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Saini RK, Khan MI, Shang X, Kumar V, Kumari V, Kesarwani A, Ko EY. Dietary Sources, Stabilization, Health Benefits, and Industrial Application of Anthocyanins-A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1227. [PMID: 38672900 PMCID: PMC11049351 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural phytochemicals are well known to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. Anthocyanins are vacuolar pigments belonging to the parent class of flavonoids. They are well known for their potent antioxidant and gut microbiome-modulating properties, primarily responsible for minimizing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and several other diseases associated with metabolic syndromes. Berries are the primary source of anthocyanin in the diet. The color and stability of anthocyanins are substantially influenced by external environmental conditions, constraining their applications in foods. Furthermore, the significantly low bioavailability of anthocyanins greatly diminishes the extent of the actual health benefits linked to these bioactive compounds. Multiple strategies have been successfully developed and utilized to enhance the stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins. This review provides a comprehensive view of the recent advancements in chemistry, biosynthesis, dietary sources, stabilization, bioavailability, industrial applications, and health benefits of anthocyanins. Finally, we summarize the prospects and challenges of applications of anthocyanin in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Mohammad Imtiyaj Khan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India;
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India;
| | - Varsha Kumari
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur 302001, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Amit Kesarwani
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Eun-Young Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Saini A, Kaur R, Kumar S, Saini RK, Kashyap B, Kumar V. New horizon of rosehip seed oil: Extraction, characterization for its potential applications as a functional ingredient. Food Chem 2024; 437:137568. [PMID: 37918157 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, rosehip is gaining more attention due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. Rosehip seeds usually discarded as waste, contain oil with high bioactive potential. These nutritional properties recommend the use of rosehip seed oil (RSO) to develop innovative food, pharma, and cosmetic products. In this review, different conventional and novel technologies for the extraction of RSO in terms of optimized conditions for better extraction of oil are discussed. In the lateral section of the manuscript, the detailed composition and biological activities of RSO are reviewed. Finally, a glimpse of the recent applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry are provided. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the value of RSO and promote its nutrition research and commercial product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadisha Saini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Satish Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230 (HP), India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharati Kashyap
- Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan - 173 230 (HP), India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
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Zhang T, Yuan Y, Wu X, Yu P, Ji J, Chai J, Kumar Saini R, Liu J, Shang X. The level of sulfate substitution of polysaccharide regulates thermal-induced egg white protein gel properties: The characterization of gel structure and intermolecular forces. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113349. [PMID: 37803654 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides exhibit great potential for regulating protein-protein interactions. In the present study, three sulfated microcrystalline cellulose (MCS) with different degrees of sulfate substitution (DSS: 0.33, 0.51, 0.61) were synthesized and the effects of DSS on the regulation of egg white protein (EWP) aggregation and gelation properties were investigated. The results found that the improvement of protein mechanical properties by MCS is closely related to the level of sulfate substitution. The higher the DSS, the more ordered protein aggregates and compact gel network formed during heating as compared to that of pure EWP. Lower DSS (0.33) shows little effect on the mechanical properties of EWP. Furthermore, all the MCSs could significantly destroy the tertiary structure of protein molecules during heating, while for the secondary structure, MCS with higher DSS (0.51 and 0.61) could effectively control the decreasing tendency of α-helix and increasing tendency of β-sheet. Hydrophobic interactions were recognized as the major intermolecular force in the compact mixed gels (EWP/MCS2 and EWP/MCS3 gels, DSS was 0.51 and 0.61, respectively). These findings provide a vital understanding of the gelling mechanism of the protein-polysaccharide system and the application of sulfated polysaccharides in protein-based food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yixin Yuan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xinling Wu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Peixin Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jinghong Ji
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Jiale Chai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
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Saini RK, Ahn HY, Park GW, Shin JW, Lee JH, Yu JW, Song MH, Keum YS, Lee JH. Quantitative Profiling of Carotenoids, Tocopherols, Phytosterols, and Fatty Acids in the Flower Petals of Ten Marigold ( Tagetes spp. L.) Cultivars. Foods 2023; 12:3549. [PMID: 37835202 PMCID: PMC10572322 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Marigold (Tagetes spp.) flower petals are the most vital sources of carotenoids, especially lutein esters, for the production of natural lutein to use for food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Several marigold cultivars are cultivated globally; however, their lutein ester composition and contents have not been widely investigated. Considering this, this study aimed to identify and quantify prominent carotenoid esters from the flower petals of ten marigold cultivars by liquid chromatography (LC)-diode-array detection (DAD)-mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, tocopherols, phytosterols, and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) and GC-MS. Furthermore, the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging abilities of lipophilic extracts were determined. The total carotenoid contents varied significantly (p < 0. 05, Tukey HSD) among cultivars, ranging from 25.62 (cv. Alaska)-2723.11 µg/g fresh weight (cv. Superboy Orange). Among the five major lutein-diesters, (all-E)-lutein-3-O-myristate-3'-O-palmitate and lutein dipalmitate were predominant. Among the studied cultivars, α-tocopherol was recorded, ranging from 167.91 (cv. Superboy Yellow) to 338.50 µg/g FW (cv. Taishan Orange). Among phytosterols, β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, ranging between 127.08 (cv. Superboy Yellow) and 191.99 µg/g FW (cv. Taishan Yellow). Palmitic acid (C16:0; 33.36-47.43%) was the most dominant among the fatty acids. In this study, the highest contents of lutein were recorded from cv. Superboy Orange; however, due to the substantially higher flower petal yield, the cv. Durango Red can produce the highest lutein yield of 94.45 kg/ha. These observations suggest that cv. Durango Red and cv. Superboy Orange are the ideal candidates for lutein fortification in foods and also for commercial lutein extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; (R.K.S.); (H.-Y.A.); (G.-W.P.); (J.-W.S.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-W.Y.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
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Nile A, Shin J, Shin J, Park GS, Lee S, Lee JH, Lee KW, Kim BG, Han SG, Saini RK, Oh JW. Cinnamaldehyde-Rich Cinnamon Extract Induces Cell Death in Colon Cancer Cell Lines HCT 116 and HT-29. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098191. [PMID: 37175897 PMCID: PMC10178958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamon is a natural spice with a wide range of pharmacological functions, including anti-microbial, antioxidant, and anti-tumor activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde-rich cinnamon extract (CRCE) on the colorectal cancer cell lines HCT 116 and HT-29. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of a lipophilic extract of cinnamon revealed the dominance of trans-cinnamaldehyde. Cells treated with CRCE (10-60 µg/mL) showed significantly decreased cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also observed that cell proliferation and migration capacity were inhibited in CRCE-treated cells. In addition, a remarkable increase in the number of sub-G1-phase cells was observed with arrest at the G2 phase by CRCE treatment. CRCE also induced mitochondrial stress, and finally, CRCE treatment resulted in activation of apoptotic proteins Caspase-3, -9, and PARP and decreased levels of mu-2-related death-inducing gene protein expression with BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Nile
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Seok Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Ko EY, Lee JH, Sivanesan I, Choi MJ, Keum YS, Saini RK. Carotenoid and Tocopherol Profiling in 18 Korean Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables by LC-SIM-MS. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061312. [PMID: 36981238 PMCID: PMC10048374 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables are a vital source of redox-active phytochemicals in the diet. Traditional green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are a rich source of carotenoids, dietary fiber, minerals, phenols, vitamins, and tocopherols and are commonly consumed in rural areas worldwide. In traditional Korean medicine, many GLVs are used to treat various ailments. However, data on the carotenoid and tocopherol content of many traditional GLVs consumed in the Republic of Korea are insufficient. The current work aims to compare the carotenoid and tocopherol profiles of 18 traditional GLVs by utilizing a single ion monitoring LC-MS approach to identify the potential GLVs for commercial cultivation and healthy diet formulations. Among the traditional GLVs investigated, (all-E)-lutein was the most abundant carotenoid, ranging from 44.4% in Glehnia littoralis to 52.1% in Heracleum moellendorffii. It was followed by (all-E)-violaxanthin and (all-E)-β-carotene. The highest contents of (all-E)-violaxanthin (75.6 µg/g FW), 9-Z-neoxanthin (48.4 µg/g FW), (all-E)-luteoxanthin (10.8 µg/g FW), (all-E)-lutein (174.1 µg/g FW), total xanthophylls (310.5 µg/g FW), (all-E)-β-carotene (69.6 µg/g FW), and total carotenoids (380.1 µg/g FW) were recorded in Pimpinella brachycarpa. Surprisingly, Taraxacum mongolicum also showed the highest contents of (all-E)-violaxanthin, (all-E)-lutein, and total carotenoids, which were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05, Tukey HSD) with P. brachycarpa. The highest concentration of (all-E)-zeaxanthin (14.4 µg/g FW) was recorded in Solidago virga-aurea. Among the studied herbs, 13.9 (H. moellendorffii)–133.6 µg/g FW (Toona sinensis) of α-tocopherol was recorded. Overall, the results suggest that P. brachycarpa and T. mongolicum are rich sources of carotenoids. On the other hand, T. sinensis is a rich source of α-tocopherol. These GLVs can be utilized in the diet to enhance the intake of health-beneficial carotenoids and α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.-S.K.); (R.K.S.)
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Kaur R, Kumar A, Kumar V, Kumar S, Kumar Saini R, Nayi P, Gehlot R. Recent advancements and applications of explosion puffing. Food Chem 2023; 403:134452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Saini RK, Ravishankar GA, Keum Y. Microalgae and Thraustochytrids are Sustainable Sources of Vegan EPA and DHA with Commercial Feasibility. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:155-158. [PMID: 37188231 PMCID: PMC10172403 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegan diets preclude the availability of some of the essential fatty acids supplied by foods of animal origin. Significantly, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are long-chain (LC)-omega - 3 (n - 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), widely known for preventing a variety of metabolic diseases. In addition to vegan-food supplements, there is increasing demand for infant foods and health foods from dietary sources of EPA and DHA from plant origin. Their demands are being met industrially by utilizing thraustochytrids (marine protists) and microalgae-based platforms. The importance of these organisms is highlighted for the sustainable production of biotechnologically derived specialty lipids for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Young‐Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
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Desai AS, Reddy VK, Saini RK. Circular economy and seafood and agro‐industrial waste valorisation for healthy foods. Int J Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.16356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S. Desai
- Department of Fish Processing Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Science, College of Fisheries Science Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli Maharashtra 415712 India
| | - Vijay Kumar Reddy
- Department of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) Ludhiana Punjab 141001 India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences Konkuk University Seoul South Korea
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Saini RK, Shin Y, Ko R, Kim J, Lee K, An D, Chang HR, Lee JH. Dissipation Kinetics and Risk Assessment of Spirodiclofen and Tebufenpyrad in Aster scaber Thunb. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020242. [PMID: 36673334 PMCID: PMC9858338 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dissipation kinetics of spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad after their application on Aster scaber Thunb were studied for 10 days, including the pre-harvest intervals. Spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad were used in two greenhouses in Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam province (Field 1) and Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam province (Field 2), Republic of Korea. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after pesticide application. The method validations were performed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The recoveries of the studied pesticides ranged from 82.0-115.9%. The biological half-lives of spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad were 4.4 and 3.8 days in Field 1, and 4.5 and 4.2 days in Field 2, respectively. The pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs; 10 days before harvesting) of Aster scaber were 37.6 mg/kg (Field 1) and 41.2 mg/kg (Field 2) for spirodiclofen, whereas the PHRLs were 7.2 (Field 1) and 3.6 (Field 2) for tebufenpyrad. The hazard quotient for both pesticides at pre-harvest intervals was less than 100% except in the case of spirodiclofen (0 day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakdo Ko
- Bio Division, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinchan Kim
- Bio Division, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghun Lee
- Bio Division, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai An
- Bio Division, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ra Chang
- Department of Food & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Graduate School of Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-3758; Fax: +82-2-450-3754
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Bassi P, Kumar V, Kaur R, Kumar S, Saini RK, Janghu S. Valorization of kinnow peel for development of phytochemical enriched tea infusion: Standardization of tea bag loading, dipping temperature and dips per minute for the better extraction of bioactive compounds. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.16053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Bassi
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University Punjab‐144411 Phagwara India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University 141004 Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University 141004 Ludhiana Punjab India
| | - Satish Kumar
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Thunag, Mandi, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh‐173230 India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences Konkuk University Seoul Korea
| | - Sandeep Janghu
- Department of Food Product Development Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology 613 005 Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India
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Zhang T, Yuan Y, Chai J, Wu X, Saini RK, Liu J, Shang X. How does dextran sulfate promote the egg white protein to form transparent hydrogel?the gelation mechanism and molecular force changes. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Saini RK, Prasad P, Lokesh V, Shang X, Shin J, Keum YS, Lee JH. Carotenoids: Dietary Sources, Extraction, Encapsulation, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits-A Review of Recent Advancements. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040795. [PMID: 35453480 PMCID: PMC9025559 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural carotenoids (CARs), viz. β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, bixin, norbixin, capsanthin, lycopene, canthaxanthin, β-Apo-8-carotenal, zeaxanthin, and β-apo-8-carotenal-ester, are being studied as potential candidates in fields such as food, feed, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. CAR research is advancing in the following three major fields: (1) CAR production from natural sources and optimization of its downstream processing; (2) encapsulation for enhanced physical and chemical properties; and (3) preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies of CARs’ health benefits. This review critically discusses the recent developments in studies of the chemistry and antioxidant activity, marketing trends, dietary sources, extraction, bioaccessibility and bioavailability, encapsulation methods, dietary intake, and health benefits of CARs. Preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies on cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disease, mental health, eye, and skin health are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Parchuri Prasad
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Veeresh Lokesh
- Biocontrol Laboratory, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkote 587104, India;
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Shin J, Nile A, Saini RK, Oh JW. Astaxanthin Sensitizes Low SOD2-Expressing GBM Cell Lines to TRAIL Treatment via Pathway Involving Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020375. [PMID: 35204257 PMCID: PMC8869337 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids have been suggested to have either anti- or pro-oxidative effects in several cancer cells, and those effects can trigger an unbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production resulting in an apoptotic response. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of the well-known carotenoid 3, 3′-dihydroxy-β, β’-carotene-4, 4-dione (astaxanthin, AXT) on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, especially as a pretreatment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), that was previously shown to increase ROS and to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. We found that AXT by itself did not trigger apoptosis in four investigated GBM cell lines upon a 24 h treatment at various concentrations from 2.5 to 50 µM. However, in U251-MG and T98-MG GBM cells, pretreatment of 2.5 to 10 µM AXT sensitized cells to TRAIL treatment in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05) while it did not affect CRT-MG and U87-MG GBM cells. We further compared AXT-sensitive U251-MG and -insensitive CRT-MG response to AXT and showed that 5 µM AXT treatment had a beneficial effect on both cell lines, as it enhanced mitochondrial potential and TRAIL treatment had the opposite effect, as it decreased mitochondrial potential. Interestingly, in U251-MG, 5 µM AXT pretreatment to TRAIL-treated cells mitochondrial potential further decreased compared to TRAIL alone cells. In addition, while 25 and 50 ng/mL TRAIL treatment increased ROS for both cell lines, pretreatment of 5 µM AXT induced a significant ROS decrease in CRT-MG (p < 0.05) while less effective in U251-MG. We found that in U251-MG, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2 expression and enzymatic activity were lower compared to CRT-MG and that overexpression of SOD2 in U251-MG abolished AXT sensitization to TRAIL treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that while AXT acts as an ROS scavenger in GBM cell lines, it also has some role in decreasing mitochondrial potential together with TRAIL in a pathway that can be inhibited by SOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Arti Nile
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.S.); (A.N.)
| | | | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.S.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Liu J, Chai J, Yuan Y, Zhang T, Saini RK, Yang M, Shang X. Dextran sulfate facilitates egg white protein to form transparent hydrogel at neutral pH: Structural, functional, and degradation properties. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient extraction of lipids. A mixture of polar (to disrupt the protein-lipid complexes) and nonpolar (to dissolve the neutral lipids) solvents are precisely selected to extract lipids efficiently. In addition, the disintegration of complex and rigid cell-wall of plants, fungi, and microalgal cells by various mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments facilitate the solvent penetration and extraction of lipids. This review discusses the chloroform/methanol-based classical lipid extraction methods and modern modifications of these methods in terms of using healthy and environmentally safe solvents and rapid single-step extraction. At the same time, some adaptations were made to recover the specific lipids. In addition, the high throughput lipid extraction methodologies used for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based plant and animal lipidomics were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatments and extraction methods were also illustrated. Moreover, the emerging green solvents-based lipid extraction method, including supercritical CO2 extraction (SCE), is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parchuri Prasad
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea;
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17
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Shin J, Song MH, Yu JW, Ko EY, Shang X, Oh JW, Keum YS, Saini RK. Anticancer Potential of Lipophilic Constituents of Eleven Shellfish Species Commonly Consumed in Korea. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1629. [PMID: 34679763 PMCID: PMC8533504 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the composition and contents and the major lipophilic compounds, including the sterols, fatty acids, and tocols of shellfish species. Moreover, to explore the antitumor activity of these lipophilic constituents, their cytotoxicity potentials were determined against five different human cancer cells, including colon carcinoma (HCT116), epithelial melanoma (A2058), glioblastoma multiforme (T98G), lung carcinoma (A549), and adenocarcinoma (HeLa). The results show a significant variation in the contents and composition of lipophilic constituents among the studied species. The highest omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were recorded from arrow squid and pacific oysters, accounting for 53.2% and 53.0% of their total fatty acids, respectively. However, the highest cholesterol content was also recorded in arrow squid (154.4 mg/100 g; 92.6% of total sterols). In contrast, in the Japanese littleneck, Yesso scallop, and common orient clam, cholesterol was just 17.1%, 18.3%, and 18.9% of total sterols, respectively, making them the richest source of non-cholesterol sterols (NCS). Lipids extracted from shellfish species showed ABTS+•- and DPPH•-scavenging activities. In the cytotoxicity analysis, lipids extracted from the Argentine red shrimp showed the highest cytotoxicity against glioblastoma multiforme T98G cells, with an IC50 value of 12.3 µg/mL. The composition and cytotoxicity data reported herein may help explore the nutritional and anticancer potentials of shellfish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (J.S.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ji-Woo Yu
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Eun-Young Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea;
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (J.S.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
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18
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Saini RK, Song MH, Yu JW, Shang X, Keum YS. Phytosterol Profiling of Apiaceae Family Seeds Spices Using GC-MS. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102378. [PMID: 34681427 PMCID: PMC8535917 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are nutritionally vital phytoconstituent owing to their cholesterol (low-density plasma lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C)-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Among the widely used spices and herbs, the seeds spices of the Apiaceae family represented the healthiest fatty acid profile. Thus, to explore the other health-beneficial lipids, the present study was aimed to analyze the phytosterol profile of eight seed spices of the Apiaceae family, utilizing gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The sterols contents calculated on an oil (mg/100 g of oil) and spice weight (mg/100 g spices; dry weight) basis varied significantly among the seed spices (p < 0.05; Turkey HSD). The β-sitosterol and stigmasterol were the most dominating sterols among the studied spices, together accounted for 40.3 (Ajwain) to 69.8% (celery) of total sterols in the seed oil. Among the studied spices, the oil extracted from caraway seeds showed the highest total sterols (602.2 mg/100 g of oil). Interestingly, based on spice weight, fennel seeds also showed the similar highest number of total sterols (134.2 mg/100 g in fennel and 133.3 mg/100 g in caraway), owing to the high contents of oil (25.9%) in fennel seeds. Overall, celery, caraway, fennel, and anise seeds oil are rich sources of health-beneficial phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Ji-Woo Yu
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Song K, Saini RK, Keum YS, Sivanesan I. Analysis of Lipophilic Antioxidants in the Leaves of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker Using LC-MRM-MS and GC-FID/MS. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101573. [PMID: 34679708 PMCID: PMC8533615 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic metabolites such as carotenoids, fatty acids, vitamin K1, phytosterols, and tocopherols are important antioxidants that are used in the cosmetics, foods, and nutraceutical industries. Recently, there has been a growing demand for the use of byproducts (wastes) as a potential source of industrially important compounds. The leaves of Kaempferia parviflora (black ginger) (KP-BG) are major byproducts of KP-BG cultivation and have been reported to contain several bioactive metabolites; however, the composition of lipophilic metabolites in KP-BG leaves has not been examined. In this study, the lipophilic antioxidant profile was analyzed in the leaves of KP-BG plants grown in vitro and ex vitro. Lipophilic compounds, namely carotenoids (80.40-93.84 µg/g fresh weight (FW)), tocopherols (42.23-46.22 µg/g FW), phytosterols (37.69-44.40 µg/g FW), and vitamin K1 (7.25-7.31 µg/g FW), were quantified using LC-MRM-MS. The fatty acid profile of the KP-BG leaves was identified using GC-FID/MS. The content of individual lipophilic compounds varied among the KP-BG leaves. Ex vitro KP-BG leaves had high levels of lutein (44.38 µg/g FW), α-carotene (14.79 µg/g FW), neoxanthin (12.30 µg/g FW), β-carotene (11.33 µg/g FW), violaxanthin (11.03 µg/g FW), α-tocopherol (39.70 µg/g FW), α-linolenic acid (43.12%), palmitic acid (23.78%), oleic acid (12.28%), palmitoleic acid (3.64%), total carotenoids (93.84 µg/g FW), and tocopherols (46.22 µg/g FW) compared with in vitro KP-BG leaves. These results indicate that ex-vitro-grown KP-BG leaves could be used as a valuable natural source for extracting important lipophilic antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Song
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-2450-0576
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20
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Liu J, Chai J, Zhang T, Yuan Y, Saini RK, Xu M, Li S, Shang X. Phase behavior, thermodynamic and rheological properties of ovalbumin/dextran sulfate: Effect of biopolymer ratio and salt concentration. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Saini RK, Assefa AD, Keum YS. Spices in the Apiaceae Family Represent the Healthiest Fatty Acid Profile: A Systematic Comparison of 34 Widely Used Spices and Herbs. Foods 2021; 10:854. [PMID: 33920058 PMCID: PMC8071036 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spices and herbs are well-known for being rich in healthy bioactive metabolites. In recent years, interest in the fatty acid composition of different foods has greatly increased. Thus, the present study was designed to characterize the fatty acid composition of 34 widely used spices and herbs. Utilizing gas chromatography (GC) flame ionization detection (FID) and GC mass spectrometry (MS), we identified and quantified 18 fatty acids. This showed a significant variation among the studied spices and herbs. In general, oleic and linoleic acid dominate in seed spices, whereas palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids are the major constituents of herbs. Among the studied spices and herbs, the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was recorded to be in the range of 0.36 (oregano) to 85.99 (cumin), whereas the ratio of PUFAs/saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ranged from 0.17 (nutmeg) to 4.90 (cumin). Cumin, coriander, fennel, and dill seeds represent the healthiest fatty acid profile, based upon fat quality indices such as the ratio of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) fatty acids, the atherogenic index (AI), and the thrombogenic index (TI). All these seed spices belong to the Apiaceae family of plants, which are an exceptionally rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the form of petroselinic acid (C18:1n12), with a very small amount of SFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Awraris Derbie Assefa
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
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22
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Saini RK, Mahomoodally MF, Sadeer NB, Keum YS, Rr Rengasamy K. Characterization of nutritionally important lipophilic constituents from brown kelp Ecklonia radiata (C. Ag.) J. Agardh. Food Chem 2021; 340:127897. [PMID: 32871355 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This research study presents information for the first time on the nutritionally relevant lipophilic compounds obtained from Ecklonia radiata, a poorly studied brown kelp. The major lipophilic compounds were analyzed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The LC-MS/MS results revealed the presence of eight major lipophilic compounds, including sterols, carotenoids, vitamin E, and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Quantitative analysis showed that fucosterol was the most predominant phytosterol in the fronds and stipes of E. radiata. The carotenoids (all-E)-fucoxanthin and (all-E)-β-carotene were present in higher yield. In terms of vitamin E, α-tocopherol was identified as the main tocol. The coenzyme, phylloquinone, important for protein synthesis, was also identified in E. radiata. GC-MS identified 13 fatty acids with palmitic (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n9c) present in the highest quantities. To our knowledge, this is the first report on E. radiata, and the valuable data presented herein can be used as a baseline for developing novel nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Nabeelah Bibi Sadeer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kannan Rr Rengasamy
- Bionanotechnology Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Rauf A, Khalil AA, Rahman UU, Khalid A, Naz S, Shariati MA, Rebezov M, Urtecho EZ, de Albuquerque RDDG, Anwar S, Alamri A, Saini RK, Rengasamy KRR. Recent advances in the therapeutic application of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): An updated review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6034-6054. [PMID: 33703960 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the gut microbiota has emerged as an important frontier in understanding the human body's homeostasis and the development of diseases. Gut flora in human beings regulates various metabolic functionalities, including enzymes, amino acid synthesis, bio-transformation of bile acid, fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), generation of indoles and polyamines (PAs), and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Among all the metabolites produced by gut microbiota, SCFAs, the final product of fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbiota, receive lots of attention from scientists due to their pharmacological and physiological characteristics. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of SCFAs in the interaction between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism is still needed in-depth research. This review highlights the recent biotechnological advances in applying SCFAs as important metabolites to treat various diseases and maintain colonic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ubaid-Ur- Rahman
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahood Khalid
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Naz
- Deaprtment of Biotechnology, Woman University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky, Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian.,Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian
| | | | | | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA
| | | | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, North West Province, South Africa
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24
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Saini RK, Rengasamy KRR, Ko EY, Kim JT, Keum YS. Korean Maize Hybrids Present Significant Diversity in Fatty Acid Composition: An Investigation to Identify PUFA-Rich Hybrids for a Healthy Diet. Front Nutr 2020; 7:578761. [PMID: 33240918 PMCID: PMC7678481 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.578761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise information on the content and composition of nutritionally essential metabolites in food crops is a prerequisite for dietary recommendations and nutrient-dense food formulations. In the present study, the fatty acid profile of 21 Korean maize hybrids was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS). In the studied hybrids, linoleic acid (LA; C18:2n6c) was dominant (38.0–58.9%), followed by oleic (OA; C18:1n9c) (23.5–45.3%), palmitic (C16:0) (10.8–17.3%), and stearic acids (C18:0) (1.84–3.86%). Among all the quantified fatty acids, the highest variation was recorded for LA and OA. The highest amount of LA (58.9%), the lowest amount of OA (23.5%), and the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)/monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) ratio of 2.47 were recorded in the Shingwang hybrid. The highest PUFAs/saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ratio of 4.04 was recorded in the Ahndaok hybrid due to the high content of LA (57.8%) and low amount of SFA. Similarly, the highest PUFAs + MUFAs/SFAs ratio of 6.38 was recorded in the Pyeonggangok hybrid as a result of the high OA (34.6%) and LA (51.4%) contents, along with the lowest amount of SFAs. Considering the high levels of health-beneficial MUFAs and PUFAs and low levels of undesirable SFAs, the maize hybrids Pyeonggangok, Ahndaok, and Shingwang can be used in the preparation of a healthy PUFA-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.,Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.,Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, North West Province, South Africa
| | - Eun-Young Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Tae Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Saini RK, Song MH, Rengasamy KRR, Ko EY, Keum YS. Red Shrimp Are a Rich Source of Nutritionally Vital Lipophilic Compounds: A Comparative Study among Edible Flesh and Processing Waste. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091179. [PMID: 32858876 PMCID: PMC7554860 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at comparatively analyzing the sterols, tocopherols and fatty acids from edible flesh and processing waste obtained from three shrimp species, utilizing rapid liquid chromatography (LC)-atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results revealed the presence of significantly (p < 0.05) high proportions of health-beneficial omega-3 (n3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Argentine red shrimp (34.3% in waste and 38.2% in the flesh), compared to black tiger shrimp (16.5–24.2%) and whiteleg shrimp (13.2–22.6%). Among sterols, cholesterol was found most dominant, accounting in the range 349.4 (white shrimp flesh) to 559.3 µg/g fresh weight (FW) (black shrimp waste). Surprisingly, waste was found to contain a substantially higher amount of α-tocopherol, for instance, 21.7 µg/g FW in edible flesh and 35.3 µg/g FW in the waste of black tiger shrimp. The correlation analysis indicated that shrimp with low total contents of lipids might have higher proportions of health-beneficial long-chain (LC)-n3-PUFAs eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The fat quality indices, including the high ratios of hypocholesterolemic (h)/hypercholesterolemic (H) fatty acids, and lowest values of the atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) indicated the health-beneficial potential associated with fat intake from red shrimp. Overall, a significant amount of health-beneficial compounds in edible flesh of studied shrimp confers its extraordinary nutritional benefits. Moreover, considering the richness of processing waste with these compounds, their valorization can be prompted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.)
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.)
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Eun-Young Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea;
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Shin J, Song MH, Oh JW, Keum YS, Saini RK. Pro-Oxidant Actions of Carotenoids in Triggering Apoptosis of Cancer Cells: A Review of Emerging Evidence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E532. [PMID: 32560478 PMCID: PMC7346220 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are well known for their potent antioxidant function in the cellular system. However, in cancer cells with an innately high level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), carotenoids may act as potent pro-oxidant molecules and trigger ROS-mediated apoptosis. In recent years, the pro-oxidant function of several common dietary carotenoids, including astaxanthin, β-carotene, fucoxanthin, and lycopene, has been investigated for their effective killing effects on various cancer cell lines. Besides, when carotenoids are delivered with ROS-inducing cytotoxic drugs (e.g., anthracyclines), they can minimize the adverse effects of these drugs on normal cells by acting as antioxidants without interfering with their cytotoxic effects on cancer cells as pro-oxidants. These dynamic actions of carotenoids can optimize oxidative stress in normal cells while enhancing oxidative stress in cancer cells. This review discusses possible mechanisms of carotenoid-triggered ROS production in cancer cells, the activation of pro-apoptotic signaling by ROS, and apoptotic cell death. Moreover, synergistic actions of carotenoids with ROS-inducing anti-cancer drugs are discussed, and research gaps are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (J.S.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (J.S.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Saini RK, Keum YS, Daglia M, Rengasamy KR. Dietary carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: A review of emerging evidence. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104830. [PMID: 32344050 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, natural products have reemerged as biotherapeutic options, with several dietary carotenoids, viz. astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, siphonaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene, developing as potential candidates for chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics of breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers. The potent cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of carotenoids against various cancer cells are mediated by a wide range of molecular mechanisms modulating oxidative stress and redox balance, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and other cellular signaling proteins, transcription factors, caspase cascade pathways of apoptosis, cell cycle progression and proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC), and multidrug resistance (MDR). This review discusses recent evidence demonstrating the crucial roles of carotenoids in these cellular and molecular events of cancer cell cytotoxicity. In addition, recent case-control and cohort studies are discussed to support the potential role of carotenoids in cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Pavia University, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Kannan Rr Rengasamy
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Saini RK, Rengasamy KRR, Mahomoodally FM, Keum YS. Protective effects of lycopene in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases: An update on epidemiological and mechanistic perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104730. [PMID: 32126272 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent mechanistic and epidemiological studies have provided insights into health benefits of dietary lycopene to decrease the risk and complications associated with several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. These chronic diseases are primarily associated with oxidative stress-induced systemic and low-grade chronic inflammation. Owing to its potent antioxidant properties, lycopene can potentially alleviate enhanced levels of proinflammatory mediators (e.g., proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, -6, and -1, and oxidized phospholipids) and prevent NF-κB activation by modulating oxidative stress. Moreover, lycopene serves as a precursor for various oxidative cleavage products and metabolites including Apo-8'-, apo-10'-, and apo-12'-lycopenals that can interact with multiple transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2, RARs, RXRs, and PPARs) to overexpress antioxidant and cytoprotective Phase II enzymes and other growth-stimulating proteins (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for enhanced neuroprotection. These events altogether can protect the body from chronic inflammatory disorders. In the present review, the latest mechanistic development from cell and animal models and results of case-control, cohort, and randomized trials are discussed to support the protective part of lycopene in cancer, CVD, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on cellular and molecular events involved in protective effects of lycopene. Although molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in health-promoting activities of lycopene have been reported, no detailed mechanistic studies have been published. Hence, future studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanistic role(s) of lycopene-derived oxidation products in modulating cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Fawzi M Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Saini RK, A Bekhit AED, Roohinejad S, Rengasamy KRR, Keum YS. Chemical Stability of Lycopene in Processed Products: A Review of the Effects of Processing Methods and Modern Preservation Strategies. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:712-726. [PMID: 31891495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene, one of the most dominant carotenoids in a person's diet, is a well-known natural compound that has protective effects against chronic diseases. Industrial and domestic processing and storage conditions significantly influence retention and isomerization of lycopene; thus, in recent years, great attention has been given for their preservative effects of lycopene. This review highlights recent strategies that have been developed to preserve lycopene in processed products, especially in tomato pulp, puree, paste, and juice. The key factors influencing lycopene degradation and isomerization, such as ingredients and intensity of thermal treatments, are also discussed. Special attention was paid to the crystalline structures of lycopene which facilitate its resistance to degradation and isomerization. Emerging non-thermal processing methods, such as ultrasound and high-pressure processing (HPP), are critically evaluated for their preservation of thermo-labile compounds. Novel trends to improve lycopene stability by micro- and nanoencapsulation and addition of antioxidants are also included to examine their efficacy to protect against light, heat, oxygen, and other oxidative processes. Finally, recommended processing and storage conditions are discussed to provide strategies to retain the highest possible amount of bioactive lycopene until consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
- Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture , Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Crop Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Shahin Roohinejad
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Division of Food and Nutrition , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
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Gansukh E, Nile A, Sivanesan I, Rengasamy KRR, Kim DH, Keum YS, Saini RK. Chemopreventive Effect of β-Cryptoxanthin on Human Cervical Carcinoma (HeLa) Cells Is Modulated through Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:antiox9010028. [PMID: 31892217 PMCID: PMC7022418 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to assess cellular and molecular events involved in the chemopreventive activities of β-cryptoxanthin derived from mandarin oranges (Citrus unshiu Marc.) on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. In vitro experiments established that β-cryptoxanthin significantly inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells with the IC50 value of 4.5 and 3.7 µM after 24 and 48 h of treatments, respectively. β-cryptoxanthin-treated HeLa cells exhibited enhanced levels of oxidative stress correlated with significant downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax mRNA expression. Moreover, β-cryptoxanthin triggered nuclear condensation and disruption of the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane, upregulated caspase-3, -7, and -9 mRNA, and enhanced activation of caspase-3 proteins, resulting in nuclei DNA damage and apoptosis of HeLa cells. Remarkably, TUNEL assay carried out to detect nuclei DNA damage showed 52% TUNEL-positive cells after treatment with a physiological concentration of β-cryptoxanthin (1.0 μM), which validates its potential as an anticancer drug of natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhtaivan Gansukh
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (E.G.); (A.N.); (I.S.); (K.R.R.R.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Arti Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (E.G.); (A.N.); (I.S.); (K.R.R.R.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (E.G.); (A.N.); (I.S.); (K.R.R.R.); (D.-H.K.)
- Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (E.G.); (A.N.); (I.S.); (K.R.R.R.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Doo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (E.G.); (A.N.); (I.S.); (K.R.R.R.); (D.-H.K.)
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea;
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (E.G.); (A.N.); (I.S.); (K.R.R.R.); (D.-H.K.)
- Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2450-3739; Fax: +82-3436-5439
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Jung S, Shin J, Oh J, Enkhtaivan G, Lee SW, Gopal J, Sydara K, Saini RK, Keum YS, Oh JW. Cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Phyllodium elegans extracts on human cancer cell lines. Bioengineered 2019; 10:501-512. [PMID: 31633448 PMCID: PMC6844383 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1682110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The extract of Phyllodium (P.) elegans was investigated for its anti-cancer properties on brain astroglioma cells (U251-MG), colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116), and malignant melanoma cells (A375). P. elegans methanolic extract (PeME) showed cytotoxicity on all three cancer cell lines tested. The cell viability assay revealed that PeME significantly reduced the viability of these cells. Clear apoptotic features such as cellular morphology, cell shrinkage, and augmentation of dead cells were observed. Flow cytometry and fluorescence staining techniques confirmed the apoptotic property of PeME. In vitro scratch invasion assay showed that cell migration rate was significantly reduced. Fluorescence microscopic studies using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining showed early and late signs of apoptosis after PeME treatment. Upon PeME stimulation, activation of caspase-3/-9 and Mu-2-related death-inducing gene (MUDENG, MuD) was observed by western blot analysis. JC-1 staining analysis by flow cytometry showed that PeME depolarized the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP). Collectively, these findings, for the first time, point to the fact that PeME has anti-cancer properties against brain, colon, and skin cancer cell lines by depolarizing the MMP and activating apoptotic signaling through the activation of caspase-3/-9 as well as MuD. This is the first report reporting the anticancer activity of this specific plant extract.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwa Jung
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongheon Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gansukh Enkhtaivan
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kongmany Sydara
- Ministry of Health, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Seoul, Korea
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Saini RK, Keum YS. Microbial platforms to produce commercially vital carotenoids at industrial scale: an updated review of critical issues. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:657-674. [PMID: 30415292 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a diverse group of isoprenoid pigments that play crucial roles in plants, animals, and microorganisms, including body pigmentation, bio-communication, precursors for vitamin A, and potent antioxidant activities. With their potent antioxidant activities, carotenoids are emerging as molecules of vital importance in protecting against chronic degenerative disease, such as aging, cancer, cataract, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to countless functions in the cellular system, carotenoids are extensively used in dietary supplements, food colorants, aquaculture and poultry feed, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. Moreover, the emerging demand for carotenoids in these vast areas has triggered their industrial-scale production. Currently, 80%-90% of carotenoids are produced synthetically by chemical synthesis. However, the demand for naturally produced carotenoids is increasing due to the health concern of synthetic counterparts. This article presents a review of the industrial production of carotenoids utilizing a number of diverse microbes, including microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, some of which have been genetically engineered to improve production titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Gansukh E, Mya KK, Jung M, Keum YS, Kim DH, Saini RK. Lutein derived from marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals triggers ROS generation and activates Bax and caspase-3 mediated apoptosis of human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:11-18. [PMID: 30826408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed to determine molecular and cellular events involved in anticancer properties of lutein derived from marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals using Human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines. In vitro experiments demonstrated that lutein at concentration of 10 μM significantly inhibited proliferation of HeLa cells by up to 62.85% after 24 h of treatment and 84.85% after 48 h of treatment. In addition, lutein inhibited proliferation of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis. Lutein-treated HeLa cells also showed enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) correlated with significant downregulation of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) expression and upregulation of Bax (pro-apoptotic) expression. Furthermore, lutein mediated activation of caspase-3 and imbalance between Bax and Bcl-2 expression, causing significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential of HeLa cells. TUNEL assays revealed significant damage of nuclei DNA in lutein-treated HeLa cells, demonstrating a critical role of lutein in the final stage of apoptosis. Taken together, the results indicate that lutein-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells occurs through enhanced ROS production, interaction with mitochondrial factors, and upregulation of caspase-3-mediated pathway, leading to fragmentation of nuclei DNA. Therefore, lutein could be potentially useful as a chemotherapeutic and/or chemopreventive biomolecule against Human cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhtaivan Gansukh
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Khine Khine Mya
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Jung
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Saini RK, Moon SH, Gansukh E, Keum YS. An efficient one-step scheme for the purification of major xanthophyll carotenoids from lettuce, and assessment of their comparative anticancer potential. Food Chem 2018; 266:56-65. [PMID: 30381226 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The foremost problem in carotenoid research is the excessive cost and difficulty of maintaining pure carotenoid compounds. This work presents an economical, efficient, and simplified one-step scheme for the purification of four major xanthophyll carotenoids from lettuce by utilizing preparative thin layer chromatography on Hyflo-Super-Cel: MgO (Heavy): calcium sulfate hemihydrate (9:9:2 w/w) based adsorbent. The mobile phase of acetone: hexane (1:1) provided the perfect separation of major xanthophylls, resulting in 95-96% purity after just single-step separation, with no interference from chlorophylls or other minor carotenoids. The identity of carotenoids was confirmed by absorption spectroscopy, chemical tests and APCI+-MS/MS. The proposed scheme can be used to isolate the carotenoids at the analytical and preparative scale. In anticancer studies, among four xanthophylls, 9-Z-neoxanthin was found most potent for reduction of cell viability of cervical (HeLa) and lung cancer (A549) cells, with IC50 values of 3.8 and 7.5 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - So Hyun Moon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheong-ju, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Enkhtaivan Gansukh
- Department of Bioresources and Food Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Saini RK, Keum YS. Significance of Genetic, Environmental, and Pre- and Postharvest Factors Affecting Carotenoid Contents in Crops: A Review. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:5310-5324. [PMID: 29745660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a diverse group of tetraterpenoid pigments that play indispensable roles in plants and animals. The biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants is strictly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in accordance with inherited genetic signals and developmental requirements and in response to external environmental stimulants. The alteration in the biosynthesis of carotenoids under the influence of external environmental stimulants, such as high light, drought, salinity, and chilling stresses, has been shown to significantly influence the nutritional value of crop plants. In addition to these stimulants, several pre- and postharvesting cultivation practices significantly influence carotenoid compositions and contents. Thus, this review discusses how various environmental stimulants and pre- and postharvesting factors can be positively modulated for the enhanced biosynthesis and accumulation of carotenoids in the edible parts of crop plants, such as the leaves, roots, tubers, flowers, fruit, and seeds. In addition, future research directions in this context are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science , Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701 , Republic of Korea
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Saini RK, Keum YS. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance - A review. Life Sci 2018; 203:255-267. [PMID: 29715470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) (n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (n-3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. In the human body, these fatty acids (FAs) give rise to arachidonic acid (ARA, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n-3) that play key roles in regulating body homeostasis. Locally acting bioactive signaling lipids called eicosanoids derived from these FAs also regulate diverse homeostatic processes. In general, ARA gives rise to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids whereas EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Thus, a proportionally higher consumption of n-3 PUFAs can protect us against inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. The present review summarizes major sources, intake, and global consumption of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. Their metabolism to biosynthesize long-chain PUFAs and eicosanoids and their roles in brain metabolism, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and bone health are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim DE, Shang X, Assefa AD, Keum YS, Saini RK. Metabolite profiling of green, green/red, and red lettuce cultivars: Variation in health beneficial compounds and antioxidant potential. Food Res Int 2018; 105:361-370. [PMID: 29433225 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salad vegetables, commonly consumed at baby-leaf stages, are the most appropriate and emerging dietary source of antioxidant compounds. Screening and identification of nutrient-rich cultivars can be potentially useful to obtain a nutrient-dense diet. Thus, in this study, we explored the genetic potential of baby leaves of 23 diverse lettuce cultivars for the health-beneficial metabolites. The results showed that the composition and contents of the studied metabolites in lettuces varied significantly between cultivars and were principally dependent on leaf color. All red-leaf cultivars were rich in carotenoids, cyanidin, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, primarily in the form of α-linolenic and linoleic acid,) total phenolic contents (TPC), and antioxidant potential. Among carotenoids, all-E-lutein was found in highest amount, followed by all-E-violaxanthin and all-E-lactucaxanthin, accounting for an average of 30%, 28% and 15% of total carotenoids, respectively. The content of total folate was recorded in the range of 6.51 (cv. Caesar Green) to 9.73μg/g (DW) (cv. Asia Heuk Romaine). The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the cyanidin and other phenolic compounds are the most potent scavengers of ABTS and DPPH radicals. The overall results suggested that all red-leaf lettuce cultivars have a distinct profile of phytoconstituents, which can be used as a nutrient-dense food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Eun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Saini RK, Keum YS. Carotenoid extraction methods: A review of recent developments. Food Chem 2018; 240:90-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Park HY, Saini RK, Gopal J, Keum YS, Kim DH, Lee O, Sivanesan I. Micropropagation and Subsequent Enrichment of Carotenoids, Fatty Acids, and Tocopherol Contents in Sedum dasyphyllum L. Front Chem 2017; 5:77. [PMID: 29062834 PMCID: PMC5640719 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising micropropagation protocol has been systematically established and demonstrated for the enhanced production of carotenoids, tocopherol and fatty acids in shoot tissues of Sedum dasyphyllum. Shoot tip explants were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Different concentrations of N6-benzyladenine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were tested in order to stimulate multiple shoot production. Ideal shoot induction (100%) and maximized shoot numbers (36.4) were obtained on explants cultured on media incorporated with 2 μM BA and 1 μM NAA combinations. The in vitro-developed shoots rooted best on half-strength MS media incorporated with 2 μM indole 3-butyric acid. Plantlets were effectively acclimatized in the greenhouse with 100% survival rate. The composition and contents of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, tocopherol and fatty acids in shoot tissues of S. dasyphyllum were investigated using HPLC and GC-MS. The most abundant carotenoid in the shoot tissue was all-E-lutein (40.3-70.5 μg g-1 FW) followed by 9'-Z-neoxanthin (5.3-9.9 μg g-1 FW), all-E-violaxanthin (4.4-8.2 μg g-1 FW), and all-E-β-carotene (1.6-3.6 μg g-1 FW). The α-tocopherol contents of in vitro-raised shoots was 6.5-fold higher than shoots of greenhouse-grown plants. The primary fatty acids found in shoot tissues were α-linolenic acid (32.0-39.3%), linoleic acid (27.4-38.2%), palmitic acid (13.3-15.5%), and stearic acid (5.2-12.2%). In all, summarizing the findings, the micropropagated S. dasyphyllum showed significant enrichment of valuable bioactive carotenoids (92.3 μg g-1 FW), tocopherols (14.6 μg g-1 FW), and α-linolenic acid (39.3%) compared to their greenhouse counterparts. The protocol demonstrated here could be applied for the mass propagation and production of enhanced bioactive compounds from S. dasyphyllum with credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yong Park
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Onew Lee
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Assefa AD, Saini RK, Keum YS. Fatty acids, tocopherols, phenolic and antioxidant properties of six citrus fruit species: a comparative study. Food Measure 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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41
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Saini RK, Zamany AJ, Keum YS. Ripening improves the content of carotenoid, α-tocopherol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:43. [PMID: 28444589 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tomato fruits during different stages of ripening have been extensively characterized for nutritionally important bioactives; however, changes in fatty acid composition are not available. Thus, in the present study, changes in fatty acid, along with carotenoid and α-tocopherol, were studied during the six stages of ripening. Fruits were harvested at the green, breaker, turning, pink, light red, and red stages, which occurred at means of 30, 35, 40, 46, 50, and 55 days after anthesis (DAE), respectively. During the ripening process, profiles of all the metabolites altered significantly (p < 0.05). All-E-lycopene content increased from the breaker (0.21 μg/g FW) to the red stage (30.6 μg/g FW), while all-E-lutein was slightly increased during initial stages of ripening and then decreased significantly, with the highest (4.15 μg/g FW) in the fruits of the pink stage. Furthermore, the contents of α-tocopherol increased during ripening, and its increase was highest between light red to the red stages. In all the ripening stages, linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) was found in the highest quantity (42.3-49.2%), followed by oleic (C18:1n9c; 20.1-26.6%) and palmitic acids (C16:0; 16.6-17.7%). With fruit ripening, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids (PUFAs:SFAs) was increased significantly from 1.89 (green) to 2.19 (red). Interestingly, the oleic acid proportions correlated inversely with linoleic (r = -0.450) and α-linolenic acid (r = -0.904), during all the stages of ripening. The highest and lowest contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid (26.7 and 42.3%, respectively) were recorded in the fruits of stage 3 (turning). In conclusion, ripening in tomatoes is accompanied by significant increases in carotenoids and α-tocopherol, as well as by concomitant increases in PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea.
| | - Ahmad Jawid Zamany
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea.
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Saini RK, Assefa AD, Keum YS. Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) seed arils: a potentially valuable source of lycopene. Food Measure 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Saini RK, Sivanesan I, Keum YS. Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: a review of their nutritional, therapeutic and industrial significance. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:203. [PMID: 28330275 PMCID: PMC5033775 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera Lam., also known as the ‘drumstick tree,’ is recognized as a vibrant and affordable source of phytochemicals, having potential applications in medicines, functional food preparations, water purification, and biodiesel production. The multiple biological activities including antiproliferation, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiatherosclerotic, oxidative DNA damage protective, antiperoxidative, cardioprotective, as well as folk medicinal uses of M. oleifera (MO) are attributed to the presence of functional bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, natural sugars, vitamins, minerals, and organic acids. The low molecular weight of M. oleifera cationic proteins (MOCP) extracted from the seeds is very useful and is used in water purification, because of its potent antimicrobial and coagulant properties. Also, the M. oleifera methyl esters (MOME) produced from the oil of the seeds meet the major specifications of the biodiesel standard of Germany, Europe, and United States (US). Thus, MO is emerging as one of the prominent industrial crops for sustainable biodiesel production in tropical and subtropical countries. In view of the high nutritional, nutraceutical, and industrial values, it is important to compile an updated comprehensive review on the related aspects of this multipurpose and miracle tree. Hence, the present study is focused on the nutritionally significant bioactives and medicinal and biological properties, to explore the potential applications of MO in nutritionally rich food preparations. Furthermore, water coagulation, proteins, and fatty acid methyl esters from the MO seeds are reviewed, to explore their possible industrial applications in biodiesel production and water purification. In addition, the future perspectives in these areas are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea.
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea.
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Assefa AD, Saini RK, Keum YS. Extraction of antioxidants and flavonoids from yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka) peels: a response surface methodology study. Food Measure 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-016-9405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Saini RK, Nile SH, Keum YS. Folates: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, biofortification and bioavailability. Food Res Int 2016; 89:1-13. [PMID: 28460896 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Folates (Vitamin B9) include both naturally occurring folates and synthetic folic acid used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Folate deficiency causes severe abnormalities in one-carbon metabolism can result chronic diseases and developmental disorders, including neural tube defects. Mammalian cells cannot synthesize folates de novo; therefore, diet and dietary supplements are the only way to attain daily folate requirements. In the last decade, significant advancements have been made to enhance the folate content of rice, tomato, common bean and lettuce by using genetic engineering approaches. Strategies have been developed to improve the stability of folate pool in plants. Folate deglutamylation through food processing and thermal treatment has the potential to enhance the bioavailability of folate. This review highlights the recent developments in biosynthesis, composition, bioavailability, enhanced production by elicitation and metabolic engineering, and methods of analysis of folate in food. Additionally, future perspectives in this context are identified. Detailed knowledge of folate biosynthesis, degradation and salvage are the prime requirements to efficiently engineer the plants for the enhancement of overall folate content. Similarly, consumption of a folate-rich diet with enhanced bioavailability is the best way to maintain optimum folate levels in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Saini RK, Ko EY, Keum YS. Minimally processed ready-to-eat baby-leaf vegetables: Production, processing, storage, microbial safety, and nutritional potential. Food Reviews International 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1204614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Ko
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Sivanesan I, Saini RK, Noorzai R, Zamany AJ, Kim DH. In vitro propagation, carotenoid, fatty acid and tocopherol content of Ajuga multiflora Bunge. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:91. [PMID: 28330161 PMCID: PMC4791420 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of plant growth regulators on shoot proliferation from
shoot tip explants of Ajuga multiflora was studied. The highest number of shoots (17.1) was observed when shoot tip explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 8.0 µM 6-Benzyladenine (BA) and 2.7 µM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The mean number of shoots per explant was increased 1.6-fold in liquid medium as compared with semi-solid medium. Maximum rooting (100 %) with an average of 7.2 roots per shoot was obtained on MS basal medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised in the greenhouse with 100 % survival rate. Composition of carotenoids, fatty acids and tocopherols was also studied from leaves of greenhouse-grown plants and in vitro-regenerated shoots of A. multiflora. The greatest amounts of carotenoids, fatty acids and tocopherols were obtained from leaves of in vitro-regenerated shoots cultured on MS basal medium, followed by leaves of greenhouse-grown plants and leaves of in vitro-regenerated shoots cultured on MS basal medium with 2.0 µM BA or thidiazuron. The most abundant carotenoid in A. multiflora leaves was all-E-lutein (89.4–382.6 μg g−1 FW) followed by all-E-β-carotene (32.0–156.7 μg g−1 FW), 9′-Z-neoxanthin (14.2–63.4 μg g−1 FW), all-E-violaxanthin (13.0–45.9 μg g−1 FW), all-E-zeaxanthin (1.3–2.5 μg g−1 FW) and all-E-β-cryptoxanthin (0.3–0.9 μg g−1 FW). α-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in A. multiflora leaves. Linolenic acid (49.03–52.59 %) was detected in higher amounts in A. multiflora leaf samples followed by linoleic acid (18.95–21.39 %) and palmitic acid (15.79–18.66 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea.
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bio-resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Rafi Noorzai
- Department of Bio-resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Ahmad Jawid Zamany
- Department of Bio-resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bio-resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea.
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Saini RK, Keum YS. Tocopherols and tocotrienols in plants and their products: A review on methods of extraction, chromatographic separation, and detection. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Saini RK, Shang XM, Ko EY, Choi JH, Kim D, Keum YS. Characterization of nutritionally important phytoconstituents in minimally processed ready-to-eat baby-leaf vegetables using HPLC–DAD and GC–MS. Food Measure 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-016-9312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Das K, Uppal A, Saini RK. Surfactant induced aggregation behavior of Merocyanine-540 adsorbed on polymer coated positively charged gold nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2016; 152:378-383. [PMID: 26233787 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant induced aggregation behavior of Merocyanine 540 adsorbed on polymer (PDD) coated gold nanoparticles (AuNP) is reported. The absorption band of the dye shifts to higher energy in the presence of free polymer and polymer coated AuNP implying aggregation. Addition of a negatively charged surfactant (SDS) induces multiple bands in the extinction spectrum of the dye adsorbed on nanoparticle surface. The highest (460nm) and lowest (564nm) energy bands of the dye become prominent at 10 and >50μM SDS concentrations respectively (dye: 10μM; AuNP: 100-200pM). Based on earlier results the high energy band is likely to originate from dye aggregates and the low energy band is likely to originate from dye monomers. This is attributed to the interplay between polymer-surfactant and polymer-dye interactions at the AuNP surface. The extinction spectra of dye adsorbed at AuNP surface remain unaffected in the presence of a positively charged (CTAB) or a neutral surfactant (Tx-100), at low surfactant concentrations. However at higher surfactant concentrations (>60μM) dye aggregation takes place which is attributed to dye-surfactant interactions. The fluorescence intensity of the dye quenched significantly but its lifetime increased in the presence of polymer coated AuNP. This is attributed to aggregation and reduction in the photoisomerization rate of the dye adsorbed on AuNP surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Das
- Laser Bio-Medical Applications & Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology, Indore, M.P. 452013, India.
| | - A Uppal
- Laser Bio-Medical Applications & Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology, Indore, M.P. 452013, India
| | - R K Saini
- Laser Bio-Medical Applications & Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology, Indore, M.P. 452013, India
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