1
|
Cele N, Awolade P, Seboletswe P, Khubone L, Olofinsan K, Islam MS, Jordaan A, Warner DF, Singh P. Synthesis,Antidiabetic and Antitubercular Evaluation of Quinoline-pyrazolopyrimidine hybrids and Quinoline-4-Arylamines. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202400014. [PMID: 38506589 DOI: 10.1002/open.202400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Two libraries of quinoline-based hybrids 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine and 7-chloro-N-phenylquinolin-4-amine were synthesized and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant properties. Compounds with 4-methylpiperidine and para-trifluoromethoxy groups, respectively, showed the most promising α-glucosidase inhibition activity with IC50 =46.70 and 40.84 μM, compared to the reference inhibitor, acarbose (IC50 =51.73 μM). Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested that the cyclic secondary amine pendants and para-phenyl substituents account for the variable enzyme inhibition. Antioxidant profiling further revealed that compounds with an N-methylpiperazine and N-ethylpiperazine ring, respectively, have good DPPH scavenging abilities with IC50 =0.18, 0.58 and 0.93 mM, as compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.05 mM), while the best DPPH scavenger is NO2 -substituted compound (IC50 =0.08 mM). Also, compound with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine moiety emerged as the best NO radical scavenger with IC50 =0.28 mM. Molecular docking studies showed that the present compounds are orthosteric inhibitors with their quinoline, pyrimidine, and 4-amino units as crucial pharmacophores furnishing α-glucosidase binding at the catalytic site. Taken together, these compounds exhibit dual potentials; i. e., potent α-glucosidase inhibitors and excellent free radical scavengers. Hence, they may serve as structural templates in the search for agents to manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, in preliminary assays investigating the anti-tubercular potential of these compounds, two pyrazolopyrimidine series compounds and a 7-chloro-N-phenylquinolin-4-amine hybrid showed sub-10 μM whole-cell activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nosipho Cele
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul Awolade
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pule Seboletswe
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lungisani Khubone
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kolawole Olofinsan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Audrey Jordaan
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang J, Zhang L, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e353. [PMID: 37674971 PMCID: PMC10477518 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in the 21st century, especially due to drug resistance, coinfection with diseases like immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019, and the lengthy and costly treatment protocols. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of TB infection, therapeutic targets, and corresponding modulators, including first-line medications, current clinical trial drugs and molecules in preclinical assessment. Understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and important biological targets can lead to innovative treatments. While most antitubercular agents target pathogen-related processes, host-directed therapy (HDT) modalities addressing immune defense, survival mechanisms, and immunopathology also hold promise. Mtb's adaptation to the human host involves manipulating host cellular mechanisms, and HDT aims to disrupt this manipulation to enhance treatment effectiveness. Our review provides valuable insights for future anti-TB drug development efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Laiying Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Lung Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Youfu Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kelam LM, Wani MA, Dhaked DK. An update on ATP synthase inhibitors: A unique target for drug development in M. tuberculosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:87-104. [PMID: 37105260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP synthase is a key protein in the oxidative phosphorylation process, as it aids in the effective production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) in all life's of kingdoms. ATP synthases have distinctive properties that contribute to efficient ATP synthesis. The ATP synthase of mycobacterium is of special relevance since it has been identified as a target for potential anti-TB molecules, especially Bedaquiline (BDQ). Better knowledge of how mycobacterial ATP synthase functions and its peculiar characteristics will aid in our understanding of bacterial energy metabolism adaptations. Furthermore, identifying and understanding the important distinctions between human ATP synthase and bacterial ATP synthase may provide insight into the design and development of inhibitors that target specific ATP synthase. In recent years, many potential candidates targeting the ATP synthase of mycobacterium have been developed. In this review, we discuss the druggable targets of the Electron transport chain (ETC) and recently identified potent inhibitors (including clinical molecules) from 2015 to 2022 of diverse classes that target ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mounika Kelam
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Devendra K Dhaked
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar G, Kapoor S. Targeting mycobacterial membranes and membrane proteins: Progress and limitations. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117212. [PMID: 36804747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis continues to hold center stage. Its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possesses robust defense mechanisms against most front-line antibiotic drugs and host responses due to their complex cell membranes with unique lipid molecules. It is now well-established that bacteria change their membrane composition to optimize their environment to survive and elude drug action. Thus targeting membrane or membrane components is a promising avenue for exploiting the chemical space focussed on developing novel membrane-centric anti-bacterial small molecules. These approaches are more effective, non-toxic, and can attenuate resistance phenotype. We present the relevance of targeting the mycobacterial membrane as a practical therapeutic approach. The review highlights the direct and indirect targeting of membrane structure and function. Direct membrane targeting agents cause perturbation in the membrane potential and can cause leakage of the cytoplasmic contents. In contrast, indirect membrane targeting agents disrupt the function of membrane-associated proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis or energy production. We discuss the chronological chemical improvements in various scaffolds targeting specific membrane-associated protein targets, their clinical evaluation, and up-to-date account of their ''mechanisms of action, potency, selectivity'' and limitations. The sources of anti-TB drugs/inhibitors discussed in this work have emerged from target-based identification, cell-based phenotypic screening, drug repurposing, and natural products. We believe this review will inspire the exploration of uncharted chemical space for informing the development of new scaffolds that can inhibit novel mycobacterial membrane targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Departemnt of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dasmahapatra U, Chanda K. Synthetic approaches to potent heterocyclic inhibitors of tuberculosis: A decade review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1021216. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1021216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant global health concern with about 1.5 million deaths annually. Despite efforts to develop more efficient vaccines, reliable diagnostics, and chemotherapeutics, tuberculosis has become a concern to world health due to HIV, the rapid growth of bacteria that are resistant to treatment, and the recently introduced COVID-19 pandemic. As is well known, advances in synthetic organic chemistry have historically enabled the production of important life-saving medications that have had a tremendous impact on patients’ lives and health all over the world. Small-molecule research as a novel chemical entity for a specific disease target offers in-depth knowledge and potential therapeutic targets. In this viewpoint, we concentrated on the synthesis of a number of heterocycles reported in the previous decade and the screening of their inhibitory action against diverse strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These findings offer specific details on the structure-based activity of several heterocyclic scaffolds backed by their in vitro tests as a promising class of antitubercular medicines, which will be further useful to build effective treatments to prevent this terrible illness.
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships for the Anti-Mycobacterial Activity of 3-Phenyl-N-(Pyridin-2-ylmethyl)Pyrazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidin-7-Amines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091125. [PMID: 36145345 PMCID: PMC9506485 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines have been reported as potent inhibitors of mycobacterial ATP synthase for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). In this work, we report the design and synthesis of approximately 70 novel 3,5-diphenyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines and their comprehensive structure–activity relationship studies. The most effective pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine analogues contained a 3-(4-fluoro)phenyl group, together with a variety of 5-alkyl, 5-aryl and 5-heteroaryl substituents. A range of substituted 7-(2-pyridylmethylamine) derivatives were also active. Some of these compounds exhibited potent in vitro M.tb growth inhibition, low hERG liability and good mouse/human liver microsomal stabilities, highlighting their potential as inhibitors of M.tb.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fernandes GFS, Thompson AM, Castagnolo D, Denny WA, Dos Santos JL. Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Challenges and New Horizons. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7489-7531. [PMID: 35612311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 2000 years, tuberculosis (TB) has claimed more lives than any other infectious disease. In 2020 alone, TB was responsible for 1.5 million deaths worldwide, comparable to the 1.8 million deaths caused by COVID-19. The World Health Organization has stated that new TB drugs must be developed to end this pandemic. After decades of neglect in this field, a renaissance era of TB drug discovery has arrived, in which many novel candidates have entered clinical trials. However, while hundreds of molecules are reported annually as promising anti-TB agents, very few successfully progress to clinical development. In this Perspective, we critically review those anti-TB compounds published in the last 6 years that demonstrate good in vivo efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, we highlight the main challenges and strategies for developing new TB drugs and the current global pipeline of drug candidates in clinical studies to foment fresh research perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Recent advancements and developments in search of anti-tuberculosis agents: A quinquennial update and future directions. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
9
|
Synthetic studies towards isomeric pyrazolopyrimidines as potential ATP synthesis inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Structural correction of reported N-(6-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidin-7-amine. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 90:None. [PMID: 35140452 PMCID: PMC8809387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During our studies into preparing analogues of pyrazolopyrimidine as ATP synthesis inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a regiospecific condensation reaction between ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate and 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was observed which was dependent on the specific reaction conditions employed. This work identifies optimized reaction conditions to access either the pyrazolo[3,4-β]pyridine or the pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine scaffold. This has led to the structural confirmation of the previously reported pyrazolopyrimidine 17b which was reported as pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine structure 2 which was corrected to pyrazolo[3,4-β]-pyrimidine 19.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kadura S, King N, Nakhoul M, Zhu H, Theron G, Köser CU, Farhat M. Systematic review of mutations associated with resistance to the new and repurposed Mycobacterium tuberculosis drugs bedaquiline, clofazimine, linezolid, delamanid and pretomanid. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2031-2043. [PMID: 32361756 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved genetic understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) resistance to novel and repurposed anti-tubercular agents can aid the development of rapid molecular diagnostics. METHODS Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, in March 2018, we performed a systematic review of studies implicating mutations in resistance through sequencing and phenotyping before and/or after spontaneous resistance evolution, as well as allelic exchange experiments. We focused on the novel drugs bedaquiline, delamanid, pretomanid and the repurposed drugs clofazimine and linezolid. A database of 1373 diverse control MTB whole genomes, isolated from patients not exposed to these drugs, was used to further assess genotype-phenotype associations. RESULTS Of 2112 papers, 54 met the inclusion criteria. These studies characterized 277 mutations in the genes atpE, mmpR, pepQ, Rv1979c, fgd1, fbiABC and ddn and their association with resistance to one or more of the five drugs. The most frequent mutations for bedaquiline, clofazimine, linezolid, delamanid and pretomanid resistance were atpE A63P, mmpR frameshifts at nucleotides 192-198, rplC C154R, ddn W88* and ddn S11*, respectively. Frameshifts in the mmpR homopolymer region nucleotides 192-198 were identified in 52/1373 (4%) of the control isolates without prior exposure to bedaquiline or clofazimine. Of isolates resistant to one or more of the five drugs, 59/519 (11%) lacked a mutation explaining phenotypic resistance. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review supports the use of molecular methods for linezolid resistance detection. Resistance mechanisms involving non-essential genes show a diversity of mutations that will challenge molecular diagnosis of bedaquiline and nitroimidazole resistance. Combined phenotypic and genotypic surveillance is needed for these drugs in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suha Kadura
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, 736 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Nicholas King
- Yale University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 260 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Boston Healthcare for the Homeless Program, 780 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maria Nakhoul
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongya Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Grant Theron
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claudio U Köser
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maha Farhat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Inhibitors of F 1F 0-ATP synthase enzymes for the treatment of tuberculosis and cancer. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:911-926. [PMID: 33845594 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectacular success of the mycobacterial F1F0-ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis has generated wide interest in the development of other inhibitors of this enzyme. Work in this realm has included close analogues of bedaquiline with better safety profiles and 'bedaquiline-like' compounds, some of which show potent antibacterial activity in vitro although none have yet progressed to clinical trials. The search has lately extended to a range of new scaffolds as potential inhibitors, including squaramides, diaminoquinazolines, chloroquinolines, dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4-ones, thiazolidinediones, diaminopyrimidines and tetrahydroquinolines. Because of the ubiquitous expression of ATP synthase enzymes, there has also been interest in inhibitors of other bacterial ATP synthases, as well as inhibitors of human mitochondrial ATP synthase for cancer therapy. The latter encompass both complex natural products and simpler small molecules. The review seeks to demonstrate the breadth of the structural types of molecules able to effectively inhibit the function of variants of this intriguing enzyme.
Collapse
|
12
|
Small organic molecules targeting the energy metabolism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113139. [PMID: 33422979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Causing approximately 10 million incident cases and 1.3-1.5 million deaths every year, Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global health problem. The risk is further exacerbated with latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, the HIV pandemic, and increasing anti-TB drug resistance. Therefore, unexplored chemical scaffolds directed towards new molecular targets are increasingly desired. In this context, mycobacterial energy metabolism, particularly the oxidative phosphorylation (OP) pathway, is gaining importance. Mycobacteria possess primary dehydrogenases to fuel electron transport; aa3-type cytochrome c oxidase and bd-type menaquinol oxidase to generate a protonmotive force; and ATP synthase, which is essential for both growing mycobacteria as well as dormant mycobacteria because ATP is produced under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions. Small organic molecules targeting OP are active against latent TB as well as resistant TB strains. FDA approval of the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline and the discovery of clinical candidate Q203, which both interfere with the cytochrome bc1 complex, have already confirmed mycobacterial energy metabolism to be a valuable anti-TB drug target. This review highlights both preferable molecular targets within mycobacterial OP and promising small organic molecules targeting OP. Progressive research in the area of mycobacterial OP revealed several highly potent anti-TB compounds with nanomolar-range MICs as low as 0.004 μM against Mtb H37Rv. Therefore, we are convinced that targeting the OP pathway can combat resistant TB and latent TB, leading to more efficient anti-TB chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li P, Wang B, Li G, Fu L, Zhang D, Lin Z, Huang H, Lu Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of diamino substituted cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione derivatives for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Appetecchia F, Consalvi S, Scarpecci C, Biava M, Poce G. SAR Analysis of Small Molecules Interfering with Energy-Metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E227. [PMID: 32878317 PMCID: PMC7557483 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the world's top infectious killer: it caused a total of 1.5 million deaths and 10 million people fell ill with TB in 2018. Thanks to TB diagnosis and treatment, mortality has been falling in recent years, with an estimated 58 million saved lives between 2000 and 2018. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb strains is a major concern that might reverse this progress. Therefore, the development of new drugs acting upon novel mechanisms of action is a high priority in the global health agenda. With the approval of bedaquiline, which targets mycobacterial energy production, and delamanid, which targets cell wall synthesis and energy production, the energy-metabolism in Mtb has received much attention in the last decade as a potential target to investigate and develop new antimycobacterial drugs. In this review, we describe potent anti-mycobacterial agents targeting the energy-metabolism at different steps with a special focus on structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of the most advanced compound classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giovanna Poce
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (S.C.); (C.S.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
After several years of limited success, an effective regimen for the treatment of both drug-sensitive and multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis is in place. However, this success is still incomplete, as we need several more novel combinations to treat extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, as well newer emerging resistance. Additionally, the goal of a shortened therapy continues to evade us. A systematic analysis of the tuberculosis drug discovery approaches employed over the last two decades shows that the lead identification path has been largely influenced by the improved understanding of the biology of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Interestingly, the drug discovery efforts can be grouped into a few defined approaches that predominated over a period of time. This review delineates the key drivers during each of these periods. While doing so, the author’s experiences at AstraZeneca R&D, Bangalore, India, on the discovery of new antimycobacterial candidate drugs are used to exemplify the concept. Finally, the review also discusses the value of validated targets, promiscuous targets, the current anti-TB pipeline, the gaps in it, and the possible way forward.
Collapse
|
16
|
Villamizar-Mogotocoro AF, Vargas-Méndez LY, Kouznetsov VV. Pyridine and quinoline molecules as crucial protagonists in the never-stopping discovery of new agents against tuberculosis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Melander RJ, Zurawski DV, Melander C. Narrow-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 9:12-21. [PMID: 29527285 PMCID: PMC5839511 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00528h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While broad spectrum antibiotics play an invaluable role in the treatment of bacterial infections, there are some drawbacks to their use, namely selection for and spread of resistance across multiple bacterial species, and the detrimental effect they can have upon the host microbiome. If the causitive agent of the infection is known, the use of narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents has the potential to mitigate some of these issues. This review outlines the advantages and challenges of narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents, discusses the progress that has been made toward developing diagnostics to enable their use, and describes some of the narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents currently being investigated against some of the most clinically important bacteria including Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and several ESKAPE pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J. Melander
- Department of Chemistry
, North Carolina State University
,
Raleigh
, NC
, USA
.
| | - Daniel V. Zurawski
- Wound Infections Department
, Bacterial Diseases Branch
, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
,
Silver Spring
, MD
, USA
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry
, North Carolina State University
,
Raleigh
, NC
, USA
.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Anti-tubercular drug discovery: in silico implications and challenges. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:1-15. [PMID: 28341614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been reported as a major public health concern, especially in the developing countries. WHO report on tuberculosis 2016 shows a high mortality rate caused by TB leading to 1.8 million deaths worldwide (including deaths due to TB in HIV positive individuals), which is one of the top 10 causes of mortality in 2015. However, the main therapy used for the treatment of TB is still the Direct Observed Therapy Short-course (DOTS) that consists of four main first-line drugs. Due to the prolonged and unorganized use of these drugs, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has developed drug-resistance against them. To overcome this drug-resistance, efforts are continuously being made to develop new therapeutics. New drug-targets of Mtb are pursued by the researchers to develop their inhibitors. For this, new methodologies that comprise of the computational drug designing techniques are vigorously applied. A major limitation that is found with these techniques is the inability of the newly identified target-based inhibitors to inhibit the whole cell bacteria. A foremost factor for this limitation is the inability of these inhibitors to penetrate the bacterial cell wall. In this regard, various strategies to overcome this limitation have been discussed in detail in this review, along with new targets and new methodologies. A bunch of in silico tools available for the prediction of physicochemical properties that need to be explored to deal with the permeability issue of the Mtb inhibitors has also been discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Borsari C, Ferrari S, Venturelli A, Costi MP. Target-based approaches for the discovery of new antimycobacterial drugs. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:576-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
20
|
Tantry SJ, Markad SD, Shinde V, Bhat J, Balakrishnan G, Gupta AK, Ambady A, Raichurkar A, Kedari C, Sharma S, Mudugal NV, Narayan A, Naveen Kumar CN, Nanduri R, Bharath S, Reddy J, Panduga V, Prabhakar KR, Kandaswamy K, Saralaya R, Kaur P, Dinesh N, Guptha S, Rich K, Murray D, Plant H, Preston M, Ashton H, Plant D, Walsh J, Alcock P, Naylor K, Collier M, Whiteaker J, McLaughlin RE, Mallya M, Panda M, Rudrapatna S, Ramachandran V, Shandil R, Sambandamurthy VK, Mdluli K, Cooper CB, Rubin H, Yano T, Iyer P, Narayanan S, Kavanagh S, Mukherjee K, Balasubramanian V, Hosagrahara VP, Solapure S, Ravishankar S, Hameed P S. Discovery of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Ethers and Squaramides as Selective and Potent Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Synthesis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1379-1399. [PMID: 28075132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The approval of bedaquiline to treat tuberculosis has validated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase as an attractive target to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Herein, we report the discovery of two diverse lead series imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ethers (IPE) and squaramides (SQA) as inhibitors of mycobacterial ATP synthesis. Through medicinal chemistry exploration, we established a robust structure-activity relationship of these two scaffolds, resulting in nanomolar potencies in an ATP synthesis inhibition assay. A biochemical deconvolution cascade suggested cytochrome c oxidase as the potential target of IPE class of molecules, whereas characterization of spontaneous resistant mutants of SQAs unambiguously identified ATP synthase as its molecular target. Absence of cross resistance against bedaquiline resistant mutants suggested a different binding site for SQAs on ATP synthase. Furthermore, SQAs were found to be noncytotoxic and demonstrated efficacy in a mouse model of tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam J Tantry
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Shankar D Markad
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Vikas Shinde
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Jyothi Bhat
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Gayathri Balakrishnan
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Amit K Gupta
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Anisha Ambady
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Anandkumar Raichurkar
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Chaitanyakumar Kedari
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Sreevalli Sharma
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Naina V Mudugal
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Ashwini Narayan
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - C N Naveen Kumar
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Robert Nanduri
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Sowmya Bharath
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Jitendar Reddy
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Vijender Panduga
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - K R Prabhakar
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Karthikeyan Kandaswamy
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Ramanatha Saralaya
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Parvinder Kaur
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Neela Dinesh
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Supreeth Guptha
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Kirsty Rich
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - David Murray
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Helen Plant
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Marian Preston
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Helen Ashton
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Darren Plant
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Jarrod Walsh
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Peter Alcock
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Kathryn Naylor
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Matthew Collier
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - James Whiteaker
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Robert E McLaughlin
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Meenakshi Mallya
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Manoranjan Panda
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Suresh Rudrapatna
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Vasanthi Ramachandran
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Radha Shandil
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Vasan K Sambandamurthy
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Khisi Mdluli
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development , 40 Wall Street, 24th Floor, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - Christopher B Cooper
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development , 40 Wall Street, 24th Floor, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - Harvey Rubin
- University of Pennsylvania , 111 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Takahiro Yano
- University of Pennsylvania , 111 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Pravin Iyer
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Shridhar Narayanan
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Stefan Kavanagh
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire U.K. SK10 4TG
| | - Kakoli Mukherjee
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - V Balasubramanian
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Vinayak P Hosagrahara
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Suresh Solapure
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Sudha Ravishankar
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Shahul Hameed P
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd. , Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Geng Y, Li L, Wu C, Chi Y, Li Z, Xu W, Sun T. Design and Stereochemical Research (DFT, ECD and Crystal Structure) of Novel Bedaquiline Analogs as Potent Antituberculosis Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070875. [PMID: 27384553 PMCID: PMC6274456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bedaquiline analogs containing H-bond donors were designed as anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis drugs. A pair of diastereoisomers (R/S- and S/S-isomers) was selected from these designed compounds for synthetic and stereochemical research. The title compounds were synthesized from chiral precursors for the first time and the absolute configurations (ACs) were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) with quantum chemical calculations. Moreover, a single crystal of the S/S compound was obtained for X-ray diffraction analysis, and the crystal structure showed high consistency with the geometry, confirming the reliability of ACs obtained by ECD analyses and theoretical simulation. Furthermore, the effect of stereochemistry on the anti-tuberculosis activity was investigated. The MICs of the R/S- and S/S-isomers against Mycobacterium phlei 1180 are 9.6 and 32.1 μg·mL−1, respectively. Finally, molecular docking was carried out to evaluate the inhibitory nature and binding mode differences between diastereoisomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Geng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Linwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Chengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yumeng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Tiemin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|