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Campbell JX, Schulte NB, Lai B, Harris HH, Franz KJ. Histatin-5 interacts with cellular copper to promote antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Metallomics 2023; 15:mfad070. [PMID: 38061812 PMCID: PMC10733623 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Histatin-5 (Hist-5) is an antimicrobial peptide found in human saliva that functions to defend the oral cavity from microbial infections, such as those caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans (C. albicans). Hist-5 can bind Cu in multiple oxidation states, Cu2+ and Cu+in vitro, and supplemental Cu2+ has been shown to improve the fungicidal activity of the peptide against C. albicans in culture. However, the exact role of Cu on the antifungal activity of Hist-5 and whether direct peptide-Cu interactions occur intracellularly has yet to be fully determined. Here, we used a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal microscopy experiments to show reversible Cu-dependent quenching of a fluorescent Hist-5 analogue, Hist-5*, indicating a direct interaction between Hist-5 and intracellular Cu. X-ray fluorescence microscopy images revealed peptide-induced changes to cellular Cu distribution and cell-associated Cu content. These data support a model in which Hist-5 can facilitate the hyperaccumulation of Cu in C. albicans and directly interact with Cu intracellularly to increase the fungicidal activity of Hist-5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry Lai
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Hugh H Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Yu Y, Meng W, Kuang H, Chen X, Zhu X, Wang L, Tan H, Xu Y, Ding P, Xiang M, Hu G, Zhou Y, Dong GH. Association of urinary exposure to multiple metal(loid)s with kidney function from a national cross-sectional study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163100. [PMID: 37023822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) are hazardous for kidney function, while the effects of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were unexplored for the narrow safe range of intake. Interactions exists between these multiple metal/metalloid exposures, but few studies have investigated the effects. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed among 2210 adults across twelve provinces in China between 2020 and 2021. Urinary As, Cd, Cu, Se and Zn were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Serum creatinine (Scr) and N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidases (urine NAG) were quantified in serum and urine, respectively. Kidney function was evaluated by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We employed logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models to explore the individual and joint effects of urinary metals/metalloids on the risk of impaired renal function (IRF) or chronic kidney disease (CKD), respectively. RESULTS Association was found between As (OR = 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.48), Cd (OR = 1.65, 95 % CI: 1.35, 2.02), Cu (OR = 1.90, 95 % CI: 1.59, 2.29), Se (OR = 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.24, 1.85) and Zn (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI: 1.09, 1.64) and the risk of CKD. Moreover, we observed association between As (OR = 1.18, 95 % CI: 1.07, 1.29), Cu (OR = 1.14, 95 % CI: 1.04, 1.25), Se (OR = 1.15, 95 % CI: 1.06, 1.26) and Zn (OR = 1.12, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.22) and the risk of IRF. Additionally, it was found that Se exposure may strength the association of urinary As, Cd and Cu with IRF. Furthermore, it is worth noting that Se and Cu contributed greatest to the inverse association in IRF and CKD, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that metal/metalloid mixtures were associated with kidney dysfunction, Se and Cu were inverse factors. Additionally, interactions between them may affect the association. Further studies are needed to assess the potential risks for metal/metalloid exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Meng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Hongxuan Kuang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xichao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Lebing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Haiping Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yujie Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Guocheng Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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3
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Au A, Mojadadi A, Shao JY, Ahmad G, Witting PK. Physiological Benefits of Novel Selenium Delivery via Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076068. [PMID: 37047040 PMCID: PMC10094732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary selenium (Se) intake within the physiological range is critical to maintain various biological functions, including antioxidant defence, redox homeostasis, growth, reproduction, immunity, and thyroid hormone production. Chemical forms of dietary Se are diverse, including organic Se (selenomethionine, selenocysteine, and selenium-methyl-selenocysteine) and inorganic Se (selenate and selenite). Previous studies have largely investigated and compared the health impacts of dietary Se on agricultural stock and humans, where dietary Se has shown various benefits, including enhanced growth performance, immune functions, and nutritional quality of meats, with reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, and finally enhanced thyroid health and fertility in humans. The emergence of nanoparticles presents a novel and innovative technology. Notably, Se in the form of nanoparticles (SeNPs) has lower toxicity, higher bioavailability, lower excretion in animals, and is linked to more powerful and superior biological activities (at a comparable Se dose) than traditional chemical forms of dietary Se. As a result, the development of tailored SeNPs for their use in intensive agriculture and as candidate for therapeutic drugs for human pathologies is now being actively explored. This review highlights the biological impacts of SeNPs on growth and reproductive performances, their role in modulating heat and oxidative stress and inflammation and the varying modes of synthesis of SeNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Au
- Redox Biology Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Albaraa Mojadadi
- Redox Biology Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jia-Ying Shao
- Redox Biology Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gulfam Ahmad
- Redox Biology Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Andrology Department, Royal Women's and Children's Pathology, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Paul K Witting
- Redox Biology Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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4
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Žižić M, Stanić M, Aquilanti G, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Branković G, Rodić I, Živić M, Zakrzewska J. Biotransformation of selenium in the mycelium of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6213-6222. [PMID: 35759022 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of toxic selenium ions to non-toxic species has been mainly focused on biofortification of microorganisms and production of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), while far less attention is paid to the mechanisms of transformation. In this study, we applied a combination of analytical techniques with the aim of characterizing the SeNPs themselves as well as monitoring the course of selenium transformation in the mycelium of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Red coloration and pungent odor that appeared after only a few hours of incubation with 10 mM Se+4 indicate the formation of SeNPs and volatile methylated selenium compounds. SEM-EDS confirmed pure selenium NPs with an average diameter of 57 nm, which indicates potentially very good medical, optical, and photoelectric characteristics. XANES of mycelium revealed concentration-dependent mechanisms of reduction, where 0.5 mM Se+4 led to the predominant formation of Se-S-containing organic molecules, while 10 mM Se+4 induced production of biomethylated selenide (Se-2) in the form of volatile dimethylselenide (DMSe) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), with the SeNPs/DMSe ratio rising with incubation time. Several structural forms of elemental selenium, predominantly monoclinic Se8 chains, together with trigonal Se polymer chain, Se8 and Se6 ring structures, were detected by Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Žižić
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marina Stanić
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Danica Bajuk-Bogdanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Branković
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivanka Rodić
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Živić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Joanna Zakrzewska
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Lanctôt CM, Cresswell T, Lombi E, Bennett WW. Synchrotron-Based Imaging Reveals the Fate of Selenium in Striped Marsh Frog Tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11848-11858. [PMID: 34382781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) coupled with X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) imaging was used to study selenium (Se) biodistribution and speciation in Limnodynastes peronii tadpoles. Tadpoles were exposed to dissolved Se (30 μg/L) as selenite (SeIV) or selenate (SeVI) for 7 days followed by 3 days of depuration. High-resolution elemental maps revealed that Se partitioned primarily in the eyes (specifically the eye lens, iris, and retinal pigmented epithelium), digestive and excretory organs of SeIV-exposed tadpoles. Speciation analysis confirmed that the majority of accumulated Se was converted to organo-Se. Multielement analyses provided new information on Se colocalization and its impact on trace element homeostasis. New insights into the fate of Se on a whole organism scale contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms and risks associated with Se pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M Lanctôt
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - Tom Cresswell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - William W Bennett
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
- Coastal and Marine Research Centre, Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia
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6
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Hollings AL, Lam V, Takechi R, Mamo JCL, Reinhardt J, de Jonge MD, Kappen P, Hackett MJ. Revealing differences in the chemical form of zinc in brain tissue using K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. Metallomics 2020; 12:2134-2144. [PMID: 33300524 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a prominent trace metal required for normal memory function. Memory loss and cognitive decline during natural ageing and neurodegenerative disease have been associated with altered brain-Zn homeostasis. Yet, the exact chemical pathways through which Zn influences memory function during health, natural ageing, or neurodegenerative disease remain unknown. The gap in the literature may in part be due to the difficulty to simultaneously image, and therefore, study the different chemical forms of Zn within the brain (or biological samples in general). To this extent, we have begun developing and optimising protocols that incorporate X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopic analysis of tissue at the Zn K-edge as an analytical tool to study Zn speciation in the brain. XANES is ideally suited for this task as all chemical forms of Zn are detected, the technique requires minimal sample preparation that may otherwise redistribute or alter the chemical form of Zn, and the Zn K-edge has known sensitivity to coordination geometry and ligand type. Herein, we report our initial results where we fit K-edge spectra collected from micro-dissected flash-frozen brain tissue, to a spectral library prepared from standard solutions, to demonstrate differences in the chemical form of Zn that exist between two brain regions, the hippocampus and cerebellum. Lastly, we have used an X-ray microprobe to demonstrate differences in Zn speciation within sub-regions of thin air-dried sections of the murine hippocampus; but, the corresponding results highlight that the chemical form of Zn is easily perturbed by sample preparation such as tissue sectioning or air-drying, which must be a critical consideration for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Hollings
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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7
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Wide field imaging energy dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17734. [PMID: 31776410 PMCID: PMC6881466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A new energy dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EDXAS) method is presented for simultaneous wide-field imaging and transmission X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to enable rapid imaging and speciation of elements. Based on spectral K-Edge Subtraction imaging (sKES), a bent Laue imaging system diffracting in the vertical plane was developed on a bend magnet beamline for selenium speciation. The high flux and small vertical focus, forming a wide horizontal line beam for projection imaging and computed tomography applications, is achieved by precise matching of lattice plane orientation and crystal surface (asymmetry angle). The condition generating a small vertical focus for imaging also provides good energy dispersion. Details for achieving sufficient energy and spatial resolution are demonstrated for both full field imaging and computed tomography in quantifying selenium chemical species. While this system has lower sensitivity as it uses transmission and may lack the flux and spatial resolution of a dedicated focused beamline system, it has significant potential in rapid screening of heterogeneous biomedical or environmental systems to correlate metal speciation with function.
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8
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Zeng HL, Liu CWB, Lu J, Wang X, Cheng L. Analysis of urinary trace element levels in general population of Wuhan in central China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27823-27831. [PMID: 31342348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trace element distribution in the human body varies across regions and countries due to their different living environment and lifestyle. Thus, it is of great significance to investigate the reference level of trace element in a specific population. Wuhan is the largest metropolitan area in central China with highly developed heavy industries. This study aimed at determining the reference urinary distribution in general populations of Wuhan for nine trace elements (Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Se, Cd, Hg, Tl, Pb), and analyzed their associations with age, sex, and the kidney function. In total, 226 healthy adults not exposed to these trace elements were recruited, and the first-morning urine specimens were analyzed by using ICP-MS-based method. Our results showed higher urinary levels for As and Cd in Wuhan population when compared with other countries, while other element levels were almost equivalent. Sex difference existed for urinary Cu, Mn, As, Tl, and Pb. And urinary Cd, Tl, and Pb levels were associated with the glomerular filtration rate. Almost all these urinary elements showed significant inter-correlations, especially for Cu but except for Mn. This study provides systematic information regarding urinary trace element levels in residents of Wuhan in central China, and shall be of importance for future environmental and occupational biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Wen-Bo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Konkankit CC, King AP, Knopf KM, Southard TL, Wilson JJ. In Vivo Anticancer Activity of a Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complex. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:822-827. [PMID: 31098006 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhenium(I) complex fac-[Re(CO)3(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(OH2)]+ (1) was previously shown to exhibit potent in vitro anticancer activity in a manner distinct from conventional platinum-based drugs (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 14302-14314). In this study, we report further efforts to explore its aqueous speciation and antitumor activity. The cellular uptake of 1 was measured in A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780CP70 ovarian cancer cells by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, revealing similar uptake efficiency in both cell lines. High accumulation in the mitochondria was observed, contradicting prior fluorescence microscopy studies. The luminescence of 1 is highly dependent on pH and coordination environment, making fluorescence microscopy somewhat unreliable for determining compound localization. The in vivo anticancer activity of 1 was evaluated in mice bearing patient-derived ovarian cancer tumor xenografts. These studies conclusively show that 1 is capable of inhibiting tumor growth, providing further credibility for the use of these compounds as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilaluck C. Konkankit
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - A. Paden King
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin M. Knopf
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Teresa L. Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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10
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Chalana A, Karri R, Das R, Kumar B, Rai RK, Saxena H, Gupta A, Banerjee M, Jha KK, Roy G. Copper-Driven Deselenization: A Strategy for Selective Conversion of Copper Ion to Nanozyme and Its Implication for Copper-Related Disorders. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4766-4776. [PMID: 30644707 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic organic molecules, which can selectively convert excess intracellular copper (Cu) ions to nanozymes with an ability to protect cells from oxidative stress, are highly significant in developing therapeutic agents against Cu-related disorder like Wilson's disease. Here, we report 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1 H-benzoimidazole-2-selenone (1), which shows a remarkable ability to remove Cu ion from glutathione, a major cytosolic Cu-binding ligand, and thereafter converts it into copper selenide (CuSe) nanozyme that exhibits remarkable glutathione peroxidase-like activity, at cellular level of H2O2 concentration, with excellent cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress in hepatocyte. Cu-driven deselenization of 1, under physiologically relevant conditions, occurred in two steps. The activation of C═Se bond by metal ion is the crucial first step, followed by cleavage of the metal-activated C═Se bond, initiated by the OH group of N-(CH2)2OH substituent through neighboring group participation (deselenization step), resulted in the controlled synthesis of various types of Cu2-xSe nanocrystals (NCs) (nanodisks, nanocubes, and nanosheets) and tetragonal Cu3Se2 NCs, depending upon the oxidation state of the Cu ion used to activate the C═Se bond. Deselenization of 1 is highly metal-selective. Except Cu, other essential metal ions, including Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, or Zn2+, failed to produce metal selenide under identical reaction conditions. Moreover, no significant change in the expression level of Cu-metabolism-related genes, including metallothioneines MT1A, is observed in liver cells co-treated with Cu and 1, as opposed to the large increase in the concentrations of these genes observed in cells treated with Cu alone, suggesting the participation of 1 in Cu homeostasis in hepatocyte.
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11
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Klaren WD, Vine D, Vogt S, Robertson LW. Spatial distribution of metals within the liver acinus and their perturbation by PCB126. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16427-16433. [PMID: 28940161 PMCID: PMC5866157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies show that exposure to the environmental pollutant 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) causes alterations in hepatic metals as measured in acid-digested volume-adjusted tissue. These studies lack the detail of the spatial distribution within the liver. Here we use X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) to assess the spatial distribution of trace elements within liver tissue. Liver samples from male Sprague Dawley rats, treated either with vehicle or PCB126, were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Serial sections were prepared for traditional H&E staining or placed on silicon nitride windows for XFM. With XFM, metal gradients between the portal triad and the central vein were seen, especially with copper and iron. These gradients change with exposure to PCB126, even reverse. This is the first report of how micronutrients vary spatially within the liver and how they change in response to toxicant exposure. In addition, high concentrations of zinc clusters were discovered in the extracellular space. PCB126 treatment did not affect their presence, but did alter their elemental makeup suggesting a more general biological function. Further work is needed to properly evaluate the gradients and their alterations as well as classify the zinc clusters to determine their role in liver function and zinc homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Klaren
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, 100 Oakdale Campus #219 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA
| | - David Vine
- Microscopy and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Microscopy and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, 100 Oakdale Campus #219 IREH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-5000, USA.
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12
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Dolgova NV, Nehzati S, Choudhury S, MacDonald TC, Regnier NR, Crawford AM, Ponomarenko O, George GN, Pickering IJ. X-ray spectroscopy and imaging of selenium in living systems. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2383-2392. [PMID: 29729308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium is an essential element with a rich and varied chemistry in living organisms. It plays a variety of important roles ranging from being essential in enzymes that are critical for redox homeostasis to acting as a deterrent for herbivory in hyperaccumulating plants. Despite its importance there are many open questions, especially related to its chemistry in situ within living organisms. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses X-ray spectroscopy and imaging of selenium in biological samples, with an emphasis on the methods, and in particular the techniques of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI). We discuss the experimental methods and capabilities of XAS and XFI, and review their advantages and their limitations. A perspective on future possibilities and next-generation of experiments is also provided. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS XAS and XFI provide powerful probes of selenium chemistry, together with unique in situ capabilities. The opportunities and capabilities of the next generation of advanced X-ray spectroscopy experiments are particularly exciting. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE XAS and XFI provide versatile tools that are generally applicable to any element with a convenient X-ray absorption edge, suitable for investigating complex systems essentially without pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Dolgova
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E2, Canada
| | - Susan Nehzati
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E2, Canada
| | - Sanjukta Choudhury
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E2, Canada
| | - Tracy C MacDonald
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E2, Canada
| | - Nathan R Regnier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N0X2, Canada
| | - Andrew M Crawford
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E2, Canada
| | - Olena Ponomarenko
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E2, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N0X2, Canada.
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N0X2, Canada.
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13
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Wedding JL, Lai B, Vogt S, Harris HH. Investigation into the intracellular fates, speciation and mode of action of selenium-containing neuroprotective agents using XAS and XFM. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2393-2404. [PMID: 29631056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of selenium compounds have been observed to provide protection against oxidative stress, presumably by mimicking the mechanism of action of the glutathione peroxidases. However, the selenium chemistry that underpins the action of these compounds has not been unequivocally established. METHODS The synchrotron based techniques, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy were used to examine the cellular speciation and distribution of selenium in SH-SY5Y cells pretreated with one of two diphenyl diselenides, or ebselen, followed by peroxide insult. RESULTS Bis(2-aminophenyl)diselenide was shown to protect against oxidative stress conditions which mimic ischemic strokes, while its nitro analogue, bis(2-nitrophenyl)diselenide did not. This protective activity was tentatively assigned to the reductive cleavage of bis(2-aminophenyl)diselenide inside human neurocarcinoma cells, SH-SY5Y, while bis(2-nitrophenyl)diselenide remained largely unchanged. The distinct chemistries of the related compounds were traced by the changes in selenium speciation in bulk pellets of treated SH-SY5Y cells detected by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Further, bis(2-aminophenyl)diselenide, like the known stroke mitigation agent ebselen, was observed by X-ray fluorescence imaging to penetrate into the nucleus of SH-SY5Y cells while bis(2-nitrophenyl)diselenide was observed to be excluded from the nuclear region. CONCLUSIONS The differences in activity were thus attributed to the varied speciation and cellular localisation of the compounds, or their metabolites, as detected by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy. SIGNIFICANCE The work is significant as it links, for the first time, the protective action of selenium compounds against redox stress with particular chemical speciation using a direct measurement approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Wedding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced Photon Source, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Advanced Photon Source, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Hugh H Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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14
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Weekley CM, Kenkel I, Lippert R, Wei S, Lieb D, Cranwell T, Wedding JL, Zillmann AS, Rohr R, Filipovic MR, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Harris HH. Cellular Fates of Manganese(II) Pentaazamacrocyclic Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Mimetics: Fluorescently Labeled MnSOD Mimetics, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, and X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy Studies. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6076-6093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Weekley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Isabell Kenkel
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Lippert
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shengwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Lieb
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tiffanny Cranwell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jason L. Wedding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Annika S. Zillmann
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robin Rohr
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milos R. Filipovic
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hugh H. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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15
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Wedding JL, Harris HH, Bader CA, Plush SE, Mak R, Massi M, Brooks DA, Lai B, Vogt S, Werrett MV, Simpson PV, Skelton BW, Stagni S. Intracellular distribution and stability of a luminescent rhenium(i) tricarbonyl tetrazolato complex using epifluorescence microscopy in conjunction with X-ray fluorescence imaging. Metallomics 2017; 9:382-390. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Kong F, Zhao Y, Liang Z, Liu X, Pan X, Luan D, Xu K, Tang B. Highly Selective Fluorescent Probe for Imaging H2Se in Living Cells and in Vivo Based on the Disulfide Bond. Anal Chem 2016; 89:688-693. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanpeng Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Ziye Liang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Dongrui Luan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Kehua Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
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17
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Bao P, Chen SC, Xiao KQ. Dynamic equilibrium of endogenous selenium nanoparticles in selenite-exposed cancer cells: a deep insight into the interaction between endogenous SeNPs and proteins. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:3355-61. [PMID: 26456389 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00555h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elemental selenium (Se) was recently found to exist as endogenous nanoparticles (i.e., SeNPs) in selenite-exposed cancer cells. By sequestrating critical intracellular proteins, SeNPs appear capable of giving rise to multiple cytotoxicity mechanisms including inhibition of glycolysis, glycolysis-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction, microtubule depolymerization and inhibition of autophagy. In this work, we reveal a dynamic equilibrium of endogenous SeNP assembly and disassembly in selenite-exposed H157 cells. Endogenous SeNPs are observed both in the cytoplasm and in organelles. There is an increase in endogenous SeNPs between 24 h and 36 h, and a decrease between 36 h and 72 h according to transmission electron microscopy results and UV-Vis measurements. These observations imply that elemental Se in SeNPs could be oxidized back into selenite by scavenging superoxide radicals and ultimately re-reduced into selenide; then the assembly and disassembly of SeNPs proceed simultaneously with the sequestration and release of SeNP high-affinity proteins. There is also a possibility that the reduction of elemental Se to selenide pathway may lie in selenite-exposed cancer cells, which results in the assembly and disassembly of endogenous SeNPs. Genome-wide expression analysis results show that endogenous SeNPs significantly altered the expression of 504 genes, compared to the control. The endogenous SeNPs induced mitochondrial impairment and decreasing of the annexin A2 level can lead to inhibition of cancer cell invasion and migration. This dynamic flux of endogenous SeNPs amplifies their cytotoxic potential in cancer cells, thus provide a starting point to design more efficient intracellular self-assembling systems for overcoming multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bao
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China. and Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Song-Can Chen
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qing Xiao
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
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18
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James SA, Burke R, Howard DL, Spiers KM, Paterson DJ, Murphy S, Ramm G, Kirkham R, Ryan CG, de Jonge MD. Visualising coordination chemistry: fluorescence X-ray absorption near edge structure tomography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11834-11837. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06747f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Here we develop a measurement scheme to determine the abundance, distribution, and coordination environment of biological copper complexes in situ, without need for complex sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Burke
- School of Biological Sciences
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
| | | | | | | | - S. Murphy
- School of Biological Sciences
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
| | - G. Ramm
- School of Biological Sciences
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
| | - R. Kirkham
- Commonwealth Science Industry Research Organisation
- Clayton 3168
- Australia
| | - C. G. Ryan
- Commonwealth Science Industry Research Organisation
- Clayton 3168
- Australia
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19
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Hachmöller O, Buzanich AG, Aichler M, Radtke M, Dietrich D, Schwamborn K, Lutz L, Werner M, Sperling M, Walch A, Karst U. Elemental bioimaging and speciation analysis for the investigation of Wilson's disease using μXRF and XANES. Metallomics 2016; 8:648-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00001k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Gransbury GK, Kappen P, Glover CJ, Hughes JN, Levina A, Lay PA, Musgrave IF, Harris HH. Comparison of KP1019 and NAMI-A in tumour-mimetic environments. Metallomics 2016; 8:762-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Weekley CM, Aitken JB, Witting PK, Harris HH. XAS studies of Se speciation in selenite-fed rats. Metallomics 2014; 6:2193-203. [PMID: 25363824 PMCID: PMC4244600 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of selenium is dependent on its chemical form. Therefore, knowledge of Se chemistry in vivo is required for efficacious use of selenium compounds in disease prevention and treatment. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Se speciation in the kidney, liver, heart, spleen, testis and red blood cells of rats fed control (∼0.3 ppm Se) or selenite-supplemented (1 ppm or 5 ppm Se) diets for 3 or 6 weeks, was investigated. X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed the presence of Se-Se and Se-C species in the kidney and liver, and Se-S species in the kidney, but not the liver. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra showed that there was variation in speciation in the liver and kidneys, but Se speciation was much more uniform in the remaining organs. Using principal component analysis (PCA) to interpret the Se K-edge X-ray absorption spectra, we were able to directly compare the speciation of Se in two different models of selenite metabolism--human lung cancer cells and rat tissues. The effects of Se dose, tissue type and duration of diet on selenium speciation in rat tissues were investigated, and a relationship between the duration of the diet (3 weeks versus 6 weeks) and selenium speciation was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Weekley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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22
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Pushie MJ, Pickering I, Korbas M, Hackett MJ, George GN. Elemental and chemically specific X-ray fluorescence imaging of biological systems. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8499-541. [PMID: 25102317 PMCID: PMC4160287 DOI: 10.1021/cr4007297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Jake Pushie
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological
Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Ingrid
J. Pickering
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological
Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Malgorzata Korbas
- Canadian
Light Source Inc., 44
Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological
Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Graham N. George
- Molecular
and Environmental Sciences Research Group, Department of Geological
Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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