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Wu J, Yun Z, Song W, Yu T, Xue W, Liu Q, Sun X. Highly oriented hydrogels for tissue regeneration: design strategies, cellular mechanisms, and biomedical applications. Theranostics 2024; 14:1982-2035. [PMID: 38505623 PMCID: PMC10945336 DOI: 10.7150/thno.89493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many human tissues exhibit a highly oriented architecture that confers them with distinct mechanical properties, enabling adaptation to diverse and challenging environments. Hydrogels, with their water-rich "soft and wet" structure, have emerged as promising biomimetic materials in tissue engineering for repairing and replacing damaged tissues and organs. Highly oriented hydrogels can especially emulate the structural orientation found in human tissue, exhibiting unique physiological functions and properties absent in traditional homogeneous isotropic hydrogels. The design and preparation of highly oriented hydrogels involve strategies like including hydrogels with highly oriented nanofillers, polymer-chain networks, void channels, and microfabricated structures. Understanding the specific mechanism of action of how these highly oriented hydrogels affect cell behavior and their biological applications for repairing highly oriented tissues such as the cornea, skin, skeletal muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, heart, etc., requires further exploration and generalization. Therefore, this review aims to fill that gap by focusing on the design strategy of highly oriented hydrogels and their application in the field of tissue engineering. Furthermore, we provide a detailed discussion on the application of highly oriented hydrogels in various tissues and organs and the mechanisms through which highly oriented structures influence cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuping Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhihe Yun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Wenlong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Wu Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qinyi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xinzhi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Garima, Sharma D, Kumar A, Mostafavi E. Extracellular vesicle-based biovectors in chronic wound healing: Biogenesis and delivery approaches. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:822-840. [PMID: 37273778 PMCID: PMC10238601 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds remain an unresolved medical issue because of major social and therapeutic repercussions that require extensive focus. Recent related theragnostic focuses only on wound management and is not effectively promoting chronic wound healing. The rising number of patients with either under-healing or over-healing wounds highlights the ineffectiveness of current wound-healing treatments, and thus, there is an unmet need to focus on alternative treatments. To cover this gap, extracellular vesicles (EVs), for targeted delivery of therapeutics, are emerging as a potential therapy to treat both acute and persistent wounds. To address these issues, we explore the core biology of EVs, associated pharmacology, comprehension of immunogenic outcomes, and potential for long-term wound treatment with improved effectiveness and their nonacceptable side effects. Additionally, the therapeutic role of EVs in severe wound infections through biogenetic moderation, in combination with biomaterials (functional in nature), as well as drug carriers that can offer opportunities for the development of new treatments for this long-term condition, are also carefully elaborated, with an emphasis on biomaterial-based drug delivery systems. It is observed that exploring difficulties and potential outcomes of clinical translation of EV-based therapeutics for wound management has the potential to be adopted as a future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824209, India
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Gonçalves AI, Gomes ME. Outlook in Tissue Engineered Magnetic Systems and Biomagnetic Control. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Del Bianco L, Spizzo F, Yang Y, Greco G, Gatto ML, Barucca G, Pugno NM, Motta A. Silk fibroin films with embedded magnetic nanoparticles: evaluation of the magneto-mechanical stimulation effect on osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14558-14574. [PMID: 36149382 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report about a biomaterial in the form of film ∼10 μm thick, consisting of a silk fibroin matrix with embedded iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles, for prospective applications as bioactive coating in regenerative medicine. Films with different load of magnetic nanoparticles are produced (nanoparticles/silk fibroin nominal ratio = 5, 0.5 and 0 wt%) and the structural, mechanical and magnetic properties are studied. The nanoparticles form aggregates in the silk fibroin matrix and the film stiffness, as tested by nanoindentation, is spatially inhomogeneous, but the protein structure is not altered. In vitro biological tests are carried out on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the films up to 21 days, with and without an applied static uniform magnetic field. The sample with the highest nanoparticles/silk fibroin ratio shows the best performance in terms of cell proliferation and adhesion. Moreover, it promotes a faster and better osteogenic differentiation, particularly under magnetic field, as indicated by the gene expression level of typical osteogenic markers. These findings are explained in light of the results of the physical characterization, combined with numerical calculations. It is established that the applied magnetic field triggers a virtuous magneto-mechanical mechanism in which dipolar magnetic forces between the nanoparticle aggregates give rise to a spatial distribution of mechanical stresses in the silk fibroin matrix. The film with the largest nanoparticle load, under cell culture conditions (i.e. in aqueous environment), undergoes matrix deformations large enough to be sensed by the seeded cells as mechanical stimuli favoring the osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Del Bianco
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Federico Spizzo
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Yuejiao Yang
- BIOtech Research Center, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, I-38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Greco
- Laboratory for Bioinspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta, Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Gatto
- Department SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianni Barucca
- Department SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory for Bioinspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta, Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Antonella Motta
- BIOtech Research Center, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, I-38123 Trento, Italy.
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Ponomareva S, Joisten H, François T, Naud C, Morel R, Hou Y, Myers T, Joumard I, Dieny B, Carriere M. Magnetic particles for triggering insulin release in INS-1E cells subjected to a rotating magnetic field. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13274-13283. [PMID: 36056640 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02009b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major global health threat. Both academics and industry are striving to develop effective treatments for this disease. In this work, we present a new approach to induce insulin release from β-islet pancreatic cells (INS-1E) by mechanical stimulation. Two types of experiments were carried out. First, a local stimulation was performed by dispersing anisotropic magnetic particles within the cell medium, which settled down almost immediately on cell plasma membranes. Application of a low frequency magnetic field (up to 40 Hz) generated by a custom-made magnetic device resulted in oscillations of these particles, which then exerted a mechanical constraint on the cell plasma membranes. The second type of experiment consisted of a global stimulation, where cells were grown on magneto-elastic membranes composed of a biocompatible polymer with embedded magnetic particles. Upon application of a rotating magnetic field, magnetic particles within the membrane were attracted towards the field source, resulting in the membrane's vibrations being transmitted to the cells grown on it. In both experiments, the cell response to these mechanical stimulations caused by application of the variable magnetic field was quantified via the measurement of insulin release in the growth medium. We demonstrated that the mechanical action induced by the motion of magnetic particles or by membrane vibrations was an efficient stimulus for insulin granule secretion from β-cells. This opens a wide range of possible applications including the design of a system which triggers insulin secretion by β-islet pancreatic cells on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ponomareva
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Helene Joisten
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Taina François
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SYMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Cecile Naud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Robert Morel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Yanxia Hou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SYMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Thomas Myers
- Platform Kinetics, Pegholme, Wharfebank Mills, Otley, LS21 3JP, UK
| | - Isabelle Joumard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Bernard Dieny
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SPINTEC, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SYMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Chen H, Li X, Li D. Superhydrophilic–superhydrophobic patterned surfaces: From simplified fabrication to emerging applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0013222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophilic–superhydrophobic patterned surfaces constitute a branch of surface chemistry involving the two extreme states of superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity combined on the same surface in precise patterns. Such surfaces have many advantages, including controllable wettability, enrichment ability, accessibility, and the ability to manipulate and pattern water droplets, and they offer new functionalities and possibilities for a wide variety of emerging applications, such as microarrays, biomedical assays, microfluidics, and environmental protection. This review presents the basic theory, simplified fabrication, and emerging applications of superhydrophilic–superhydrophobic patterned surfaces. First, the fundamental theories of wettability that explain the spreading of a droplet on a solid surface are described. Then, the fabrication methods for preparing superhydrophilic–superhydrophobic patterned surfaces are introduced, and the emerging applications of such surfaces that are currently being explored are highlighted. Finally, the remaining challenges of constructing such surfaces and future applications that would benefit from their use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dachao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Steele LA, Spiller KL, Cohen S, Rom S, Polyak B. Temporal Control over Macrophage Phenotype and the Host Response via Magnetically Actuated Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3526-3541. [PMID: 35838679 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic strain generated at the cell-material interface is critical for the engraftment of biomaterials. Mechanosensitive immune cells, macrophages regulate the host-material interaction immediately after implantation by priming the environment and remodeling ongoing regenerative processes. This study investigated the ability of mechanically active scaffolds to modulate macrophage function in vitro and in vivo. Remotely actuated magnetic scaffolds enhance the phenotype of murine classically activated (M1) macrophages, as shown by the increased expression of the M1 cell-surface marker CD86 and increased secretion of multiple M1 cytokines. When scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously into mice and treated with magnetic stimulation for 3 days beginning at either day 0 or day 5 post-implantation, the cellular infiltrate was enriched for host macrophages. Macrophage expression of the M1 marker CD86 was increased, with downstream effects on vascularization and the foreign body response. Such effects were not observed when the magnetic treatment was applied at later time points after implantation (days 12-15). These results advance our understanding of how remotely controlled mechanical cues, namely, cyclic strain, impact macrophage function and demonstrate the feasibility of using mechanically active nanomaterials to modulate the host response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Steele
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia 19102, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 712, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Smadar Cohen
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva Blvd. 1, Bldg. 42, Room 328, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia 19140, Pennsylvania, United States.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 842, Philadelphia 19140, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Boris Polyak
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia 19102, Pennsylvania, United States
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Garello F, Svenskaya Y, Parakhonskiy B, Filippi M. Micro/Nanosystems for Magnetic Targeted Delivery of Bioagents. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061132. [PMID: 35745705 PMCID: PMC9230665 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of pharmaceuticals is promising for efficient disease treatment and reduction in adverse effects. Nano or microstructured magnetic materials with strong magnetic momentum can be noninvasively controlled via magnetic forces within living beings. These magnetic carriers open perspectives in controlling the delivery of different types of bioagents in humans, including small molecules, nucleic acids, and cells. In the present review, we describe different types of magnetic carriers that can serve as drug delivery platforms, and we show different ways to apply them to magnetic targeted delivery of bioagents. We discuss the magnetic guidance of nano/microsystems or labeled cells upon injection into the systemic circulation or in the tissue; we then highlight emergent applications in tissue engineering, and finally, we show how magnetic targeting can integrate with imaging technologies that serve to assist drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garello
- Molecular and Preclinical Imaging Centers, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Yulia Svenskaya
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia;
| | - Bogdan Parakhonskiy
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Miriam Filippi
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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9
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Hu X, Liu W, Sun L, Xu S, Wang T, Meng J, Wen T, Liu Q, Liu J, Xu H. Magnetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds Accelerate the Regeneration of Muscle Tissue in Combination with Extra Magnetic Fields. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084440. [PMID: 35457258 PMCID: PMC9025939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversal of loss of the critical size of skeletal muscle is urgently required using biomaterial scaffolds to guide tissue regeneration. In this work, coaxial electrospun magnetic nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated, with gelatin (Gel) as the shell of the fiber and polyurethane (PU) as the core. Iron oxide nanoparticles (Mag) of 10 nm diameter were added to the shell and core layer. Myoblast cells (C2C12) were cultured on the magnetic scaffolds and exposed to the applied magnetic fields. A mouse model of skeletal muscle injury was used to evaluate the repair guided by the scaffolds under the magnetic fields. It was shown that VEGF secretion and MyoG expression for the myoblast cells grown on the magnetic scaffolds under the magnetic fields were significantly increased, while, the gene expression of Myh4 was up-regulated. Results from an in vivo study indicated that the process of skeletal muscle regeneration in the mouse muscle injury model was accelerated by using the magnetic actuated strategy, which was verified by histochemical analysis, immunofluorescence staining of CD31, electrophysiological measurement and ultrasound imaging. In conclusion, the integration of a magnetic scaffold combined with the extra magnetic fields enhanced myoblast differentiation and VEGF secretion and accelerated the defect repair of skeletal muscle in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Hu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100073, China;
| | - Lihong Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Shilin Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Tao Wen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qingqiao Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-10-6915-6437 (H.X.)
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; (X.H.); (L.S.); (S.X.); (T.W.); (J.M.); (T.W.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-10-6915-6437 (H.X.)
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Filippi M, Garello F, Yasa O, Kasamkattil J, Scherberich A, Katzschmann RK. Engineered Magnetic Nanocomposites to Modulate Cellular Function. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104079. [PMID: 34741417 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have various applications in biomedicine, including imaging, drug delivery and release, genetic modification, cell guidance, and patterning. By combining MNPs with polymers, magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) with diverse morphologies (core-shell particles, matrix-dispersed particles, microspheres, etc.) can be generated. These MNCs retain the ability of MNPs to be controlled remotely using external magnetic fields. While the effects of these biomaterials on the cell biology are still poorly understood, such information can help the biophysical modulation of various cellular functions, including proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. After recalling the basic properties of MNPs and polymers, and describing their coassembly into nanocomposites, this review focuses on how polymeric MNCs can be used in several ways to affect cell behavior. A special emphasis is given to 3D cell culture models and transplantable grafts, which are used for regenerative medicine, underlining the impact of MNCs in regulating stem cell differentiation and engineering living tissues. Recent advances in the use of MNCs for tissue regeneration are critically discussed, particularly with regard to their prospective involvement in human therapy and in the construction of advanced functional materials such as magnetically operated biomedical robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Filippi
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Garello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Oncay Yasa
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jesil Kasamkattil
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | - Robert K Katzschmann
- Soft Robotics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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Pryadko AS, Botvin VV, Mukhortova YR, Pariy I, Wagner DV, Laktionov PP, Chernonosova VS, Chelobanov BP, Chernozem RV, Surmeneva MA, Kholkin AL, Surmenev RA. Core-Shell Magnetoactive PHB/Gelatin/Magnetite Composite Electrospun Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030529. [PMID: 35160518 PMCID: PMC8839593 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel hybrid magnetoactive composite scaffolds based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), gelatin, and magnetite (Fe3O4) were fabricated by electrospinning. The morphology, structure, phase composition, and magnetic properties of composite scaffolds were studied. Fabrication procedures of PHB/gelatin and PHB/gelatin/Fe3O4 scaffolds resulted in the formation of both core-shell and ribbon-shaped structure of the fibers. In case of hybrid PHB/gelatin/Fe3O4 scaffolds submicron-sized Fe3O4 particles were observed in the surface layers of the fibers. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results allowed the presence of gelatin on the fiber surface (N/C ratio–0.11) to be revealed. Incubation of the composite scaffolds in saline for 3 h decreased the amount of gelatin on the surface by more than ~75%. The differential scanning calorimetry results obtained for pure PHB scaffolds revealed a characteristic melting peak at 177.5 °C. The presence of gelatin in PHB/gelatin and PHB/gelatin/Fe3O4 scaffolds resulted in the decrease in melting temperature to 168–169 °C in comparison with pure PHB scaffolds due to the core-shell structure of the fibers. Hybrid scaffolds also demonstrated a decrease in crystallinity from 52.3% (PHB) to 16.9% (PHB/gelatin) and 9.2% (PHB/gelatin/Fe3O4). All the prepared scaffolds were non-toxic and saturation magnetization of the composite scaffolds with magnetite was 3.27 ± 0.22 emu/g, which makes them prospective candidates for usage in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom S. Pryadko
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Center, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.P.); (Y.R.M.); (I.P.); (R.V.C.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Vladimir V. Botvin
- International Research and Development Center “Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials”, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Yulia R. Mukhortova
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Center, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.P.); (Y.R.M.); (I.P.); (R.V.C.); (M.A.S.)
- International Research and Development Center “Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials”, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Igor Pariy
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Center, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.P.); (Y.R.M.); (I.P.); (R.V.C.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Dmitriy V. Wagner
- Faculty of Radiophysics, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Pavel P. Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.L.); (V.S.C.); (B.P.C.)
| | - Vera S. Chernonosova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.L.); (V.S.C.); (B.P.C.)
| | - Boris P. Chelobanov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.P.L.); (V.S.C.); (B.P.C.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman V. Chernozem
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Center, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.P.); (Y.R.M.); (I.P.); (R.V.C.); (M.A.S.)
- International Research and Development Center “Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials”, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Maria A. Surmeneva
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Center, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.P.); (Y.R.M.); (I.P.); (R.V.C.); (M.A.S.)
- International Research and Development Center “Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials”, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Andrei L. Kholkin
- International Research and Development Center “Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials”, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Department of Physics and CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.L.K.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Roman A. Surmenev
- Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Center, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.P.); (Y.R.M.); (I.P.); (R.V.C.); (M.A.S.)
- International Research and Development Center “Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Materials”, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: (A.L.K.); (R.A.S.)
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12
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Lodi MB, Curreli N, Zappia S, Pilia L, Casula MF, Fiorito S, Catapano I, Desogus F, Pellegrino T, Kriegel I, Crocco L, Mazzarella G, Fanti A. Influence of Magnetic Scaffold Loading Patterns on their Hyperthermic Potential against Bone Tumors. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:2029-2040. [PMID: 34882544 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3134208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic scaffolds have been investigated as promising tools for the interstitial hyperthermia treatment of bone cancers, to control local recurrence by enhancing radio- and chemotherapy effectiveness. The potential of magnetic scaffolds motivates the development of production strategies enabling tunability of the resulting magnetic properties. Within this framework, deposition and drop-casting of magnetic nanoparticles on suitable scaffolds offer advantages such as ease of production and high loading, although these approaches are often associated with a non-uniform final spatial distribution of nanoparticles in the biomaterial. The implications and the influences of nanoparticle distribution on the final therapeutic application have not yet been investigated thoroughly. In this work, poly-caprolactone scaffolds are magnetized by loading them with synthetic magnetic nanoparticles through a drop-casting deposition and tuned to obtain different distributions of magnetic nanoparticles in the biomaterial. The physicochemical properties of the magnetic scaffolds are analyzed. The microstructure and the morphological alterations due to the reworked drop-casting process are evaluated and correlated to static magnetic measurements. THz tomography is used as an innovative investigation technique to derive the spatial distribution of nanoparticles. Finally, multiphysics simulations are used to investigate the influence on the loading patterns on the interstitial bone tumor hyperthermia treatment.
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13
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Tai Y, Banerjee A, Goodrich R, Jin L, Nam J. Development and Utilization of Multifunctional Polymeric Scaffolds for the Regulation of Physical Cellular Microenvironments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3880. [PMID: 34833179 PMCID: PMC8624881 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric biomaterials exhibit excellent physicochemical characteristics as a scaffold for cell and tissue engineering applications. Chemical modification of the polymers has been the primary mode of functionalization to enhance biocompatibility and regulate cellular behaviors such as cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. Due to the complexity of the in vivo cellular microenvironments, however, chemical functionalization alone is usually insufficient to develop functionally mature cells/tissues. Therefore, the multifunctional polymeric scaffolds that enable electrical, mechanical, and/or magnetic stimulation to the cells, have gained research interest in the past decade. Such multifunctional scaffolds are often combined with exogenous stimuli to further enhance the tissue and cell behaviors by dynamically controlling the microenvironments of the cells. Significantly improved cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as tissue functionalities, are frequently observed by applying extrinsic physical stimuli on functional polymeric scaffold systems. In this regard, the present paper discusses the current state-of-the-art functionalized polymeric scaffolds, with an emphasis on electrospun fibers, that modulate the physical cell niche to direct cellular behaviors and subsequent functional tissue development. We will also highlight the incorporation of the extrinsic stimuli to augment or activate the functionalized polymeric scaffold system to dynamically stimulate the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jin Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (Y.T.); (A.B.); (R.G.); (L.J.)
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14
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Jiang S, Wang M, He J. A review of biomimetic scaffolds for bone regeneration: Toward a cell-free strategy. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10206. [PMID: 34027093 PMCID: PMC8126827 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical terms, bone grafting currently involves the application of autogenous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic bone grafts, as well as natural or artificially synthesized materials, such as polymers, bioceramics, and other composites. Many of these are associated with limitations. The ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering should provide mechanical support while promoting osteogenesis, osteoconduction, and even osteoinduction. There are various structural complications and engineering difficulties to be considered. Here, we describe the biomimetic possibilities of the modification of natural or synthetic materials through physical and chemical design to facilitate bone tissue repair. This review summarizes recent progresses in the strategies for constructing biomimetic scaffolds, including ion-functionalized scaffolds, decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds, and micro- and nano-scale biomimetic scaffold structures, as well as reactive scaffolds induced by physical factors, and other acellular scaffolds. The fabrication techniques for these scaffolds, along with current strategies in clinical bone repair, are described. The developments in each category are discussed in terms of the connection between the scaffold materials and tissue repair, as well as the interactions with endogenous cells. As the advances in bone tissue engineering move toward application in the clinical setting, the demonstration of the therapeutic efficacy of these novel scaffold designs is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Jiang
- Department of Plastic SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Mohan Wang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui ProvinceHefeiChina
| | - Jiacai He
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui ProvinceHefeiChina
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15
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Saska S, Pilatti L, Blay A, Shibli JA. Bioresorbable Polymers: Advanced Materials and 4D Printing for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:563. [PMID: 33668617 PMCID: PMC7918883 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a valuable tool in the production of complexes structures with specific shapes for tissue engineering. Differently from native tissues, the printed structures are static and do not transform their shape in response to different environment changes. Stimuli-responsive biocompatible materials have emerged in the biomedical field due to the ability of responding to other stimuli (physical, chemical, and/or biological), resulting in microstructures modifications. Four-dimensional (4D) printing arises as a new technology that implements dynamic improvements in printed structures using smart materials (stimuli-responsive materials) and/or cells. These dynamic scaffolds enable engineered tissues to undergo morphological changes in a pre-planned way. Stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels are the most promising material for 4D bio-fabrication because they produce a biocompatible and bioresorbable 3D shape environment similar to the extracellular matrix and allow deposition of cells on the scaffold surface as well as in the inside. Subsequently, this review presents different bioresorbable advanced polymers and discusses its use in 4D printing for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybele Saska
- M3 Health Industria e Comercio de Produtos Medicos, Odontologicos e Correlatos S.A., Jundiaí, Sao Paulo 13212-213, Brazil; (S.S.); (L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Livia Pilatti
- M3 Health Industria e Comercio de Produtos Medicos, Odontologicos e Correlatos S.A., Jundiaí, Sao Paulo 13212-213, Brazil; (S.S.); (L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Blay
- M3 Health Industria e Comercio de Produtos Medicos, Odontologicos e Correlatos S.A., Jundiaí, Sao Paulo 13212-213, Brazil; (S.S.); (L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Jamil Awad Shibli
- M3 Health Industria e Comercio de Produtos Medicos, Odontologicos e Correlatos S.A., Jundiaí, Sao Paulo 13212-213, Brazil; (S.S.); (L.P.); (A.B.)
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos, Sao Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
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16
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Özkale B, Sakar MS, Mooney DJ. Active biomaterials for mechanobiology. Biomaterials 2021; 267:120497. [PMID: 33129187 PMCID: PMC7719094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active biomaterials offer novel approaches to study mechanotransduction in mammalian cells. These material systems probe cellular responses by dynamically modulating their resistance to endogenous forces or applying exogenous forces on cells in a temporally controlled manner. Stimuli-responsive molecules, polymers, and nanoparticles embedded inside cytocompatible biopolymer networks transduce external signals such as light, heat, chemicals, and magnetic fields into changes in matrix elasticity (few kPa to tens of kPa) or forces (few pN to several μN) at the cell-material interface. The implementation of active biomaterials in mechanobiology has generated scientific knowledge and therapeutic potential relevant to a variety of conditions including but not limited to cancer metastasis, fibrosis, and tissue regeneration. We discuss the repertoire of cellular responses that can be studied using these platforms including receptor signaling as well as downstream events namely, cytoskeletal organization, nuclear shuttling of mechanosensitive transcriptional regulators, cell migration, and differentiation. We highlight recent advances in active biomaterials and comment on their future impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Özkale
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mahmut Selman Sakar
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - David J Mooney
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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17
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Bettini S, Bonfrate V, Valli L, Giancane G. Paramagnetic Functionalization of Biocompatible Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications: A Perspective. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E153. [PMID: 33260520 PMCID: PMC7711469 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The burst of research papers focused on the tissue engineering and regeneration recorded in the last years is justified by the increased skills in the synthesis of nanostructures able to confer peculiar biological and mechanical features to the matrix where they are dispersed. Inorganic, organic and hybrid nanostructures are proposed in the literature depending on the characteristic that has to be tuned and on the effect that has to be induced. In the field of the inorganic nanoparticles used for decorating the bio-scaffolds, the most recent contributions about the paramagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles use was evaluated in the present contribution. The intrinsic properties of the paramagnetic nanoparticles, the possibility to be triggered by the simple application of an external magnetic field, their biocompatibility and the easiness of the synthetic procedures for obtaining them proposed these nanostructures as ideal candidates for positively enhancing the tissue regeneration. Herein, we divided the discussion into two macro-topics: the use of magnetic nanoparticles in scaffolds used for hard tissue engineering for soft tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bettini
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonfrate
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, via D. Birago, 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Valli
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology (DiSTeBA), University Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giancane
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, via D. Birago, 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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18
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Vinhas A, Rodrigues MT, Gonçalves AI, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Magnetic responsive materials modulate the inflammatory profile of IL-1β conditioned tendon cells. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:235-245. [PMID: 32966921 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathies represent half of all musculoskeletal injuries worldwide. Inflammatory events contribute to both tendon healing and to tendinopathy conditions but the cellular triggers leading to one or the other are unknown. In previous studies, we showed that magnetic field actuation modulates human tendon cells (hTDCs) behavior in pro-inflammatory environments, and that magnetic responsive membranes could positively influence inflammation responses in a rat ectopic model. Herein, we propose to investigate the potential synergistic action of the magnetic responsive membranes, made of a polymer blend of starch with polycaprolactone incorporating magnetic nanoparticles (magSPCL), and the actuation of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF): 5 Hz, 4mT of intensity and 50% of duty cycle, in IL-1β-treated-hTDCs, and in the immunomodulatory response of macrophages. It was found that the expression of pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, COX-2) and ECM remodeling (MMP-1,-2,-3) markers tend to decrease in cells cultured onto magSPCL membranes under PEMF, while the expression of TIMP-1 and anti-inflammatory genes (IL-4, IL-10) increases. Also, CD16++ and CD206+ macrophages were only found on magSPCL membranes with PEMF application. Magnetic responsive membranes show a modulatory effect on the inflammatory profile of hTDCs favoring anti-inflammatory cues which is also supported by the anti-inflammatory/repair markers expressed in macrophages. These results suggest that magnetic responsive magSPCL membranes can contribute for inflammation resolution acting on both resident cell populations and inflammatory cells, and thus significantly contribute to tendon regenerative strategies. Statement of significance Magnetically-assisted strategies have received great attention in recent years to remotely trigger and guide cell responses. Inflammation plays a key role in tendon healing but persistent pro-inflammatory molecules can contribute to tendon disorders, and therefore provide a therapeutic target for advanced treatments. We have previously reported that magnetic fields modulate the response of human tendon cells (hTDCs) conditioned to pro-inflammatory environments (IL-1β-treated-hTDCs), and that magnetic responsive membranes positively influence immune responses. In the present work, we combined pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) and magnetic responsive membranes to guide the inflammatory profile of IL-1β-treated-hTDCs and of macrophages. The results showed that the synergistic action of PEMF and magnetic membranes supports the applicability of magnetically actuated systems to regulate inflammatory events and stimulate tendon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vinhas
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M T Rodrigues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A I Gonçalves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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19
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Wu D, Kang L, Tian J, Wu Y, Liu J, Li Z, Wu X, Huang Y, Gao B, Wang H, Wu Z, Qiu G. Exosomes Derived from Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells with the Stimulation of Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles and Static Magnetic Field Enhance Wound Healing Through Upregulated miR-21-5p. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7979-7993. [PMID: 33116513 PMCID: PMC7585514 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s275650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and exosomes derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) have been reported to improve wound healing. In this study, novel exosomes (mag-BMSC-Exos) would be fabricated from BMSCs with the stimulation of MNPs and a static magnetic field (SMF) to further enhance wound repair. Methods Mag-BMSC-Exos, namely, exosomes derived from BMSCs preconditioned with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and a SMF, together with BMSC-Exos were both first isolated by ultracentrifugation, respectively. Afterwards, we conducted in vitro experiments, including scratch wound assays, transwell assays, and tube formation assays, and established an in vivo wound healing model. The miRNA expression profiles were compared between BMSC-Exos and mag-BMSC-Exos to detect the potential mechanism of improving wound healing. At last, the function of exosomal miR-21-5p during wound healing was confirmed by utilizing a series of gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vitro. Results The optimal working magnetic condition was 50 µg/mL Fe3O4 nanoparticles combined with 100 mT SMF. In vitro, mag-BMSC-Exo administration promoted proliferation, migration and angiogenesis to a greater extent than BMSC-Exo administration. Local transplantation of mag-BMSC-Exos into rat skin wounds resulted in accelerated wound closure, narrower scar widths and enhanced angiogenesis compared with BMSC-Exo transplantation. Notably, miR-21-5p was found to be highly enriched in mag-BMSC-Exos and served as a critical mediator in mag-BMSC-Exo-induced regulatory effects through inhibition of SPRY2 and activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Conclusion Mag-BMSC-Exos can further enhance wound healing than BMSC-Exos by improving angiogenesis and fibroblast function, and miR-21-5p upregulation in mag-BMSC-Exos might be the potential mechanism. This work offers an effective and promising protocol to improve wound healing in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Kang
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyao Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Gao
- Umibio (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Bone and Joint Disease, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
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20
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Citeroni MR, Ciardulli MC, Russo V, Della Porta G, Mauro A, El Khatib M, Di Mattia M, Galesso D, Barbera C, Forsyth NR, Maffulli N, Barboni B. In Vitro Innovation of Tendon Tissue Engineering Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6726. [PMID: 32937830 PMCID: PMC7555358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is the term used to refer to tendon disorders. Spontaneous adult tendon healing results in scar tissue formation and fibrosis with suboptimal biomechanical properties, often resulting in poor and painful mobility. The biomechanical properties of the tissue are negatively affected. Adult tendons have a limited natural healing capacity, and often respond poorly to current treatments that frequently are focused on exercise, drug delivery, and surgical procedures. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify key molecular and cellular processes involved in the progression of tendinopathies to develop effective therapeutic strategies and drive the tissue toward regeneration. To treat tendon diseases and support tendon regeneration, cell-based therapy as well as tissue engineering approaches are considered options, though none can yet be considered conclusive in their reproduction of a safe and successful long-term solution for full microarchitecture and biomechanical tissue recovery. In vitro differentiation techniques are not yet fully validated. This review aims to compare different available tendon in vitro differentiation strategies to clarify the state of art regarding the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Citeroni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Maria Camilla Ciardulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Valentina Russo
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
- Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Annunziata Mauro
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Mohammad El Khatib
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Miriam Di Mattia
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Devis Galesso
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlo Barbera
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK;
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
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Matos AM, Gonçalves AI, Rodrigues MT, Miranda MS, Haj AJE, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Remote triggering of TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling in human adipose stem cells laden on magnetic scaffolds synergistically promotes tenogenic commitment. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:488-500. [PMID: 32652226 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Injuries affecting load bearing tendon tissues are a significant clinical burden and efficient treatments are still unmet. Tackling tendon regeneration, tissue engineering strategies aim to develop functional substitutes that recreate native tendon milieu. Tendon mimetic scaffolds capable of remote magnetic responsiveness and functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) targeting cellular mechanosensitive receptors are potential instructive tools to mediate mechanotransduction in guiding tenogenic responses. In this work, we combine magnetically responsive scaffolds and targeted Activin A type II receptor in human adipose stem cells (hASCs), under alternating magnetic field (AMF), to synergistically facilitate external control over signal transduction. The combination of remote triggering TGF-β/Smad2/3 using MNPs tagged hASCs, through magnetically actuated scaffolds, stimulates overall expression of tendon related genes and the deposition of tendon related proteins, in comparison to non-stimulated conditions. Moreover, the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 proteins and their nuclear co-localization was also more evident. Overall, biophysical stimuli resulting from magnetic scaffolds and magnetically triggered cells under AMF stimulation modulate the mechanosensing response of hASCs towards tenogenesis, holding therapeutic promise. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The concept of magnetically-assisted tissue engineering may assist the development of innovative solutions to treat tendon disorders upon remote control of biological processes as cell migration or differentiation. Herein, we originally combine a fibrous aligned superparamagnetic scaffold, based on a biodegradable polymeric blend of starch and poly-ɛ-caprolactone incorporating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and human adipose stem cells (hASCs) labelled with MNPs functionalized with anti-activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA). Constructs were stimulated using alternating magnetic field (AMF), to activate the ActRIIA and subsequent induction of TGF-β signaling, through Smad2/3 phosphorylation cascade, enhancing the expression of tendon-related markers. Altogether, these findings contribute with powerful bio-magnetic approaches to activate key tenogenic pathways, envisioning future translation of magnetic biomaterials into regenerative platforms for tendon repair.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Lv
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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23
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Huang Z, He Y, Chang X, Liu J, Yu L, Wu Y, Li Y, Tian J, Kang L, Wu D, Wang H, Wu Z, Qiu G. A Magnetic Iron Oxide/Polydopamine Coating Can Improve Osteogenesis of 3D-Printed Porous Titanium Scaffolds with a Static Magnetic Field by Upregulating the TGFβ-Smads Pathway. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000318. [PMID: 32548975 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
3D-printed porous titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti6Al4V, pTi) scaffolds offer surgeons a good option for the reconstruction of large bone defects, especially at the load-bearing sites. However, poor osteogenesis limits its application in clinic. In this study, a new magnetic coating is successfully fabricated by codepositing of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles and polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of 3D-printed pTi scaffolds, which enhances cell attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro and new bone formation of rabbit femoral bone defects in vivo with/without a static magnetic field (SMF). Furthermore, through proteomic analysis, the enhanced osteogenic effect of the magnetic Fe3 O4 /PDA coating with the SMF is found to be related to upregulate the TGFβ-Smads signaling pathway. Therefore, this work provides a simple protocol to improve the osteogenesis of 3D-printed porous pTi scaffolds, which will help their application in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University No.300 Guangzhou Road Nanjing 210029 P. R. China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
- Department of Plastic SurgeryPlastic Surgery HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.33 Badachu Road Beijing 100144 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC)Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Lingjia Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryBeijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical University No.95 Yong'an Road Beijing 100050 P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC)Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC)Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC)Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Lin Kang
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC)Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC)Peking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Bone and Joint Disease No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences No.1 Shuaifuyuan Beijing 100730 P. R. China
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Bedell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Adam M. Navara
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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25
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Abdel Fattah AR, Ranga A. Nanoparticles as Versatile Tools for Mechanotransduction in Tissues and Organoids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:240. [PMID: 32363177 PMCID: PMC7180186 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are 3D multicellular constructs that rely on self-organized cell differentiation, patterning and morphogenesis to recapitulate key features of the form and function of tissues and organs of interest. Dynamic changes in these systems are orchestrated by biochemical and mechanical microenvironments, which can be engineered and manipulated to probe their role in developmental and disease mechanisms. In particular, the in vitro investigation of mechanical cues has been the focus of recent research, where mechanical manipulations imparting local as well as large-scale mechanical stresses aim to mimic in vivo tissue deformations which occur through proliferation, folding, invagination, and elongation. However, current in vitro approaches largely impose homogeneous mechanical changes via a host matrix and lack the required positional and directional specificity to mimic the diversity of in vivo scenarios. Thus, while organoids exhibit limited aspects of in vivo morphogenetic events, how local forces are coordinated to enable large-scale changes in tissue architecture remains a difficult question to address using current techniques. Nanoparticles, through their efficient internalization by cells and dispersion through extracellular matrices, have the ability to provide local or global, as well as passive or active modulation of mechanical stresses on organoids and tissues. In this review, we explore how nanoparticles can be used to manipulate matrix and tissue mechanics, and highlight their potential as tools for fate regulation through mechanotransduction in multicellular model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Ranga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Matos AM, Gonçalves AI, El Haj AJ, Gomes ME. Magnetic biomaterials and nano-instructive tools as mediators of tendon mechanotransduction. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:140-148. [PMID: 36133967 PMCID: PMC9417540 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tendon tissues connect muscle to bone allowing the transmission of forces resulting in joint movement. Tendon injuries are prevalent in society and the impact on public health is of utmost concern. Thus, clinical options for tendon treatments are in demand, and tissue engineering aims to provide reliable and successful long-term regenerative solutions. Moreover, the possibility of regulating cell fate by triggering intracellular pathways is a current challenge in regenerative medicine. In the last decade, the use of magnetic nanoparticles as nano-instructive tools has led to great advances in diagnostics and therapeutics. Recent advances using magnetic nanomaterials for regenerative medicine applications include the incorporation of magnetic biomaterials within 3D scaffolds resulting in mechanoresponsive systems with unprecedented properties and the use of nanomagnetic actuators to control cell signaling. Mechano-responsive scaffolds and nanomagnetic systems can act as mechanostimulation platforms to apply forces directly to single cells and multicellular biological tissues. As transmitters of forces in a localized manner, the approaches enable the downstream activation of key tenogenic signaling pathways. In this minireview, we provide a brief outlook on the tenogenic signaling pathways which are most associated with the conversion of mechanical input into biochemical signals, the novel bio-magnetic approaches which can activate these pathways, and the efforts to translate magnetic biomaterials into regenerative platforms for tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Matos
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Ana I Gonçalves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Birmingham University B15 2TT Birmingham UK
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at the University of Minho Avepark, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
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27
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Aldebs AI, Zohora FT, Nosoudi N, Singh SP, Ramirez‐Vick JE. Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using 3D Magnetic Scaffolds. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:175-187. [PMID: 31944364 PMCID: PMC9290550 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa I. Aldebs
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors EngineeringWright State UniversityDayton Ohio
| | - Fatema T. Zohora
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors EngineeringWright State UniversityDayton Ohio
| | - Nasim Nosoudi
- Biomedical Engineering ProgramMarshall UniversityHuntington West Virginia
| | | | - Jaime E. Ramirez‐Vick
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors EngineeringWright State UniversityDayton Ohio
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28
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Tomás AR, Gonçalves AI, Paz E, Freitas P, Domingues RMA, Gomes ME. Magneto-mechanical actuation of magnetic responsive fibrous scaffolds boosts tenogenesis of human adipose stem cells. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18255-18271. [PMID: 31566629 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are highly specialized load-bearing tissues with very limited healing capacity. Given their mechanosensitive nature, the combination of tendon mimetic scaffolds with remote mechanical actuation could synergistically contribute to the fabrication of improved tissue engineered alternatives for the functional regeneration of tendons. Here, hybrids of cellulose nanocrystals decorated with magnetic nanoparticles were produced to simultaneously reinforce and confer magnetic responsiveness to tendon mimetic hierarchical fibrous scaffolds, resulting in a system that enables remote stimulation of cells in vitro and, potentially, in vivo after construct transplantation. The biological performance and functionality of these scaffolds were evaluated using human adipose stem cells (hASCs) cultured under or in the absence of magnetic actuation. It was demonstrated that magneto-mechanical stimulation of hASCs promotes higher degrees of cell cytoskeleton anisotropic organization and steers the mechanosensitive YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. As feedback, stimulated cells show increased expression of tendon-related markers, as well as a pro-healing profile in genes related to their inflammatory secretome. Overall, these results support the use of the proposed magnetic responsive fibrous scaffolds as remote biointegrated actuators that can synergistically boost hASC tenogenesis through mechanosensing mechanisms and may modulate their pro-healing paracrine signaling, thus collectively contributing to the improvement of the regenerative potential of engineered tendon grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Tomás
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
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29
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Du Y, Guo JL, Wang J, Mikos AG, Zhang S. Hierarchically designed bone scaffolds: From internal cues to external stimuli. Biomaterials 2019; 218:119334. [PMID: 31306826 PMCID: PMC6663598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering utilizes three critical elements - cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors - to recapitulate the bone tissue microenvironment, inducing the formation of new bone. Recent advances in materials development have enabled the production of scaffolds that more effectively mimic the hierarchical features of bone matrix, ranging from molecular composition to nano/micro-scale biochemical and physical features. This review summarizes recent advances within the field in utilizing these features of native bone to guide the hierarchical design of materials and scaffolds. Biomimetic strategies discussed in this review cover several levels of hierarchical design, including the development of element-doped compositions of bioceramics, the usage of molecular templates for in vitro biomineralization at the nanoscale, the fabrication of biomimetic scaffold architecture at the micro- and nanoscale, and the application of external physical stimuli at the macroscale to regulate bone growth. Developments at each level are discussed with an emphasis on their in vitro and in vivo outcomes in promoting osteogenic tissue development. Ultimately, these hierarchically designed scaffolds can complement or even replace the usage of cells and biological elements, which present clinical and regulatory barriers to translation. As the field progresses ever closer to clinical translation, the creation of viable therapies will thus benefit from further development of hierarchically designed materials and scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jason L Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Jianglin Wang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA.
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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30
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Tamay DG, Dursun Usal T, Alagoz AS, Yucel D, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. 3D and 4D Printing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:164. [PMID: 31338366 PMCID: PMC6629835 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) and Four-dimensional (4D) printing emerged as the next generation of fabrication techniques, spanning across various research areas, such as engineering, chemistry, biology, computer science, and materials science. Three-dimensional printing enables the fabrication of complex forms with high precision, through a layer-by-layer addition of different materials. Use of intelligent materials which change shape or color, produce an electrical current, become bioactive, or perform an intended function in response to an external stimulus, paves the way for the production of dynamic 3D structures, which is now called 4D printing. 3D and 4D printing techniques have great potential in the production of scaffolds to be applied in tissue engineering, especially in constructing patient specific scaffolds. Furthermore, physical and chemical guidance cues can be printed with these methods to improve the extent and rate of targeted tissue regeneration. This review presents a comprehensive survey of 3D and 4D printing methods, and the advantage of their use in tissue regeneration over other scaffold production approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Goksu Tamay
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Dursun Usal
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Selcen Alagoz
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yucel
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Engineering, School of Engineering, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Li M, Xi N, Wang Y, Liu L. Tunable Hybrid Biopolymeric Hydrogel Scaffolds Based on Atomic Force Microscopy Characterizations for Tissue Engineering. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2019; 18:597-610. [PMID: 31217123 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2019.2922968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Developing adequate biomaterials to engineer cell-scaffold interactions has become a promising way for physically regulating the biological behaviors of cells in the field of tissue engineering. Biopolymeric hydrogels have shown great merits as cellular scaffolds due to their biocompatible and biodegradable characteristics. In particular, the advent of atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a powerful tool for characterizing native specimens at the micro/nanoscale, but utilizing AFM to investigate the detailed structures and properties of hydrogel scaffolds has been still scarce. In this paper, hybrid natural biopolymers are used to form hydrogel scaffolds which exhibit tunable structural and mechanical properties characterized by AFM peak force tapping imaging, and the applications of the formed hydrogel scaffolds in tissue engineering are studied. AFM morphological images showed that the cross-linking reactions of sodium alginate and gum arabic via calcium cations yielded the porous hydrogel scaffolds. By altering the component ratios, AFM mechanical images showed that the porous and mechanical properties (Young's modulus and adhesion force) of the hydrogel scaffolds were tunable. Next, the nanoscale structural and mechanical dynamics of the fabricated hydrogel scaffolds during the degradation process were revealed by AFM peak force tapping imaging. The experimental results on three different types of cells showed that the fabricated hydrogel scaffolds facilitate the formation of cellular spheroids. The research provides a novel idea to design tunable hydrogel scaffolds based on AFM characterizations for investigating cell-scaffold interactions, which will have potential impacts on tissue engineering.
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32
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Harjo M, Torop J, Järvekülg M, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Electrochemomechanical Behavior of Polypyrrole-Coated Nanofiber Scaffolds in Cell Culture Medium. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1043. [PMID: 31200448 PMCID: PMC6630290 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-gelatin nanofiber scaffolds were made conductive and electroactive by chemical (conductive fiber scaffolds, CFS) and additionally electrochemical polypyrrole deposition (doped with triflouromethanesulfonate CF3SO3-, CFS-PPyTF). Both materials were investigated in their linear actuation properties in cell culture medium (CCM), as they could be potential electro-mechanically activated cell growth substrates. Independent of the deposition conditions, both materials showed relatively stable cation-driven actuation in CCM, based on the flux of mainly Na+ ions from CCM. The surprising result was attributed to re-doping by sulfate anions in CCM, as also indicated by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy results. Overall, the electrochemically coated material outperformed the one with just chemical coating in conductivity, charge density and actuation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madis Harjo
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Janno Torop
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Martin Järvekülg
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi Str 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
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33
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Manjua AC, Alves VD, Crespo JG, Portugal CAM. Magnetic Responsive PVA Hydrogels for Remote Modulation of Protein Sorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21239-21249. [PMID: 31141340 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work shows the ability to reversibly modulate the hydrophilicity of the hydrogels doped with iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) in a noninvasive way when exposed to a cyclic variation of the intensity (ON/OFF) of an external magnetic field. A reversible switching of surface contact angles was observed for magnetic PVA hydrogels when exposed to consecutive variation of the magnetic field intensity between 0 and 0.08 T. Motivated by the magnetic dependence of the hydrophilicity of these hybrid hydrogels, the impact of the magnetic field on protein sorption was also evaluated. The noninvasive regulation of protein sorption-released mechanisms was achieved by ON/OFF magnetic field switches, suggesting the possible influence of magnetic-induced hydrogel shrinking effect and changes of surface wettability on protein sorption. The capacity to magnetically modulate surface wettability and protein sorption make these magnetic hydrogels promising candidates for development of functional devices for tissue engineering, drug release applications, or biosensor systems, where the control of protein sorption and mobility are essential steps to improve the efficiency of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Manjua
- LAQV-Requimte , FCT-Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences , IST-Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Rovisco Pais , 1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Vitor D Alves
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia , Universidade de Lisboa , Tapada da Ajuda , 1349-017 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - João G Crespo
- LAQV-Requimte , FCT-Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - Carla A M Portugal
- LAQV-Requimte , FCT-Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
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34
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Reconstruction of the ovary microenvironment utilizing macroporous scaffold with affinity-bound growth factors. Biomaterials 2019; 205:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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35
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Liu Q, Li H, Lam KY. Optimization of the cell microenvironment in a dual magnetic-pH-sensitive hydrogel-based scaffold by multiphysics modeling. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 129:90-99. [PMID: 31132529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A dual magnetic-pH-sensitive hydrogel-based scaffold was studied for optimization of a cell microenvironment by scaffold mechanical deformation and its biochemical response. In particular, the positions of the seeding cells and the concentration of potassium (K+) within the scaffold were optimized by a multieffect-coupling magnetic-pH-stimuli (MECmpH) model based on (i) the threshold of the mechanical force required for a mechanotransduction effect at the cellular level, and (ii) the common biological requirement for cell growth. In this model, the physicochemical mechanisms of a magnetic hydrogel were characterized using magneto-chemo-electro-mechanical coupled effects, including hydrogel magnetization, diffusion of the solvent and ions, ionic polarization, and nonlinear deformation. After validation of the model with experimental data, it was found that a higher pH and current intensity at the electromagnet and a shorter hydrogel-magnet distance contribute to larger scaffold deformation and thus a stronger mechanical force on the cells. Moreover, the cell seeding positions within the magnetic scaffold were optimized for improved cell culture through controlled current intensity in the electromagnet. Furthermore, the physiological concentration of K+ was also optimized by the initial fixed charge density within the scaffold. We concluded that this optimized magnetic scaffold via the MECmpH model may provide an appropriate microenvironment for efficient cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hua Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.
| | - K Y Lam
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
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Hayoun‐Neeman D, Korover N, Etzion S, Ofir R, Lichtenstein RG, Cohen S. Exploring peptide‐functionalized alginate scaffolds for engineering cardiac tissue from human embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes in serum‐free medium. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hayoun‐Neeman
- Avram and Stella Goren‐Goldstein Department of Biotechnology EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Nataly Korover
- Avram and Stella Goren‐Goldstein Department of Biotechnology EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Sharon Etzion
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center
| | - Rivka Ofir
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center
| | - Rachel G. Lichtenstein
- Avram and Stella Goren‐Goldstein Department of Biotechnology EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center
| | - Smadar Cohen
- Avram and Stella Goren‐Goldstein Department of Biotechnology EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center
- The Else Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and TechnologyBen‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 84105 Israel
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Margolis G, Polyak B, Cohen S. Magnetic Induction of Multiscale Anisotropy in Macroporous Alginate Scaffolds. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7314-7322. [PMID: 30380888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microscale topographical cues have become recognized as major regulators of cell growth, migration, and phenotype. In tissue engineering, the complex and anisotropic architecture of culture platforms is aimed to imitate the high degree of spatial organization of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane components. Here, we developed a method of creating a novel, magnetically aligned, three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture matrix with three distinct classes of anisotropy-surface topography, microstructure, and physical properties. Alginate-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were added to a cross-linked alginate solution, and an external magnetic field of about 2400 G was applied during freezing to form the aligned macroporous scaffold structure. The resultant scaffold exhibited anisotropic topographic features on the submicron scale, the directionality of the pore shape, and increased scaffold stiffness in the direction of magnetic alignment. These scaffold features were modulated by an alteration in the impregnated MNP size and concentration, as quantified by electron microscopy, advanced image processing analyses, and rheological methods. Mouse myoblasts (C2C12) cultured on the magnetically aligned scaffolds, demonstrated co-oriented morphology in the direction of the magnetic alignment. In summary, magnetic alignment introduces several degrees of anisotropy in the scaffold structure, providing diverse mechanical cues that can affect seeded cells and further tissue development. Multiscale anisotropy together with the capability of the MNP-containing alginate scaffolds to undergo reversible shape deformation in an oscillating magnetic field creates interesting opportunities for multifarious stimulation of cells and functional tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Margolis
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501 , Israel
| | - Boris Polyak
- Department of Surgery, Pharmacology, and Physiology , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
| | - Smadar Cohen
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501 , Israel
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501 , Israel
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501 , Israel
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38
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Sarkar B, Nguyen PK, Gao W, Dondapati A, Siddiqui Z, Kumar VA. Angiogenic Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffolds for Functional Tissue Regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3597-3611. [PMID: 30132656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of acellular biomimetic scaffolds with proangiogenic motifs may have exciting clinical utility for the treatment of ischemic pathologies such as myocardial infarction. Although direct delivery of angiogenic proteins is a possible treatment option, smaller synthetic peptide-based nanostructured alternatives are being investigated due to favorable factors, such as sustained efficacy and high-density epitope presentation of functional moieties. These peptides may be implanted in vivo at the site of ischemia, bypassing the first-pass metabolism and enabling long-term retention and sustained efficacy. Mimics of angiogenic proteins show tremendous potential for clinical use. We discuss possible approaches to integrate the functionality of such angiogenic peptide mimics into self-assembled peptide scaffolds for application in functional tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vivek A Kumar
- Rutgers School of Dental Medicine , Newark , New Jersey 07101 , United States
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39
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Gonçalves AI, Miranda MS, Rodrigues MT, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Magnetic responsive cell-based strategies for diagnostics and therapeutics. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:054001. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aac78b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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40
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Hao S, Zhang Y, Meng J, Liu J, Wen T, Gu N, Xu H. Integration of a Superparamagnetic Scaffold and Magnetic Field To Enhance the Wound-Healing Phenotype of Fibroblasts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22913-22923. [PMID: 29901385 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most of the existing scaffolds for guiding tissue regeneration do not provide direct mechanical stimulation to the cells grown on them. In this work, we used nanofibrous superparamagnetic scaffolds with applied magnetic fields to build a "dynamic" scaffold platform and investigated the modulating effects of this platform on the phenotypes of fibroblasts. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent and transwell assays indicated that fibroblasts cultivated in this platform secreted significantly higher type I collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and transforming growth factor-β1 and did so in a time-dependent manner. At the same time, they produced fewer pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; this, in turn, accelerated the osteogenesis of preosteoblasts with the help of increased basic fibroblast growth factor as well as balanced extracellular matrix components. Mechanistic studies revealed that the platform modulated the phenotypic polarization of fibroblasts through the activation of components of integrin, focal adhesion kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways and the inhibition of the activation of Toll-like receptor-4 and nuclear factor κB. Overall, the platform promoted the wound-healing phenotype of fibroblasts, which would be of great benefit to the scaffold-guided tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suisui Hao
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing 100005 , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing 100005 , China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing 100005 , China
| | - Tao Wen
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing 100005 , China
| | - Ning Gu
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing 100005 , China
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41
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Zablotskii V, Polyakova T, Dejneka A. Cells in the Non-Uniform Magnetic World: How Cells Respond to High-Gradient Magnetic Fields. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800017. [PMID: 29938810 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Imagine cells that live in a high-gradient magnetic field (HGMF). Through what mechanisms do the cells sense a non-uniform magnetic field and how such a field changes the cell fate? We show that magnetic forces generated by HGMFs can be comparable to intracellular forces and therefore may be capable of altering the functionality of an individual cell and tissues in unprecedented ways. We identify the cellular effectors of such fields and propose novel routes in cell biology predicting new biological effects such as magnetic control of cell-to-cell communication and vesicle transport, magnetic control of intracellular ROS levels, magnetically induced differentiation of stem cells, magnetically assisted cell division, or prevention of cells from dividing. On the basis of experimental facts and theoretical modeling we reveal timescales of cellular responses to high-gradient magnetic fields and suggest an explicit dependence of the cell response time on the magnitude of the magnetic field gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Zablotskii
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Tatyana Polyakova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18221, Czech Republic
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42
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Cardoso VF, Francesko A, Ribeiro C, Bañobre-López M, Martins P, Lanceros-Mendez S. Advances in Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29280314 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as an important class of biomedical functional nanomaterials in areas such as hyperthermia, drug release, tissue engineering, theranostic, and lab-on-a-chip, due to their exclusive chemical and physical properties. Although some works can be found reviewing the main application of magnetic NPs in the area of biomedical engineering, recent and intense progress on magnetic nanoparticle research, from synthesis to surface functionalization strategies, demands for a work that includes, summarizes, and debates current directions and ongoing advancements in this research field. Thus, the present work addresses the structure, synthesis, properties, and the incorporation of magnetic NPs in nanocomposites, highlighting the most relevant effects of the synthesis on the magnetic and structural properties of the magnetic NPs and how these effects limit their utilization in the biomedical area. Furthermore, this review next focuses on the application of magnetic NPs on the biomedical field. Finally, a discussion of the main challenges and an outlook of the future developments in the use of magnetic NPs for advanced biomedical applications are critically provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fernandes Cardoso
- Centro de Física; Universidade do Minho; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- MEMS-Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit; Universidade do Minho; 4800-058 Guimarães Portugal
| | | | - Clarisse Ribeiro
- Centro de Física; Universidade do Minho; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Martins
- Centro de Física; Universidade do Minho; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- BCMaterials; Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia; 48160 Derio Spain
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; 48013 Bilbao Spain
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43
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Rubio Ayala M, Syrovets T, Hafner S, Zablotskii V, Dejneka A, Simmet T. Spatiotemporal magnetic fields enhance cytosolic Ca 2+ levels and induce actin polymerization via activation of voltage-gated sodium channels in skeletal muscle cells. Biomaterials 2018; 163:174-184. [PMID: 29471128 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular function is modulated by the electric membrane potential controlling intracellular physiology and signal propagation from a motor neuron to a muscle fiber resulting in muscle contraction. Unlike electric fields, magnetic fields are not attenuated by biological materials and penetrate deep into the tissue. We used complex spatiotemporal magnetic fields (17-70 mT) to control intracellular signaling in skeletal muscle cells. By changing different parameters of the alternating magnetic field (amplitude, inversion time, rotation frequency), we induced transient depolarization of cellular membranes leading to i) Na+ influx through voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC), ii) cytosolic calcium increase, and iii) VGSC- and ryanodine receptor-dependent increase of actin polymerization. The ion fluxes occurred only, when the field was applied and returned to baseline after the field was turned off. The 30-s-activation-cycle could be repeated without any loss of signal intensity. By contrast, static magnetic fields of the same strength exhibited no effect on myotube Ca2+ levels. Mathematical modeling suggested a role for the alternating magnetic field-induced eddy current, which mediates a local change in the membrane potential triggering the activation of VGSC. These findings might pave the way for the use of complex magnetic fields to improve function of skeletal muscles in myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Rubio Ayala
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Susanne Hafner
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Vitalii Zablotskii
- Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
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44
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Singh R, Wieser A, Reakasame S, Detsch R, Dietel B, Alexiou C, Boccaccini AR, Cicha I. Cell specificity of magnetic cell seeding approach to hydrogel colonization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017. [PMID: 28639348 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered scaffolds require an effective colonization with cells. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can enhance cell adhesion to matrices by magnetic cell seeding. We investigated the possibility of improving cell attachment and growth on different alginate-based hydrogels using fibroblasts and endothelial cells (ECs) loaded with SPIONs. Hydrogels containing pure alginate (Alg), alginate dialdehyde crosslinked with gelatin (ADA-G) and Alg blended with G or silk fibroin (SF) were prepared. Endothelial cells and fibroblasts loaded with SPIONs were seeded and grown on hydrogels for up to 7 days, in the presence of magnetic field during the first 24 h. Cell morphology (fluorescent staining) and metabolic activity (WST-8 assay) of magnetically-seeded versus conventionally seeded cells were compared. Magnetic seeding of ECs improved their initial attachment and further growth on Alg/G hydrogel surfaces. However, we did not achieve an efficient and stable colonization of ADA-G films with ECs even with magnetic cell seeding. Fibroblast showed good initial colonization and growth on ADA-G and on Alg/SF. This effect was further significantly enhanced by magnetic cell seeding. On pure Alg, initial attachment and spreading of magnetically-seeded cells was dramatically improved compared to conventionally-seeded cells, but the effect was transient and diminished gradually with the cessation of magnetic force. Our results demonstrate that magnetic seeding improves the strength and uniformity of initial cell attachment to hydrogel surface in cell-specific manner, which may play a decisive role for the outcome in tissue engineering applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2948-2956, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raminder Singh
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-endowed Professorship for Nanomedicine, ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Wieser
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-endowed Professorship for Nanomedicine, ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Supachai Reakasame
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Dietel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-endowed Professorship for Nanomedicine, ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-endowed Professorship for Nanomedicine, ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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45
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Zhu Y, Yang Q, Yang M, Zhan X, Lan F, He J, Gu Z, Wu Y. Protein Corona of Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Scaffold Improves Cell Proliferation via Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3690-3704. [PMID: 28314099 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of magnetic scaffolds on the improvement of cell proliferation has been well documented. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms about the magnetic scaffolds stimulating cell proliferation remain largely unknown. Once the scaffold enters into the biological fluids, a protein corona forms and directly influences the biological function of scaffold. This study aimed at investigating the formation of protein coronas on hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnetic hydroxyapatite (MHA) scaffolds in vitro and in vivo, and consequently its effect on regulating cell proliferation. The results demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles (MNP)-infiltrated HA scaffolds altered the composition of protein coronas and ultimately contributed to increased concentration of proteins related to calcium ions, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and MAPK/ERK cascades as compared with pristine HA scaffolds. Noticeably, the enriched functional proteins on MHA samples could efficiently activate of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, resulting in promoting MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, as evidenced by the higher expression levels of the key proteins in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, including mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases1/2 (MEK1/2) and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Artificial down-regulation of MEK expression can significantly down-regulate the MAPK/ERK signaling and consequently suppress the cell proliferation on MHA samples. These findings not only provide a critical insight into the molecular mechanism underlying cellular proliferation on magnetic scaffolds, but also have important implications in the design of magnetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Minggang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Jing He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
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46
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Zablotskii V, Polyakova T, Lunov O, Dejneka A. How a High-Gradient Magnetic Field Could Affect Cell Life. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37407. [PMID: 27857227 PMCID: PMC5114642 DOI: 10.1038/srep37407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological effects of high-gradient magnetic fields (HGMFs) have steadily gained the increased attention of researchers from different disciplines, such as cell biology, cell therapy, targeted stem cell delivery and nanomedicine. We present a theoretical framework towards a fundamental understanding of the effects of HGMFs on intracellular processes, highlighting new directions for the study of living cell machinery: changing the probability of ion-channel on/off switching events by membrane magneto-mechanical stress, suppression of cell growth by magnetic pressure, magnetically induced cell division and cell reprograming, and forced migration of membrane receptor proteins. By deriving a generalized form for the Nernst equation, we find that a relatively small magnetic field (approximately 1 T) with a large gradient (up to 1 GT/m) can significantly change the membrane potential of the cell and thus have a significant impact on not only the properties and biological functionality of cells but also cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Zablotskii
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Tatyana Polyakova
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
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47
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Shi W, Xu T, Xu LP, Chen Y, Wen Y, Zhang X, Wang S. Cell micropatterns based on silicone-oil-modified slippery surfaces. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18612-18615. [PMID: 27801464 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07498g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple and environment-friendly strategy to fabricate cell micropatterns on a nanodendritic superhydrophilic silica substrate separated by silicone-oil-modified superhydrophobic barriers. The superhydrophilic spots exhibit excellent cell adhesion capability due to the enhanced local topographic interaction between cell filopodia and the nanodendritic substrate interface, and result in sensational cell micropatterns. In contrast, the anti-adhesion of silicone-oil-modified superhydrophobic barriers prevents cell migration and results in long-term cell-repellency. Such superhydrophilic spots and silicone-oil-modified superhydrophobic barriers are very helpful for the formation of cell micropatterns. Moreover, co-culture of different cells can be achieved on the silicone-oil-modified micropatterns. The unique properties of our silicone-oil-modified micropatterns hold considerable promise for a wide range of biological applications, such as cell-based bioassays, tissue engineering, high-throughput screening and fundamental studies of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Shi
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Yongqiang Wen
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
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