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Schillert L, Wirtz D, Weber N, Schaller F, Striegel L, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Rychlik M. Metabolic folate profiling as a function of time during cultivation suggests potential C2-metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Nutr 2022; 9:984094. [PMID: 36337654 PMCID: PMC9626864 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.984094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are reported to be rich in folates, a group of vitamers known to be involved in several biosynthetic reactions such as methylation reactions, oxidation and reduction processes, and nucleotide synthesis. Not being able to synthesize folates, humans rely on external folate supply. Here, we show the application of LC/MS-MS methods using SIDA (stable isotope dilution analysis) assays for the quantitative analysis of different folate mono- and polyglutamates during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular networking (MN) was applied for detailed analysis of further folate metabolites. Highest folate contents of 13,120 μg/100 g were observed after 20 h of cultivation. The main vitamers 5-CH3-H4folate and H4folate decreased during cultivation, while 5-CHO-H4folate increased during cultivation. The hexa- and heptaglutamate of 5-CH3-H4folate accounted for >96% of the total 5-CH3-H4folate content. A shift of the major polyglutamate from hexa- to heptaglutamate was observed after 29 h. MN unraveled two groups of novel folates which could be assigned to a potentially existing C2-metabolism in yeast. In detail, 5,10-ethenyl-tetrahydrofolate and a further CO-substituted 5-CH3-H4folate were identified as hexa- and heptaglutamates. The latter was neither identified as 5-acetyl-tetrahydrofolate nor as EthylFox, the oxidation product of 5-ethyl-tetrahydrofolate. The structure needs to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schillert
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Wirtz
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Weber
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Schaller
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Striegel
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Rychlik
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2
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Asbaghi O, Salehpour S, Rezaei Kelishadi M, Bagheri R, Ashtary-Larky D, Nazarian B, Mombaini D, Ghanavati M, Clark CCT, Wong A, Naeini AA. Folic acid supplementation and blood pressure: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 41,633 participants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1846-1861. [PMID: 34478339 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1968787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a predisposing factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The extant literature regarding the effects of folic acid supplementation on blood pressure (BP) is inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to summarize the effects of folic acid supplementation on BP. A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane library, from database inception to August 2021. Data were pooled using the random-effects method and were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The pooled results of 22 studies, including 41,633 participants, showed that folic acid supplementation significantly decreased systolic BP (SBP) (WMD: -1.10 mmHg; 95% CI: -1.93 to -0.28; p = 0.008). Subgroup analysis showed that the results remained significant when baseline SBP was ≥120 mmHg, intervention duration was ≤6 weeks, intervention dose was ≥5 mg/d, in patients with CVD, males and females, and overweight participants, respectively. Furthermore, the changes observed in diastolic BP (DBP) (WMD: -0.24 mmHg; 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.10; p < 0.001) were also statistically significant. However, subgroup analysis showed that the results remained significant in subject with elevated DBP, long term duration of intervention (>6 weeks), low dose of folic acid (<5 mg/day), CVD patients, both sexes and male, and participants with normal BMI. Dose-response analysis showed that folic acid supplementation changed SBP and DBP significantly based on dose and duration. However, meta-regression analysis did not reveal any significant association between dose and duration of intervention with changes in SBP. The present study demonstrates the beneficial effects of folic acid supplementation on BP by decreasing both SBP and DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Asbaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Salehpour
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Rezaei Kelishadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Behzad Nazarian
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Delsa Mombaini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Matin Ghanavati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Amirmansour Alavi Naeini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Effects of Folic Acid Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers: A Grade-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072327. [PMID: 34371837 PMCID: PMC8308638 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been theorized that folic acid supplementation improves inflammation. However, its proven effects on inflammatory markers are unclear as clinical studies on this topic have produced inconsistent results. To bridge this knowledge gap, this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to evaluate the effects of folic acid supplementation on serum concentrations of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Methods: To identify eligible RCTs, a systematic search up to April 2021 was completed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane databases, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords. A fix or random-effects model was utilized to estimate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Twelve RCTs were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled analysis revealed that serum concentrations of CRP (WMD: −0.59 mg/L, 95% CI −0.85 to −0.33, p < 0.001) were significantly reduced following folic acid supplementation compared to placebo, but did not affect serum concentrations of IL-6 (WMD: −0.12, 95% CI −0.95 to 0.72 pg/mL, p = 0.780) or TNF-α (WMD: −0.18, 95% CI −0.86 to 0.49 pg/mL, p = 0.594). The dose–response analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between an elevated dosage of folic acid supplementation and lower CRP concentrations (p = 0.002). Conclusions: We found that folic acid supplementation may improve inflammation by attenuating serum concentrations of CRP but without significant effects on IL-6 and TNF-α. Future RCTs including a larger number of participants and more diverse populations are needed to confirm and expand our findings.
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4
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Coffigniez F, Rychlik M, Mestres C, Striegel L, Bohuon P, Briffaz A. Modelling folates reaction kinetics during cowpea seed germination in comparison with soaking. Food Chem 2020; 340:127960. [PMID: 32916403 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Folate is a fundamental vitamin for metabolism in plants and humans. A modelling approach has been developed to characterize the reactivity of folates in cowpea seeds during germination at 30 °C, using a water-to-seed ratio of 1:1 (w/w). For this purpose, the concentrations of folic acid, 10-formylfolic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate were determined in seeds during germination times up to 96 h. Two reaction models were sequentially built and adjusted to experimental data to describe changes in concentration in cowpea seed during two germination phases: before 14 h and after 48 h. Results showed intense enzymatic interconversion of all folate vitamers into 5-methyltetrahydrofolate before 14 h of germination and high enzymatic production of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate after 48 h of germination. This study suggests that a long germination process could be more beneficial than soaking to increase the production of bioavailable folates within the seed for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Coffigniez
- UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, TA B-95/16, 73 rue J-F. Breton, F- 34398 Montpelliercedex 5, France
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Christian Mestres
- UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, TA B-95/16, 73 rue J-F. Breton, F- 34398 Montpelliercedex 5, France
| | - Lisa Striegel
- Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Bohuon
- UMR QualiSud Food Process Engineering Research Unit, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier,1101 av. Agropolis, B.P. 5098, F-34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Aurélien Briffaz
- UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, TA B-95/16, 73 rue J-F. Breton, F- 34398 Montpelliercedex 5, France.
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Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Brandl B, Buso MEC, Skurk T, Manach C. Food intake biomarkers for green leafy vegetables, bulb vegetables, and stem vegetables: a review. GENES AND NUTRITION 2020; 15:7. [PMID: 32272877 PMCID: PMC7144047 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-020-00667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies acknowledged the importance of an adequate vegetable consumption for human health. However, current methods to estimate vegetable intake are often prone to measurement errors due to self-reporting and/or insufficient detail. More objective intake biomarkers for vegetables, using biological specimens, are preferred. The only concentration biomarkers currently available are blood carotenoids and vitamin C, covering total fruit and vegetable intake. Identification of biomarkers for specific vegetables is needed for a better understanding of their relative importance for human health. Within the FoodBAll Project under the Joint Programming Initiative "A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life", an ambitious action was undertaken to identify candidate intake biomarkers for all major food groups consumed in Europe by systematically reviewing the existent literature. This study describes the review on candidate biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) for leafy, bulb, and stem vegetables, which was conducted within PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published through March 2019. RESULTS In total, 65 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility for leafy vegetables, and 6 full-text articles were screened for bulb and stem vegetables. Putative BFIs were identified for spinach, lettuce, endive, asparagus, artichoke, and celery, but not for rocket salad. However, after critical evaluation through a validation scheme developed by the FoodBAll consortium, none of the putative biomarkers appeared to be a promising BFI. The food chemistry data indicate that some candidate BFIs may be revealed by further studies. CONCLUSION Future randomized controlled feeding studies combined with observational studies, applying a non-targeted metabolomics approach, are needed in order to identify valuable BFIs for the intake of leafy, bulb, and stem vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elske M Brouwer-Brolsma
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Beate Brandl
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marion E C Buso
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Else Kroener-Fresenius Center of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudine Manach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR1019, Human Nutrition Unit, F63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Quantification of folate in food using deconjugase of plant origin combined with LC-MS/MS: A method comparison of a large and diverse sample set. Food Chem 2020; 305:125450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Jakobsen J, Melse-Boonstra A, Rychlik M. Challenges to Quantify Total Vitamin Activity: How to Combine the Contribution of Diverse Vitamers? Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz086. [PMID: 31598575 PMCID: PMC6776468 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review aims to highlight the challenges in quantifying vitamin activity in foods that contain several vitamers of a group, using as examples the fat-soluble vitamins A and D as well as the water-soluble folate. The absorption, metabolism, and physiology of these examples are described along with the current analytical methodology, with an emphasis on approaches to standardization. Moreover, the major food sources for the vitamins are numerated. The article focuses particularly on outlining the so-called SLAMENGHI factors influencing a vitamer's' ability to act as a vitamin, that is, molecular species, linkage, amount, matrix, effectors of absorption, nutrition status, genetics, host-related factors, and the interaction of these. After summarizing the current approaches to estimating the total content of each vitamin group, the review concludes by outlining the research gaps and future perspectives in vitamin analysis. There are no standardized methods for the quantification of the vitamers of vitamin A, vitamin D, and folate in foods. For folate and β-carotene, a difference in vitamer activity between foods and supplements has been confirmed, whereas no difference has been observed for vitamin D. For differences in vitamer activity between provitamin A carotenoids and retinol, and between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D, international consensus is lacking. The challenges facing each of the specific vitamin communities are the gaps in knowledge about bioaccessibility and bioavailability for each of the various vitamers. The differences between the vitamins make it difficult to formulate a common strategy for assessing the quantitative differences between the vitamers. In the future, optimized stationary digestive models and the more advanced dynamic digestive models combined with in vitro models for bioavailability could more closely resemble in vivo results. New knowledge will enable us to transfer nutrient recommendations into improved dietary advice to increase public health throughout the human life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alida Melse-Boonstra
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Australia
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8
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Centeno Tablante E, Pachón H, Guetterman HM, Finkelstein JL. Fortification of wheat and maize flour with folic acid for population health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 7:CD012150. [PMID: 31257574 PMCID: PMC6599881 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012150.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate is a B-vitamin required for DNA synthesis, methylation, and cellular division. Wheat and maize (corn) flour are staple crops consumed widely throughout the world and have been fortified with folic acid in over 80 countries to prevent neural tube defects. Folic acid fortification may be an effective strategy to improve folate status and other health outcomes in the overall population. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the health benefits and safety of folic acid fortification of wheat and maize flour (i.e. alone or in combination with other micronutrients) on folate status and health outcomes in the overall population, compared to wheat or maize flour without folic acid (or no intervention). SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases in March and May 2018: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and MEDLINE In Process, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science (SSCI, SCI), BIOSIS, Popline, Bibliomap, TRoPHI, ASSIA, IBECS, SCIELO, Global Index Medicus-AFRO and EMRO, LILACS, PAHO, WHOLIS, WPRO, IMSEAR, IndMED, and Native Health Research Database. We searched the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing or planned studies in June 2018, and contacted authors for further information. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), with randomisation at the individual or cluster level. We also included non-RCTs and prospective observational studies with a control group; these studies were not included in meta-analyses, although their characteristics and findings were described. Interventions included wheat or maize flour fortified with folic acid (i.e. alone or in combination with other micronutrients), compared to unfortified flour (or no intervention). Participants were individuals over two years of age (including pregnant and lactating women), from any country. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS We included 10 studies: four provided data for quantitative analyses (437 participants); five studies were randomised trials (1182 participants); three studies were non-RCTs (1181 participants, 8037 live births); two studies were interrupted time series (ITS) studies (1 study population of 2,242,438, 1 study unreported). Six studies were conducted in upper-middle-income countries (China, Mexico, South Africa), one study was conducted in a lower-middle-income country (Bangladesh), and three studies were conducted in a high-income country (Canada). Seven studies examined wheat flour fortified with folic acid alone or with other micronutrients. Three studies included maize flour fortified with folic acid alone or with other micronutrients. The duration of interventions ranged from two weeks to 36 months, and the ITS studies included postfortification periods of up to seven years. Most studies had unclear risk of bias for randomisation, blinding, and reporting, and low/unclear risk of bias for attrition and contamination.Neural tube defects: none of the included RCTs reported neural tube defects as an outcome. In one non-RCT, wheat flour fortified with folic acid and other micronutrients was associated with significantly lower occurrence of total neural tube defects, spina bifida, and encephalocoele, but not anencephaly, compared to unfortified flour (total neural tube defects risk ratio (RR) 0.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 0.48; 1 study, 8037 births; low-certainty evidence).Folate status: pregnant women who received folic acid-fortified maize porridge had significantly higher erythrocyte folate concentrations (mean difference (MD) 238.90 nmol/L, 95% CI 149.40 to 328.40); 1 study, 38 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and higher plasma folate (MD 14.98 nmol/L, 95% CI 9.63 to 20.33; 1 study, 38 participants; very low-certainty evidence), compared to no intervention. Women of reproductive age consuming maize flour fortified with folic acid and other micronutrients did not have higher erythrocyte folate (MD -61.80 nmol/L, 95% CI -152.98 to 29.38; 1 study, 35 participants; very low-certainty evidence) or plasma folate (MD 0.00 nmol/L, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.00; 1 study, 35 participants; very low-certainty evidence) concentrations, compared to women consuming unfortified maize flour. Adults consuming folic acid-fortified wheat flour bread rolls had higher erythrocyte folate (MD 0.66 nmol/L, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.19; 1 study, 30 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and plasma folate (MD 27.00 nmol/L, 95% CI 15.63 to 38.37; 1 study, 30 participants; very low-certainty evidence), versus unfortified flour. In two non-RCTs, serum folate concentrations were significantly higher among women who consumed flour fortified with folic acid and other micronutrients compared to women who consumed unfortified flour (MD 2.92 nmol/L, 95% CI 1.99 to 3.85; 2 studies, 657 participants; very low-certainty evidence).Haemoglobin or anaemia: in a cluster-randomised trial among children, there were no significant effects of fortified wheat flour flatbread on haemoglobin concentrations (MD 0.00 nmol/L, 95% CI -2.08 to 2.08; 1 study, 334 participants; low-certainty evidence) or anaemia (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.55; 1 study, 334 participants; low-certainty evidence), compared to unfortified wheat flour flatbread. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Fortification of wheat flour with folic acid may reduce the risk of neural tube defects; however, this outcome was only reported in one non-RCT. Fortification of wheat or maize flour with folic acid (i.e. alone or with other micronutrients) may increase erythrocyte and serum/plasma folate concentrations. Evidence is limited for the effects of folic acid-fortified wheat or maize flour on haemoglobin levels or anaemia. The effects of folic acid fortification of wheat or maize flour on other primary outcomes assessed in this review is not known. No studies reported on the occurrence of adverse effects. Limitations of this review were the small number of studies and participants, limitations in study design, and low-certainty of evidence due to how included studies were designed and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Pachón
- Food Fortification Initiative & Emory University1518 Clifton Rd NE, Room 2049AtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Striegel L, Brandl B, Kopp M, Sam L, Skurk T, Rychlik M. Quantitation of 5-methyltetraydrofolic acid in plasma for determination of folate status and clinical studies by stable isotope dilution assays. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212255. [PMID: 30789924 PMCID: PMC6383923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates play a key role in the prevention of neural tube defects in newborns. Thus, it is important to reliably determine the bioavailability of folates from various foods. Accurate analytical methods are essential for quantifying blood-folates, especially in human studies. Here, we present the development and validation of a sensitive method using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for determining various folates in plasma. Moreover, this study reports the applicability of the developed method to a human pilot study using strawberries as a test food. Validation of the assay revealed the precision, sensitivity, and accuracy of the method in determining the predominant 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in plasma. This method was also applicable for the screening of individual folate status using finger prick blood and for monitoring the post-absorptive plasma-concentration curve. Moreover, the human study revealed a high recovery of strawberry folates with a calculated relative bioavailability of 96.2%. Thus, the developed method enables prospective bioavailability studies. This work also confirmed, via human studies, that strawberries are a rich and natural source of folates that are available for human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Striegel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Beate Brandl
- ZIEL, Institute for Food & Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Markus Kopp
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Lukas Sam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL, Institute for Food & Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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Striegel L, Chebib S, Netzel ME, Rychlik M. Improved Stable Isotope Dilution Assay for Dietary Folates Using LC-MS/MS and Its Application to Strawberries. Front Chem 2018; 6:11. [PMID: 29468149 PMCID: PMC5808173 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates play an important role in the human body and a deficiency of this vitamin can cause several diseases. Therefore, a reliable analytical method is crucial for the determination of folate vitamers in strawberries and other dietary folate sources. A stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method for analyzing folates in food was developed and validated. The folate vitamers Pteroylmonoglutamic acid, tetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate were quantified using 13C-labeled internal standards. Validation of the assay was accomplished by determining linearity, precision, recovery, limit of detection, and limit of quantification and revealed to be a precise, sensitive, and accurate method to determine folate vitamers. Strawberries are worldwide consumed and known to be a good dietary source of nutritive compounds. Using this method, folate concentrations in selected commercial strawberry cultivars and experimental breeding lines grown in Germany and Australia were investigated. Total folates varied from 59 to 153 μg/100 g on fresh weight basis. Furthermore, folate content after lyophilizing or freezing did not show any significant differences compared to fresh strawberries. However, significant losses of total folates in pureed strawberries could be observed after 5 days of storage with only 16% of the original concentration retained. In summary, some of the investigated strawberry cultivars/breeding lines can be considered as rich dietary sources of natural folates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Striegel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Soraya Chebib
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael E Netzel
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Ringling C, Rychlik M. Simulation of Food Folate Digestion and Bioavailability of an Oxidation Product of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090969. [PMID: 28862677 PMCID: PMC5622729 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating bioavailability data from in vivo studies is time-consuming and expensive. In vitro simulation can help to investigate factors influencing bioavailability or facilitate quantifying the impact of such factors. For folates, an efficient deconjugation of polyglutamates to the corresponding monoglutamates is crucial for bioavailability and highly dependent on the food matrix. Therefore, the bioaccessibility of folates of different foodstuffs was examined using a simulated digestion model with respect to folate stability and the efficiency of deconjugation. For realistic simulated deconjugation, porcine brush border membrane was used during the phase of the simulated digestion in the small intestine. For a better understanding of folate behaviour during digestion, single folate monoglutamates were also investigated with this in vitro digestion model. The results for bioaccessibility were compared with data from a human bioavailability study. They support the idea that both stability and deconjugation have an influence on bioaccessibility and thus on bioavailability. Tetrahydrofolate is probably lost completely or at least to a high extent and the stability of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate depends on the food matrix. Additionally, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate can be oxidised to a pyrazino-s-triazine (MeFox), whose absorption in the human intestinal tract was shown tentatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Ringling
- Division BIOANALYTIK Weihenstephan, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (Z. I. E. L.), Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Division BIOANALYTIK Weihenstephan, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (Z. I. E. L.), Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
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Dietary intake alters gene expression in colon tissue: possible underlying mechanism for the influence of diet on disease. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 26:294-306. [PMID: 26959716 PMCID: PMC4853256 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background Although the association between diet and disease is well documented, the biologic mechanisms involved have not been entirely elucidated. In this study, we evaluate how dietary intake influences gene expression to better understand the underlying mechanisms through which diet operates. Methods We used data from 144 individuals who had comprehensive dietary intake and gene expression data from RNAseq using normal colonic mucosa. Using the DESeq2 statistical package, we identified genes that showed statistically significant differences in expression between individuals in high-intake and low-intake categories for several dietary variables of interest adjusting for age and sex. We examined total calories, total fats, vegetable protein, animal protein, carbohydrates, trans-fatty acids, mutagen index, red meat, processed meat, whole grains, vegetables, fruits, fiber, folate, dairy products, calcium, and prudent and western dietary patterns. Results Using a false discovery rate of less than 0.1, meat-related foods were statistically associated with 68 dysregulated genes, calcium with three dysregulated genes, folate with four dysregulated genes, and nonmeat-related foods with 65 dysregulated genes. With a more stringent false discovery rate of less than 0.05, there were nine meat-related dysregulated genes and 23 nonmeat-related genes. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified three major networks among genes identified as dysregulated with respect to meat-related dietary variables and three networks among genes identified as dysregulated with respect to nonmeat-related variables. The top networks (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis network score >30) associated with meat-related genes were (i) cancer, organismal injury, and abnormalities, tumor morphology, and (ii) cellular function and maintenance, cellular movement, cell death, and survival. Among genes related to nonmeat consumption variables, the top networks were (i) hematological system development and function, nervous system development and function, tissue morphology and (ii) connective tissue disorders, organismal injury, and abnormalities. Conclusion Several dietary factors were associated with gene expression in our data. These findings provide insight into the possible mechanisms by which diet may influence disease processes.
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Nutrients in Energy and One-Carbon Metabolism: Learning from Metformin Users. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020121. [PMID: 28208582 PMCID: PMC5331552 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic vulnerability is associated with age-related diseases and concomitant co-morbidities, which include obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. Most of the health problems we face today come from excessive intake of nutrients and drugs mimicking dietary effects and dietary restriction are the most successful manipulations targeting age-related pathways. Phenotypic heterogeneity and individual response to metabolic stressors are closely related food intake. Understanding the complexity of the relationship between dietary provision and metabolic consequences in the long term might provide clinical strategies to improve healthspan. New aspects of metformin activity provide a link to many of the overlapping factors, especially the way in which organismal bioenergetics remodel one-carbon metabolism. Metformin not only inhibits mitochondrial complex 1, modulating the metabolic response to nutrient intake, but also alters one-carbon metabolic pathways. Here, we discuss findings on the mechanism(s) of action of metformin with the potential for therapeutic interpretations.
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Stanhewicz AE, Kenney WL. Role of folic acid in nitric oxide bioavailability and vascular endothelial function. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:61-70. [PMID: 27974600 PMCID: PMC5155615 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Folic acid is a member of the B-vitamin family and is essential for amino acid metabolism. Adequate intake of folic acid is vital for metabolism, cellular homeostasis, and DNA synthesis. Since the initial discovery of folic acid in the 1940s, folate deficiency has been implicated in numerous disease states, primarily those associated with neural tube defects in utero and neurological degeneration later in life. However, in the past decade, epidemiological studies have identified an inverse relation between both folic acid intake and blood folate concentration and cardiovascular health. This association inspired a number of clinical studies that suggested that folic acid supplementation could reverse endothelial dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have begun to elucidate the mechanism(s) through which folic acid improves vascular endothelial function. These studies, which are the focus of this review, suggest that folic acid and its active metabolite 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate improve nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability by increasing endothelial NO synthase coupling and NO production as well as by directly scavenging superoxide radicals. By improving NO bioavailability, folic acid may protect or improve endothelial function, thereby preventing or reversing the progression of CVD in those with overt disease or elevated CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Stanhewicz
- A.E. Stanhewicz and W.L. Kenney are with the Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - W Larry Kenney
- A.E. Stanhewicz and W.L. Kenney are with the Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Saini RK, Nile SH, Keum YS. Folates: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, biofortification and bioavailability. Food Res Int 2016; 89:1-13. [PMID: 28460896 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Folates (Vitamin B9) include both naturally occurring folates and synthetic folic acid used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Folate deficiency causes severe abnormalities in one-carbon metabolism can result chronic diseases and developmental disorders, including neural tube defects. Mammalian cells cannot synthesize folates de novo; therefore, diet and dietary supplements are the only way to attain daily folate requirements. In the last decade, significant advancements have been made to enhance the folate content of rice, tomato, common bean and lettuce by using genetic engineering approaches. Strategies have been developed to improve the stability of folate pool in plants. Folate deglutamylation through food processing and thermal treatment has the potential to enhance the bioavailability of folate. This review highlights the recent developments in biosynthesis, composition, bioavailability, enhanced production by elicitation and metabolic engineering, and methods of analysis of folate in food. Additionally, future perspectives in this context are identified. Detailed knowledge of folate biosynthesis, degradation and salvage are the prime requirements to efficiently engineer the plants for the enhancement of overall folate content. Similarly, consumption of a folate-rich diet with enhanced bioavailability is the best way to maintain optimum folate levels in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Kopp M, Morisset R, Koehler P, Rychlik M. Stable Isotope Dilution Assays for Clinical Analyses of Folates and Other One-Carbon Metabolites: Application to Folate-Deficiency Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156610. [PMID: 27276031 PMCID: PMC4898732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate deficiency is generally accepted as a potential direct or indirect risk factor for diseases including spina bifida, coronary heart diseases, malfunctions of the central nervous system, and cancer. The direct inclusion of folates in the methylation cycle, including the remethylation of homocysteine and regeneration of S-adenosylmethionine, underlines the importance of these vitamins and other components of one-carbon metabolism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a multiple stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) for the respective analytes in plasma and tissue samples to allow for a closer look at the interaction between a severe folate deficiency and local folate status, as well as further interactions with circulating S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and homocysteine. The analytical methods were based on SIDAs coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis using the deuterated folates [2H4]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, [2H4]-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid, [2H4]-tetrahydrofolic acid, [2H4]-10-formylfolic acid, and [2H4]-folic acid and the deuterated one-carbon metabolites [2H4]-homocysteine, [2H4]-S-adenosylhomocysteine, and [2H3]-S-adenosylmethionine as internal standards. Three analytical methods have been developed for the analysis of homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and six folate vitamers. Validation data for the analysis of C1-metabolites in plasma and tissue samples or folate analysis in tissue samples revealed excellent sensitivity, precision, and recovery for all analytes studied. The miniaturized methods using sample volumes as low as 50 μL and weighed portions of 5-25 mg will allow the assessment of the status of folates and additional biomarkers of impaired one-carbon metabolism during folate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kopp
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Food & Health (Z I E L), Technische Universiät München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rosalie Morisset
- Institute for Food & Health (Z I E L), Technische Universiät München, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Mönch S, Netzel M, Netzel G, Ott U, Frank T, Rychlik M. Pilot Study on Folate Bioavailability from a Camembert Cheese Reveals Contradictory Findings to Recent Results from a Human Short-term Study. Front Nutr 2016; 3:9. [PMID: 27092303 PMCID: PMC4824765 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different dietary sources of folate have differing bioavailabilities, which may affect their nutritional “value.” In order to examine if these differences also occur within the same food products, a short-term human pilot study was undertaken as a follow-up study to a previously published human trial to evaluate the relative native folate bioavailabilities from low-fat Camembert cheese compared to pteroylmonoglutamic acid as the reference dose. Two healthy human subjects received the test foods in a randomized cross-over design separated by a 14-day equilibrium phase. Folate body pools were saturated with a pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplement before the first testing and between the testings. Folates in test foods and blood plasma were analyzed by stable isotope dilution assays. The biokinetic parameters Cmax, tmax, and area under the curve (AUC) were determined in plasma within the interval of 0–12 h. When comparing the ratio estimates of AUC and Cmax for the different Camembert cheeses, a higher bioavailability was found for the low-fat Camembert assessed in the present study (≥64%) compared to a different brand in our previous investigation (8.8%). It is suggested that these differences may arise from the different folate distribution in the soft dough and firm rind as well as differing individual folate vitamer proportions. The results clearly underline the importance of the food matrix, even within the same type of food product, in terms of folate bioavailability. Moreover, our findings add to the increasing number of studies questioning the general assumption of 50% bioavailability as the rationale behind the definition of folate equivalents. However, more research is needed to better understand the interactions between individual folate vitamers and other food components and the potential impact on folate bioavailability and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mönch
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - Michael Netzel
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Gabriele Netzel
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Undine Ott
- Kuratorium für Dialyse und Nierentransplantation e.V. , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
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