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Lipton-Duffin J, MacLeod J. Innovations in nanosynthesis: emerging techniques for precision, scalability, and spatial control in reactions of organic molecules on solid surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:183001. [PMID: 36876935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbc01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface science-based approach to synthesising new organic materials on surfaces has gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to its success in facilitating the formation of novel 0D, 1D and 2D architectures. The primary mechanism used to date has been the catalytic transformation of small organic molecules through substrate-enabled reactions. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of alternate approaches to controlling molecular reactions on surfaces. These approaches include light, electron and ion-initiated reactions, electrospray ionisation deposition-based techniques, collisions of neutral atoms and molecules, and superhydrogenation. We focus on the opportunities afforded by these alternative approaches, in particular where they may offer advantages in terms of selectivity, spatial control or scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Lin H, Wang Z, Wang H, Gao J, Ding H, Xu Y, Li Q, Guo Q, Ma Z, Yang X, Pan M. In Situ Observation of Stepwise C-H Bond Scission: Deciphering the Catalytic Selectivity of Ethylbenzene-to-Styrene Conversion on TiO 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9850-9855. [PMID: 33170716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of light alkanes to olefins is crucial to the chemical industry. The quest for improved catalytic performance for this conversion is motivated by current drawbacks including: expensive noble metal catalysts, poor conversion, low selectivity, and fast decay of efficiency. The in situ visualization of complex catalysis at the atomic level is therefore a major advance in the rational framework upon building the future catalysts. Herein, the catalytic C-H bond activations of ethylbenzene on TiO2(110)-(1 × 1) were explored with high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles calculations. We report that the first C-H bond scission is a two-step process that can be triggered by either heat or ultraviolet light at 80 K, with near 100% selectivity of β-CH bond cleavage. This work provides fundamental understanding of C-H bonds cleavage of ethylbenzene on metal oxides, and it may promote the design of new catalysts for selective styrene production under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianzhi Gao
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Haoxuan Ding
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Minghu Pan
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Wang C, Chi L, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Chemische Synthese an Oberflächen mit Präzision in atomarer Größenordnung: Beherrschung von Komplexität und Genauigkeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 V.R. China
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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Wang C, Chi L, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Chemical Synthesis at Surfaces with Atomic Precision: Taming Complexity and Perfection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18758-18775. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional, Materials & DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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Clair S, de Oteyza DG. Controlling a Chemical Coupling Reaction on a Surface: Tools and Strategies for On-Surface Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4717-4776. [PMID: 30875199 PMCID: PMC6477809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is appearing as an extremely promising research field aimed at creating new organic materials. A large number of chemical reactions have been successfully demonstrated to take place directly on surfaces through unusual reaction mechanisms. In some cases the reaction conditions can be properly tuned to steer the formation of the reaction products. It is thus possible to control the initiation step of the reaction and its degree of advancement (the kinetics, the reaction yield); the nature of the reaction products (selectivity control, particularly in the case of competing processes); as well as the structure, position, and orientation of the covalent compounds, or the quality of the as-formed networks in terms of order and extension. The aim of our review is thus to provide an extensive description of all tools and strategies reported to date and to put them into perspective. We specifically define the different approaches available and group them into a few general categories. In the last part, we demonstrate the effective maturation of the on-surface synthesis field by reporting systems that are getting closer to application-relevant levels thanks to the use of advanced control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Clair
- Aix
Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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8
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Micrometre-long covalent organic fibres by photoinitiated chain-growth radical polymerization on an alkali-halide surface. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1112-1117. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Godlewski S, Kawai H, Engelund M, Kolmer M, Zuzak R, Garcia-Lekue A, Novell-Leruth G, Echavarren AM, Sanchez-Portal D, Joachim C, Saeys M. Diels-Alder attachment of a planar organic molecule to a dangling bond dimer on a hydrogenated semiconductor surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16757-65. [PMID: 27271337 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02346k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Construction of single-molecule electronic devices requires the controlled manipulation of organic molecules and their properties. This could be achieved by tuning the interaction between the molecule and individual atoms by local "on-surface" chemistry, i.e., the controlled formation of chemical bonds between the species. We demonstrate here the reversible attachment of a planar conjugated polyaromatic molecule to a pair of unpassivated dangling bonds on a hydrogenated Ge(001):H surface via a Diels-Alder [4+2] addition using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Due to the small stability difference between the covalently bonded and a nearly undistorted structure attached to the dangling bond dimer by long-range dispersive forces, we show that at cryogenic temperatures the molecule can be switched between both configurations. The reversibility of this covalent bond forming reaction may be applied in the construction of complex circuits containing organic molecules with tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Godlewski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Hiroyo Kawai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| | - Mads Engelund
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manual de Lardizabal 5, E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marek Kolmer
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Rafal Zuzak
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manual de Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gerard Novell-Leruth
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanchez-Portal
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manual de Lardizabal 5, E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain and Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manual de Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Christian Joachim
- Nanosciences Group & MANA Satellite, CEMES-CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse, France and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mark Saeys
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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