopy (ARMES) measurements: better filters, validation standards, and Rayleigh scatter removal methods. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:037001. [PMID: 28584197 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anisotropy resolved multidimensional emission spectroscopy (ARMES) provides valuable insights into multi-fluorophore proteins (Groza et al 2015 Anal. Chim. Acta 886 133-42). Fluorescence anisotropy adds to the multidimensional fluorescence dataset information about the physical size of the fluorophores and/or the rigidity of the surrounding micro-environment. The first ARMES studies used standard thin film polarizers (TFP) that had negligible transmission between 250 and 290 nm, preventing accurate measurement of intrinsic protein fluorescence from tyrosine and tryptophan. Replacing TFP with pairs of broadband wire grid polarizers enabled standard fluorescence spectrometers to accurately measure anisotropies between 250 and 300 nm, which was validated with solutions of perylene in the UV and Erythrosin B and Phloxine B in the visible. In all cases, anisotropies were accurate to better than ±1% when compared to literature measurements made with Glan Thompson or TFP polarizers. Better dual wire grid polarizer UV transmittance and the use of excitation-emission matrix measurements for ARMES required complete Rayleigh scatter elimination. This was achieved by chemometric modelling rather than classical interpolation, which enabled the acquisition of pure anisotropy patterns over wider spectral ranges. In combination, these three improvements permit the accurate implementation of ARMES for studying intrinsic protein fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Casamayou-Boucau
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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22
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Buckley K, Ryder AG. Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Short Review. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:1085-1116. [PMID: 28534676 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is currently undergoing its biggest transformation in a century. The changes are based on the rapid and dramatic introduction of protein- and macromolecule-based drugs (collectively known as biopharmaceuticals) and can be traced back to the huge investment in biomedical science (in particular in genomics and proteomics) that has been ongoing since the 1970s. Biopharmaceuticals (or biologics) are manufactured using biological-expression systems (such as mammalian, bacterial, insect cells, etc.) and have spawned a large (>€35 billion sales annually in Europe) and growing biopharmaceutical industry (BioPharma). The structural and chemical complexity of biologics, combined with the intricacy of cell-based manufacturing, imposes a huge analytical burden to correctly characterize and quantify both processes (upstream) and products (downstream). In small molecule manufacturing, advances in analytical and computational methods have been extensively exploited to generate process analytical technologies (PAT) that are now used for routine process control, leading to more efficient processes and safer medicines. In the analytical domain, biologic manufacturing is considerably behind and there is both a huge scope and need to produce relevant PAT tools with which to better control processes, and better characterize product macromolecules. Raman spectroscopy, a vibrational spectroscopy with a number of useful properties (nondestructive, non-contact, robustness) has significant potential advantages in BioPharma. Key among them are intrinsically high molecular specificity, the ability to measure in water, the requirement for minimal (or no) sample pre-treatment, the flexibility of sampling configurations, and suitability for automation. Here, we review and discuss a representative selection of the more important Raman applications in BioPharma (with particular emphasis on mammalian cell culture). The review shows that the properties of Raman have been successfully exploited to deliver unique and useful analytical solutions, particularly for online process monitoring. However, it also shows that its inherent susceptibility to fluorescence interference and the weakness of the Raman effect mean that it can never be a panacea. In particular, Raman-based methods are intrinsically limited by the chemical complexity and wide analyte-concentration-profiles of cell culture media/bioprocessing broths which limit their use for quantitative analysis. Nevertheless, with appropriate foreknowledge of these limitations and good experimental design, robust analytical methods can be produced. In addition, new technological developments such as time-resolved detectors, advanced lasers, and plasmonics offer potential of new Raman-based methods to resolve existing limitations and/or provide new analytical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Buckley
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan G Ryder
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland
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23
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Zhang L, Mao S. Application of quality by design in the current drug development. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016; 12:1-8. [PMID: 32104308 PMCID: PMC7032183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality by Test was the only way to guarantee quality of drug products before FDA launched current Good Manufacturing Practice. To clearly understand the manufacture processes, FDA generalized Quality by Design (QbD) in the field of pharmacy, which is based on the thorough understanding of how materials and process parameters affect the quality profile of final products. The application of QbD in drug formulation and process design is based on a good understanding of the sources of variability and the manufacture process. In this paper, the basic knowledge of QbD, the elements of QbD, steps and tools for QbD implementation in pharmaceutics field, including risk assessment, design of experiment, and process analytical technology (PAT), are introduced briefly. Moreover, the concrete applications of QbD in various pharmaceutical related unit operations are summarized and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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Groza RC, Li B, Ryder AG. Anisotropy resolved multidimensional emission spectroscopy (ARMES): A new tool for protein analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 886:133-42. [PMID: 26320645 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Structural analysis of proteins using the emission of intrinsic fluorophores is complicated by spectral overlap. Anisotropy resolved multidimensional emission spectroscopy (ARMES) overcame the overlap problem by the use of anisotropy, with chemometric analysis, to better resolve emission from different fluorophores. Total synchronous fluorescence scan (TSFS) provided information about all the fluorophores that contributed to emission while anisotropy provided information about the environment of each fluorophore. Here the utility of ARMES was demonstrated via study of the chemical and thermal denaturation of human serum albumin (HSA). Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis of the constituent polarized emission ARMES data resolved contributions from four emitters: fluorescence from tryptophan (Trp), solvent exposed tyrosine (Tyr), Tyr in a hydrophobic environment, and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) from Trp. The MCR scores, anisotropy, and literature validated these assignments and showed all the expected transitions during HSA unfolding. This new methodology for comprehensive intrinsic fluorescence analysis of proteins is applicable to any protein containing multiple fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Constantin Groza
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Boyan Li
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan G Ryder
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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25
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Faassen SM, Hitzmann B. Fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometric modeling for bioprocess monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:10271-91. [PMID: 25942644 PMCID: PMC4481931 DOI: 10.3390/s150510271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-line sensors for the detection of crucial process parameters are desirable for the monitoring, control and automation of processes in the biotechnology, food and pharma industry. Fluorescence spectroscopy as a highly developed and non-invasive technique that enables the on-line measurements of substrate and product concentrations or the identification of characteristic process states. During a cultivation process significant changes occur in the fluorescence spectra. By means of chemometric modeling, prediction models can be calculated and applied for process supervision and control to provide increased quality and the productivity of bioprocesses. A range of applications for different microorganisms and analytes has been proposed during the last years. This contribution provides an overview of different analysis methods for the measured fluorescence spectra and the model-building chemometric methods used for various microbial cultivations. Most of these processes are observed using the BioView® Sensor, thanks to its robustness and insensitivity to adverse process conditions. Beyond that, the PLS-method is the most frequently used chemometric method for the calculation of process models and prediction of process variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia M Faassen
- Process Analytics and Cereal Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Bernd Hitzmann
- Process Analytics and Cereal Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 23, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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27
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Groza RC, Calvet A, Ryder AG. A fluorescence anisotropy method for measuring protein concentration in complex cell culture media. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 821:54-61. [PMID: 24703214 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapid, quantitative analysis of the complex cell culture media used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing is of critical importance. Requirements for cell culture media composition profiling, or changes in specific analyte concentrations (e.g. amino acids in the media or product protein in the bioprocess broth) often necessitate the use of complicated analytical methods and extensive sample handling. Rapid spectroscopic methods like multi-dimensional fluorescence (MDF) spectroscopy have been successfully applied for the routine determination of compositional changes in cell culture media and bioprocess broths. Quantifying macromolecules in cell culture media is a specific challenge as there is a need to implement measurements rapidly on the prepared media. However, the use of standard fluorescence spectroscopy is complicated by the emission overlap from many media components. Here, we demonstrate how combining anisotropy measurements with standard total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (TSFS) provides a rapid, accurate quantitation method for cell culture media. Anisotropy provides emission resolution between large and small fluorophores while TSFS provides a robust measurement space. Model cell culture media was prepared using yeastolate (2.5 mg mL(-1)) spiked with bovine serum albumin (0 to 5 mg mL(-1)). Using this method, protein emission is clearly discriminated from background yeastolate emission, allowing for accurate bovine serum albumin (BSA) quantification over a 0.1 to 4.0 mg mL(-1) range with a limit of detection (LOD) of 13.8 μg mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Constantin Groza
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amandine Calvet
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan G Ryder
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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