Biomaterial-based scaffolds for direct in situ programming of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes

Adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) has generated exciting clinical trial results for the treatment of unresectable solid tumors. However, solid tumors remain difficult targets for adoptively transferred T cells, due in part to poor migration of TILs to the tumor, physical barriers to infiltration, and active suppression of TILs by the tumor. Furthermore, a highly skilled team is required to obtain tumor tissue, isolate and expand the TILs ex vivo, and reinfuse them into the patient, which drives up costs and limits patient access. Here, we describe a cell-free polymer implant designed to recruit, genetically reprogram and expand host T cells at tumor lesions in situ. Importantly, the scaffold can be fabricated on a large scale and is stable to lyophilization. Using a mouse breast cancer model, we show that the implants quickly and efficiently amass cancer-specific host lymphocytes at the tumor site in quantities sufficient to bring about long-term tumor regression. Given that surgical care is the mainstay of cancer treatment for many patients, this technology could be easily implemented in a clinical setting as an add-on to surgery for solid tumors. Furthermore, the approach could be broadened to recruit and genetically reprogram other therapeutically desirable host cells, such as macrophages, natural killer cells or dendritic cells, potentially boosting the antitumor effectiveness of the implant even more.

Effects of remittances on life expectancy and under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence using Generalized Method of Moments analysis

The study examined the relationship between financial remittances and health outcomes in 45 sub-Saharan African countries (SSA) using data obtained from the World Development Indicator (WDI) over the period 1990 to 2021. Because of the issue of endogeneity, the System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) was adopted to analyze the impact of remittances on life expectancy and infant mortality respectively. The results showed that contrary to expectations, remittances did not significantly improve life expectancy and infant mortality rate in SSA. The life expectancy in the previous year, has a statically significant impact on life expectancy at birth for the current year. Also, the lagged value of infant mortality rate significantly increased under five mortality. Therefore, the study recommends that governments in SSA sub-region should evolve policies aimed at guiding recipients of remittances towards effective utilization with a view to improving social welfare and health outcomes.

[Expression and clinical significance of plasma methylated SEPT 9 gene in patients with primary liver cancer]

Objective: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of plasma methylated SEPT9 (mSEPT9) gene in patients with primary liver cancer. Methods: 393 cases who visited our hospital from May 2016 to October 2018 were selected. Among them, 75 cases were in the primary liver cancer (PLC) group, 50 cases were in the liver cirrhosis (LC) group, and 268 cases were in the healthy control group (HC). The three groups' positive rates of mSEPT9 expression in the peripheral plasma were detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fluorescent probe method. The correlational clinical features of liver cancer were analyzed. At the same time, the electrochemiluminescence detection method was used to compare the AFP positive rate. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square tests or continuity-corrected chi-square tests. Results: 367 cases actually had valid samples. There were 64, 42, and 64 cases in the liver cancer group, cirrhosis group, and healthy control group, respectively. Among them, 34 cases of liver cancer were verified from pathological tissues. The positive rate of plasma mSEPT9 was significantly higher in the liver cancer group than that in the liver cirrhosis and healthy control groups [76.6% (49/64), 35.7% (15/42), and 3.8% (10/261), respectively], and the differences were statistically significant (χ (2) = 176.017, P < 0.001). The sensitivity of plasma mSEPT9 detection (76.6%) was significantly better in liver cancer (76.6%) than that of AFP patients (54.7%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ (2) = 6.788, P < 0.01). Compared with the single detection, the sensitivity and specificity of plasma mSEPT9 combined with AFP were significantly improved (89.7% vs. 96.3%, respectively). Patients with liver cancer aged≥50 years, with clinical stage II or above, and those with pathological signs of moderate to low differentiation had higher levels of plasma mSEPT9 positive expression, and the differences were statistically significant (χ (2) = 6.41, 9.279, 6.332, P < 0.05). During the follow-up period, the survival time of liver cancer patients with positive plasma mSEPT9 expression was significantly shorter than that of those with negative expression (310 ± 26 days vs. 487 ± 59 days, respectively), with statistically significant differences (Log Rank P = 0.039). Conclusion: In China, the positive rate of plasma mSEPT9 detection in liver cancer patients is higher than that of AFP in relation to age, clinical stage, and degree of tissue differentiation; additionally, it has certain survival predictive values. As a result, detecting this gene has important clinical significance and potential clinical application value in the non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis assessment of patients with primary liver cancer.

Effect of antioxidant procyanidin b2 (pcb2) on ovine oocyte developmental potential in response to in vitro maturation (ivm) and vitrification stress

BACKGROUND

It was demonstrated that external stress, such as in vitro maturation (IVM) and vitrification process can induce significantly reduced development capacity in oocytes. Previous studies indicated that antioxidants play a pivotal part in the acquisition of adaptation in changed conditions. At present, the role of the natural potent antioxidant PCB2 in response to IVM and vitrification during ovine oocyte manipulation has not been explored.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether PCB2 treatment could improve the developmental potential of ovine oocytes under IVM and vitrification stimuli.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was divided into two parts. Firstly, the effect of PCB2 on the development of oocytes during IVM was evaluated. Un-supplemented and 5 ug per mL PCB2-supplemented in the IVM solution were considered as control and experimental groups (C + 5 ug per mL PCB2). The polar body extrusion (PBE) rate, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and early apoptosis of oocytes were measured after IVM. Secondly, we further determine whether PCB2 could improve oocyte quality under vitrification stress. The survival rate, PBE rate and early apoptosis of oocytes were compared between fresh group, vitrified group and 5 ug per mL PCB2-supplemented in the IVM solution after vitrification (V + 5 ug per mL PCB2).

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, adding PCB2 significantly increased PBE rate (79.4% vs. 62.8%, P < 0.01) and MMP level (1.9 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.04, P < 0.01), and decreased ROS level (47.1 +/- 6.3 vs. 145.3 +/- 8.9, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in ATP content and early apoptosis. Compared to the fresh group, vitrification significantly reduced oocytes viability (43.0% vs. 90.8%, P < 0.01) as well as PBE rate (24.2% vs. 60.6%, P < 0.05). However, 5 ug per mL PCB2-supplemention during maturation had no effect on survival, PBE or early apoptosis in vitrified oocytes.

CONCLUSION

PCB2 could effectively antagonise the oxidative stress during IVM and promote oocyte development. DOI: 10.54680/fr23210110412.

Inhibition of multiple CDKs potentiates colon cancer chemotherapy via p73-mediated DR5 induction

Targeting cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic approach against cancer. However, the anticancer mechanisms of different CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) are not well understood. Our recent study revealed that selective CDK4/6 inhibitors sensitize colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to therapy-induced apoptosis by inducing Death Receptor 5 (DR5) via the p53 family member p73. In this study, we investigated if this pathway is involved in anticancer effects of different CDKIs. We found that less-selective CDKIs, including flavopiridol, roscovitine, dinaciclib, and SNS-032, induced DR5 via p73-mediated transcriptional activation. The induction of DR5 by these CDKIs was mediated by dephosphorylation of p73 at Threonine 86 and p73 nuclear translocation. Knockdown of a common target of these CDKIs, including CDK1, 2, or 9, recapitulated p73-mediated DR5 induction. CDKIs strongly synergized with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the most commonly used CRC chemotherapy agent, in vitro and in vivo to promote growth suppression and apoptosis, which required DR5 and p73. Together, these findings indicate p73-mediated DR5 induction as a potential tumor suppressive mechanism and a critical target engaged by different CDKIs in potentiating therapy-induced apoptosis in CRC cells. These findings help better understand the anticancer mechanisms of CDKIs and may help facilitate their clinical development and applications in CRC.

Dual inhibition of BET and HAT/p300 suppresses colorectal cancer via DR5- and p53/PUMA-mediated cell death

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) frequently has a dysregulated epigenome causing aberrant up-regulation of oncogenes such as c-MYC. Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins and histone acetyltransferases (HAT) are epigenetic regulatory proteins that create and maintain epigenetic states supporting oncogenesis. BET inhibitors and HAT inhibitors are currently being investigated as cancer therapeutics due to their ability to suppress cancer-promoting epigenetic modifiers. Due to the extensive molecular crosstalk between BET proteins and HAT proteins, we hypothesized that dual inhibition of BET and HAT could more potently inhibit CRC cells than inhibition of each individual protein.

Methods

We investigated the activity and mechanisms of a dual BET and HAT inhibitor, NEO2734, in CRC cell lines and mouse xenografts. MTS, flow cytometry, and microscopy were used to assess cell viability. qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining were used to assess mechanisms of action.

Results

We found that NEO2734 more potently suppresses CRC cell growth than first generation BET inhibitors, regardless of the status of common CRC driver mutations. We previously showed that BET inhibitors upregulate DR5 to induce extrinsic apoptosis. In the current study, we show that NEO2734 treatment induces CRC cell apoptosis via both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. NEO2734 increases p53 expression and subsequently increased expression of the p53-upregulated mediator of apoptosis (PUMA), which is a critical mechanism for activating intrinsic apoptosis. We demonstrate that inhibition of either the intrinsic or extrinsic branches of apoptosis partially rescues CRC cells from NEO2734 treatment, while the dual inhibition of both branches of apoptosis more strongly rescues CRC cells from NEO2734 treatment. Finally, we show that NEO2734 monotherapy is able to suppress tumor growth in CRC xenografts by inducing apoptosis.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates NEO2734 potently suppresses CRC cells in vitro and in vivo by simultaneously upregulating PUMA and DR5 to induce cell death. Further studies of NEO2734 for treating CRC are warranted.

[Factors analysis of worsening renal function in patients with acute right ventricular myocardial infarction during hospitalization]

Objective: To analyze the related factors of worsening renal function (WRF) in patients with acute right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVMI) during hospitalization. Methods: A total of 98 patients with acute RVMI admitted to the emergency comprehensive ward of Beijing Anzhen Hospital from August 2011 to January 2020 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. According to the situation of WRF, the patients were divided into non-WRF group (76 cases) and WRF group (22 cases). WRF was defined as ≥0.3 mg/dL increase in serum creatinine level from baseline on day 6 of hospitalization (if hospital stay<6 days, it was at discharge). Baseline data, intravenous fluid infusion, diuretic and significant positive balance of patients' intake and output volume [any 24 h intakes and outputs ≥1 000 ml or any consecutive 72 h intakes and outputs ≥2 000 ml within 6 d of hospitalization (if hospitalization<6 d, it was from admission to discharge)] were obtained, and the differences of above indicators between the two groups were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of WRF. Results: The ages of patients in WRF group and non-WRF group were 60 (50, 68) and 63 (52, 72) years, and the male proportions were 63.6% (14 cases) and 76.3% (58 cases), respectively, and there was no significant difference (all P>0.05). The proportion of positive balance was 31.8% (7 cases) in WRF group, which was higher than 14.5% (11 cases) in non-WRF group (P=0.034). The rate of loop diuretic use in WRF group was 4.5% (1 case), lower than that in non-WRF group 10.5% (8 cases) (P=0.027). After adjusting for age, sex, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), preoperative isoproterenol/temporary pacemaker/atropine use, significant positive balance of intake and output volume, and loop diuretic use, it was found that eGFR≥60 ml·min^-1·1.73 m^-2 and significant positive balance were associated with WRF, the OR (95%CI) were 0.71 (0.62-0.86) and 1.21 (1.02-1.43) (both P<0.05); After eliminating the variable of significant positive balance in the above model, loop diuretic use was found to be a correlation factor for WRF, with an OR (95%CI) of 0.89 (0.72-0.97) (P<0.05). Conclusions: Significant positive balance of intake and output volume during hospitalization in patients with acute RVMI is a risk factor for WRF on day 6 or at discharge. In the presence of a significant positive balance, loop diuretic use is a protective factor for WRF.

[Clinical phenotype analysis of 6 cases of TTC21B gene related nephronophthisis]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of 6 children with TTC21B-related nephronophthisis to provide reference for early clinical diagnosis. Methods: The general condition, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests and other clinical data of 6 children from 4 families diagnosed with nephronophthisis by genetic testing in Shanghai Children's Hospital from January 2015 to December 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 6 children (3 males and 3 females) developed proteinuria and progressive renal dysfunction in early infancy. The onset age of proteinuria was 18 (6, 25) months. The age at the onset of renal impairment was 22 (10, 36) months. All 6 children progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) within 10 (4, 65) months of onset. Five children had hypertension, 3 children with abnormal liver function, 2 children with visceral translocation and 1 child with growth retardation. The genetic results suggested that all children carried variations TTC21B gene p.C518R. Conclusions: Children with TTC21B gene p.C518R nephronophthisis had proteinuria and progressed to ESRD at the early stage of life. These nephronophthisis patients commonly presented with liver and renal dysfunction.

[Application of bionics in spinal surgery]

Spinal bionic therapy is the application of bionics concept, by imitating the natural anatomical structure and physiological function of the spine, to treat spinal diseases using various modern technology, materials and equipment .How to repair or preserve the anatomical structure and function of spine to the maximum extent while treating spinal diseases is an important content of spinal bionic therapy.Firstly, the use of movable spinal implants not only preserves the spinal mobility function to a certain extent, reduces the degeneration of adjacent segments, but also reduces the incidence of internal fixation fracture and improves the long-term efficacy.Secondly, with the help of the development of three dimensional printing technology, personalized artificial prostheses can be made to fill the spinal structure with complex defects, and biological scaffolds and functional prostheses with anti-tumor drugs can not only realize the biomimetic and functional spine anatomy, but also become a multiplier of the efficacy of anti-tumor drugs.Thirdly, in the design and manufacture of spinal orthopaedic braces, computer aided design and manufacturing technology can make spinal orthopaedic braces more comfortable with better orthopaedic effect and ergonomic characteristics.How to apply bionics concepts and relate technologies to spinal surgery have not been determined yet, and no relevant diagnosis and treatment guidelines have been formulated.It is foreseeable that with the continuous development of medical technology, the content of spinal bionic therapy will be gradually enriched and improved, and become a powerful measure to overcome difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal surgery diseases.

CDK4/6 inhibition suppresses p73 phosphorylation and activates DR5 to potentiate chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade

Targeting cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) is a successful therapeutic approach against breast and other solid tumors. Inhibition of CDK4/6 halts cell cycle progression and promotes antitumor immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors are not fully understood. We found that CDK4/6 bind and phosphorylate the p53 family member p73 at threonine 86, which sequesters p73 in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of CDK4/6 led to dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p73, which transcriptionally activated death receptor 5 (DR5), a cytokine receptor and key component of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. p73-mediated induction of DR5 by CDK4/6 inhibitors promoted immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells. Deletion of DR5 in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo abrogated the potentiating effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors on immune cytokine TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy, and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Together, these results reveal a previously unrecognized consequence of CDK4/6 inhibition, which may be critical for potentiating the killing and immunogenic effects on cancer cells.

BiTE secretion from in situ-programmed myeloid cells results in tumor-retained pharmacology

Bispecific T-Cell Engagers (BiTEs) are effective at inducing remission in hematologic cancers, but their use in solid tumors has been challenging due to their extreme potency and on-target, off-tumor toxicities in healthy tissue. Their deployment against solid tumors is further complicated by insufficient drug penetration, a hostile tumor microenvironment, and immune escape. To address these challenges, we developed targeted nanocarriers that can deliver in vitro-transcribed mRNA encoding BiTEs to host myeloid cells – a cell type that is actively recruited into the tumor microenvironment. We demonstrate in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer, that infusion of these nanoparticles directs BiTE expression to tumor sites, which reshapes the microenvironment from suppressive to permissive and triggers disease regression without systemic toxicity. In contrast, conventional injections of recombinant BiTE protein at doses required to achieve anti-tumor activity, induced systemic inflammatory responses and severe tissue damage in all treated animals. Implemented in the clinic, this in situ gene therapy could enable physicians – with a single therapeutic – to safely target tumor antigen that would otherwise not be druggable due to the risks of on-target toxicity and, at the same time, reset the tumor milieu to boost key mediators of antitumor immune responses.

[Analysis of the factors influencing the elimination strategies with the current status of diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C in hospital]

Objective: To understand the current status of screening, diagnosis, and treatment and analyze the factors influencing micro-elimination strategy, so as to achieve hepatitis C elimination in hospital. Methods: Anti-HCV and HCV RNA test results of patients from October 2017 to September 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Anti-HCV positive rates and factors influencing different genders, ages, places of residence and departments were analyzed. After comparing anti-HCV-positive patients with HCV RNA-positive patients with duplicate entries in "Name" and "Date of birth", the data were divided into three categories: anti-HCV positive without HCV RNA test, HCV RNA positive in single test, and HCV RNA positive many times in multiple tests. The above three types of patients were followed-up by telephone. According to the hospital follow-up results, current status of diagnosis and treatment and the factors influencing the micro-elimination strategy of hepatitis C were studied and analyzed. The comparison of data between groups were performed using χ(2) or χ(2) continuity-correction test. Results: Anti-HCV positive detection rate was 1.34% (899/66 866). The positive rate of male patients aged 40 and over residing in cities was significantly higher than female patients under 40 years old residing in rural areas, and the difference was statistically significant (χ(2) = 55.178, 264.11, 36, 351, P < 0.05). There were 90 (10.02%) and 809 cases (89.98%) in outpatient and inpatient departments, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the two (χ(2) = 0.002, P > 0.05). The total number of anti-HCV positive cases were 196 in Gastroenterology (22.0%), 75 in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (8.3%), 74 in Neurology (8.2%), 63 in Orthopedics (7.0%) and 55 in Endocrinology departments (6.1%), and the difference in the positive rate among different departments were also statistically significant (χ(2) = 271.585, P < 0.05). Among the 480 cases who were followed-up, 215 (44.79%) were lost to follow-up, 84 cases (39.07%) were unregistered, 77 cases (16.04%) were untreated, 15 cases (19.48%) were unaware of their state of illness, 46 cases (59.74%) were diagnosed without concern, 16 cases (20.78%) were diagnosed but did not take medicine, 60 cases were under treatment, and 29 cases were mostly on counterfeit drugs (48.33%). Conclusion: Comprehensive diagnosis and treatment education to non-specialist clinicians and timely manner regular follow-up of patients is a key factor and an important link to formulate a simple, easy and sustainable model to improve the efficiency of screening, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatitis C micro-elimination strategy in hospital. In addition, it will also play an important role in achieving the strategic goal of "eliminating hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030".

Genetic in situ engineering of myeloid regulatory cells controls inflammation in autoimmunity

The ability of myeloid regulatory cells (MRCs) to control immune responses and to promote tolerance has prompted enormous interest in exploiting them therapeutically to treat inflammation, autoimmunity, or to improve outcomes in transplantation. While immunomodulatory small-molecule compounds and antibodies have provided relief for some patients, the dosing entails high systemic drug exposures and thus increased risk of off-target adverse effects. More recently, MRC-based cell-therapy products have entered clinical testing for tolerance induction. However, the elaborate and expensive protocols currently required to manufacture engineered MRCs ex vivo put this approach beyond the reach of many patients who might benefit. A solution could be to directly program MRCs in vivo. Here we describe a targeted nanocarrier that delivers in vitro-transcribed mRNA encoding a key anti-inflammatory mediator. We demonstrate in models of systemic lupus erythematosus that infusions of nanoparticles formulated with mRNA encoding glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) effectively control the disease. We further establish that these nanoreagents are safe for repeated dosing. Implemented in the clinic, this new therapy could enable physicians to treat autoimmune disease while avoiding systemic treatments that disrupt immune homeostasis.

Immunotherapy efficacy on mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer: From bench to bedside

Colorectal cancers (CRCs) with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) often have sustained responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including selective monoclonal antibodies against Program Death 1 (PD-1), Programmed Death Ligand 1(PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). However, a substantial fraction of dMMR CRCs do not respond or ultimately develop resistance to immunotherapy. The majority (~85%) of CRCs are MMR proficient (pMMR) or microsatellite stable (MSS) and lack response to ICIs. Understanding the biology and mechanisms underlying dMMR-associated immunogenicity is urgently needed for improving the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy on CRC. Compared to pMMR/MSS CRCs, dMMR/MSI CRCs typically have increased tumor mutational burden (TMB), lower response rate to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy, distinctive immunological features such as high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and better prognosis. Here, we review the current understanding of the clinical relevance of dMMR/MSI in CRCs, the molecular basis and rationales for targeting dMMR CRC with immunotherapy, and clinical approaches using ICIs as single agents or in combination with other therapies for MSI-H CRCs. Furthermore, we address the potential strategies to sensitize pMMR/MSS CRC to immunotherapy by converting an immunologically "cold" microenvironment into a "hot" one.

Transfemoral-venous transcatheter access to left ventricle through the created communication of inter-ventricular septum with the assistance of arterio-venous circuit

Background

During transcatheter aortic/mitral valve replacement (TA/MVR), current available routes are limited due to unfavorable entry-angle, vessel-anatomy or mini-thoracotomy. Through created communication of inter-ventricular septum (C-IVS), transfemoral venous transcatheter access to left ventricle becomes feasible with the assistance of arterio-venous circuit.

Purpose

The study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and safety of transfemoral-venous transcatheter access to left ventricle through the created C-IVS in a swine model.

Methods

Via femoral artery, transcatheter puncture of mid-IVS was performed with the custom-made nickel-titanium needle (0.038-inch, needle-tip bent 60 degrees automatically associated with increased hardness when temperature was above 30°C) and 6F-sheath in 20 healthy Chinese mini-swine. Then femoral arterio-venous circuit was established through created C-IVS with hydrophilic guidewire in all swine, and femoral veno-venous circuit was further created through C-IVS and atrial septum in 4 swine. After pre-dilation of C-IVS, a 20F-sheath was introduced into left ventricle transvenously over the guidewire. Furthermore, transfemoral-venous TAVR was attempted with this approach in one swine. C-IVS was evaluated postoperatively and was further confirmed pathologically 2 months later.

Results

All transcatheter puncture of IVS was performed successfully in left ventricle and the thickness of mid-IVS was 7.67±0.98 mm. During the puncture, ventricular fibrillation occurred in one swine (successfully defibrillation) and only isolated ventricular premature beats/non-sustained ventricular tachycardia were observed in other swine. In all swine, femoral arterio-venous/veno-venous circuit was established via C-IVS, and the 20F-sheath was introduced into left ventricle safely through femoral vein and C-IVS. With the aid of vessel circuit, the 20F-sheath was further advanced into aorta in 16 swine (the entry-angle was 145.3±12.2 degrees) and into left atrium in 4 swine. After the procedure, there was one swine with moderate tricuspid regurgitation and 5 swine with mild residual shunt (2.6±0.7 mm). In addition, epicardial coronary arteries were normal in all swine. Two months later, residual shunt was still detected in 3 swine and the communication was confirmed pathologically. In other swine, there was no defect of IVS and mild replacement-scar was identified along C-IVS. In the swine underwent transfemoral-venous TAVR, prosthetic valve was deployed successfully with good function.

Conclusions

With the aid of vessel circuit, transfemoral-venous transcatheter access to left ventricle is feasible and safe via C-IVS, and transfemoral-venous TAVR was achieved successfully using this novel approach with favorable entry-angle.

Figure 1

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Other. Main funding source(s): National Natural Science Foundation of China

OP0095 A DECISION MODEL OF LABIAL GLAND BIOPSY BASED ON B-MODE ULTRASONOGRAPHY WITH SHEAR-WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME

Background:

Focal lymphocytic sialadenitis defined as focus score (FS) ≥1 on labial gland (LG) biopsy plays an integral role in various classification criteria of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). However, suspected patients often hesitate to receive a biopsy; and rheumatologists hope a decision for biopsy based on a high predicted incidence of FS≥1, or against biopsy based on an absolutely low predicted incidence.

Objectives:

To build a decision model of LG biopsy based on B-mode ultrasonography (US) with shear-wave elastography (SWE) in patients with suspected SS.

Methods:

Patients who had at least one symptom of oral dryness (based on AECG questions) or had anti-SSA positive were recruited and signed a written informed consent. Bilateral parotid (PG) and submandibular glands (SMG) were examined with B-mode US which graded the echostructure of each gland on a scoring system scaled 0 to 4 (US score), and SWE which described the elasticity of glands. Then LG biopsy was performed.

Results:

(1)Ninety-one patients whose mean age was 43±15 years were enrolled and 93% of them were female. Anti-SSA was detected in 77 patients (85%) and 28 patients (31%) showed unstimulated whole saliva flow rate (USFR)≤0.1mL/mim. There were 57 patients (63%) showing FS≥1 on LG biopsy. Sixty-three patients (69%) were classified as primary SS, 10 patients (10%) were secondary SS, 18 patients (20%) were uCTD and one patient was RA without SS.

(2)US scores were equal between PG and SMG in 59 patients (65%), while the rest patients showed different US scores between two glands: 7 patients (8%) showed higher US scores in PG and 25 patients (27%) showed higher scores in SMG. In each pair of glands US scores were equal. SWE values in PG or SMG of US score 1, 2 or 3 were significantly higher than those of US score 0, while SWE values in glands of US score 4 became declined and showed no significant difference from those with US score 0 (Figure 1A).

(3)Heatmap showed US scores in either major salivary gland of patients with FS≥1 on LG biopsy were significantly higher than those with FS<1 (all p<0.001, Figure 1B). ROC curve showed a total US score (including bilateral PG and SMG) ≥9 and a total SWE value (including bilateral PG and SMG)≥30 could significantly recognize patients with FS≥1, respectively with specificity of 100% and 93% (Figure 1C). In this cohort, among 51 patients with a total US score ≥9 and/or a total SWE value≥30, 49 patients (96%) showed FS≥1 on LG biopsy; while two outliers showed total US scores were both 8 although combined SWE values≥30. Other 29 patients showed total US scores≤6 with total SWE values <30 and only one patient (3%) showed FS≥1 on LG biopsy. The remaining 11 patients showed total US scores were 8 with total SWE values <30 and 64% of them (n=7) showed FS≥1.

Conclusion:

A preliminary decision model of LG biopsy based on B-mode US with SWE in patients with suspected SS were built in Table 1. For example, rheumatologists should reassess the need for biopsy if the incidence of FS≥1 would be <5%. Another cohort of patients with suspected SS is needed for further validation.

Table 1.

A preliminary decision model of LG biopsy based on B-mode US with SWE in patients with suspected SS

Algorithm*Comments on the decision of LG biopsyA total US score≥9 and/or a total SWE≥30The specificity of FS≥1 on biopsy is >93%. Biopsy is recommended. In some special cases (e.g. contraindicated to biopsy), this item is a potential alternative to LG biopsy.A total US score 7~8 with a total SWE <30It is hard to predict the result of FS, so biopsy is strongly recommended.A total US score≤6 with a total SWE <30The incidence of FS≥1 would be <5%. Rheumatologists should reassess the need for biopsy.

References:

None

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Arsenic sulfide nanoformulation induces erythroid differentiation in chronic myeloid leukemia cells through degradation of BCR-ABL

Background

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder due to the existence of BCR-ABL fusion protein that allows the cells to keep proliferating uncontrollably. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors can inhibit the activity of BCR-ABL fusion protein to trigger the cells apoptosis, drug resistance or intolerance exists in part of CML patients. Arsenic sulfide in its raw form (r-As₄S₄) can be orally administrated and certain therapeutic effects have been found out in the treatment of hematologic malignancies through inducing cell apoptosis.

Methods

In this work, a water-dissolvable arsenic sulfide nanoformualtion (ee-As₄S₄) composed of As₄S₄ particulates with 470 nm in diameter and encapsulated by a kind of hydrophilic polymer was fabricated and applied to the CML cell line K562, K562/AO2 and primary cells from the bone marrow of CML patients.

Results

Results showed that instead of inhibiting the activity of BCR-ABL, ee-As₄S₄ induced direct degradation of BCR-ABL in K562 cells within 6 hr incubation, followed by the occurrence of erythroid differentiation in K562 after 72 hr incubation, evidenced by the significantly upregulated CD235a and benzidine staining, which was not detectable with r-As₄S₄. The ee-As₄S₄-induced erythroid differentiation was also observed in K562/AO2 cells and bone marrow mononuclear cells of CML patients. Mechanistic studies indicated that ee-As₄S₄ induced autophagy by downregulating the level of intracellular ROS and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α significantly, which led to the subsequent degradation of BCR-ABL. When the concentration was increased, ee-As₄S₄ induced much more significant apoptosis and cell cycle arrest than r-As₄S₄, and the cytotoxicity of the former was about 178 times of the latter.

Conclusion

ee-As₄S₄ was capable of inducing significant erythroid differentiation of CML cells by inducing the direct degradation of BCR-ABL; the new effect could improve hematopoietic function of CML patients as well as inhibit the leukemic cell proliferation.

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Comparative study of in vitro effects of different nanoparticles at non-cytotoxic concentration on the adherens junction of human vascular endothelial cells

Background

Effects of different nanoparticles (NPs) exposure at acutely non-cytotoxic concentrations are particularly worthy to figure out, compare, and elucidate.

Objective

To investigate and compare the effect of a small library of NPs at non-cytotoxic concentration on the adherens junction of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), obtaining new insights of NPs safety evaluation.

Materials and methods

The HUVECs layer was exposed to NPs including gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silica (SiO₂), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃), oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, with different surface chemistry and size distribution. Cellular uptake of NPs was observed by transmission electron microscopy. and the cytotoxicity was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The NP-induced variation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and catalase (CAT) activity was measured using the probe of 2'7'-dichlorodihydr fluorescein diacetate and a CAT analysis kit, respectively. The level of VE-cadherin of HUVECs was analyzed by Western blot, and the loss of adherens junction was observed with laser confocal microscopy.

Results

The acutely non-cytotoxic concentrations of different NPs were determined and applied to HUVECs. The NPs increased the level of intracellular ROS and the activity of CAT to different degrees, depending on the characteristics. At the same time, the HUVECs lost their adherens junction protein VE-cadherin and gaps were formed between the cells. The NP-induced oxidative stress and gap formation could be rescued by the supplementary N-acetylcysteine in the incubation.

Conclusion

The increase of intracellular ROS and CAT activity was one common effect of NPs, even at the non-cytotoxic concentration, and the degree was dependent on the composition, surface chemistry, and size distribution of the NP. The effect led to the gap formation between the cells, while could be rescued by the antioxidant. Therefore, the variation of adherens junction between endothelial cells was suggested to evaluate for NPs when used as therapeutics and diagnostics.

Inhibition of Murine Breast Cancer Metastases by Hydrophilic As4S4 Nanoparticles Is Associated With Decreased ROS and HIF-1α Downregulation

Arsenic sulfide (As4S4) is a mineral drug that can be administrated orally and has been applied in the treatment of myeloid leukemia. The aim of this work is to investigate the therapeutic effect of As4S4 in highly metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) animal model, as As4S4 has not been applied in the treatment of breast cancer yet. To overcome the poor solubility of original As4S4, a formulation of hydrophilic As4S4 nanoparticles (e-As4S4) developed previously was applied to mouse breast cancer cells as well as the tumor-bearing mice. It was shown that e-As4S4 was much more cytotoxic than r-As4S4, strongly inhibiting the proliferation of the cells and scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oral administration of e-As4S4 significantly increased the accumulation of arsenic in the tumor tissue and eliminated ROS in tumor tissues. Besides, e-As4S4 could also inhibit the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Consequently, the angiogenesis was reduced, the metastasis to lung and liver was inhibited and the survival of tumor-bearing mice was prolonged. In conclusion, e-As4S4 holds great potential for an alternative therapeutics in the treatment of breast cancer, due to its unique function of correcting the aggressive microenvironment.

[The role and mechanism of 2-deoxyglucose in reversing osimertinib-acquired resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cell line]

Objective: To explore the role and mechanism of 2-deoxyglucose (2-dg) in reversing osimertinib- acquired resistance of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)cell line. Methods: The NSCLC line H1975 (purchased from the American Type Culture Collection) was conducted by induction method in vitro to construct the osimertinib-resistance NSCLC cell line H1975-OR. The osimertinib-resistance of H1975-OR cell line was examined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony-formation assay, Ki67 incorporation assay and the expression of apoptosis-related protein. The glycolysis level was assayed by the lactic acid production measured in the culture medium supernatant of H1975 and H1975-OR. The expression of glycolysis key enzymes (HK2, GLUT1, P-PKM2) and apoptosis-related protein (BIM, Bcl-2) were detected by Western blot. The cells were divided into control group, 2-deoxyglucose (4 mmol/L) monotherapy group, osimertinib (3 μmol/L) monotherapy group and 2-deoxyglucose (4 mmol/L)+ osimertinib (3 μmol/L) combination therapy group, then the apoptosis rate of cells was measured by flow cytometry to evaluate the pro-apoptotic ability of drugs. Date were analyzed by Independent-Samples t-test using SPSS 16.0 statistical software. Results: The glycolysis level of osimertinib-sensitive cell line H1975 was lower than that of osimertinib-resistance cell line H1975-OR [the yield of lactic acid, respectively, was (21.0±0.9) and (26.5±2.8) mmol·L(-1)·10(4)cells(-1), P<0.05]. The osimertinib- acquired resistance of H1975-OR could be reversed by 4 mmol/L 2-deoxyglucose(the IC(50) value of osimertinib in H1975-OR cell line decreased from (7.0±1.9) μmol/L to (1.4±0.1) μmol/L, which was close to the IC(50) value of osimertinib in H1975 cell line (1.0±0.2) μmol/L. The apoptosis rate of H1975-OR was significantly higher in 2-deoxyglucose + osimertinib combination therapy group (26.7±2.4)%, compared to control group (5.1±0.7)%, 2-deoxyglucose monotherapy group (6.1±2.5)% and osimertinib monotherapy group (11.4±2.7)%(all P<0.05). The expression of pro-apoptotic protein BIM in H1975-OR was significantly higher in 2-deoxyglucose+ osimertinib combination therapy group (177.8±28.1)% and the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in H1975-OR was significantly lower in 2-deoxyglucose+ osimertinib combination therapy group (24.6±5.2)%, compared to control group (100±0)%, all P<0.05. Conclusion: 2-deoxyglucose can reverse the acquired resistance of NSCLC cell line to osimertinib, which may be related to the inhibition of cell glycolysis and the induction of apoptosis.

Abstract P4-08-14: Invasive micropapillary carcinoma had no difference in prognosis compared with invasive ductal carcinoma: A propensity-matched analysis

Background: Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare histopathological variant of breast carcinoma and usually performs poor clinical characteristics, such as high tendency of lymph nodes metastases. But whether it has worse prognosis than invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is still controversial nowadays. We conducted this retrospective study to figure out the prognostic difference between IMPC and IDC, then guide therapy of IMPC ultimately.

Methods: In this study, we analyzed 327 cases of IMPC patients and 4979 cases of IDC who underwent primary resection in our institution during 2008 to 2012. By using propensity score matching, two groups were matched at a ratio of 1:1 by age, tumor size, nodal status, hormone and HER2 status to demonstrate the difference of prognosis assessed by Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression analysis.

Result: After a mean follow-up of 52 months, we established the IMPC group and figured out 324 IDC patients from the control group by propensity score matching (3 IMPC patients were canceled because of data missing). The result of survival analysis indicated that women diagnosed with IMPC had no significant reduced overall survival (OS) (p = 0.752) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.578) compared with women with IDC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that IMPC was not found as an independent prognostic factor for DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.858; 95% confidential interval [CI], 0.419-1.757) or OS (HR = 0.720; 95%CI, 0.353-1.469).

Conclusion: The consequence of survival analysis manifested that there was no statistically significant difference between 2 groups, and elucidated proactive or radical clinical therapy was unnecessary.

Citation Format: Hao S, Zhao Y-Y, Peng J-J, Yang W-T, Ren F, Yu K-D, Shao Z-M. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma had no difference in prognosis compared with invasive ductal carcinoma: A propensity-matched analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-14.

[Retrospective analysis of cuffed-tunneled catheters in pediatric patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis]

Objective: To summarize the characteristics of cuffed-tunneled catheters insertion and investigate the values of cuffed-tunneled catheters in pediatric patients. Methods: Between March 2015 and July 2017, all the pediatric patients who received maintenance hemodialysis at least 3 consecutive months in our center were included. Sixteen cuffed-tunneled hemodialysis catheters were inserted in patients for long-term hemodialysis access. The clinical manifestations and complications were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Fifteen pediatric patients with end stage ranal disease (ESRD) were included in this study and they received 16 cuffed-tunneled catheters for long-term vascular access, including 10 males and 5 females; median age at start of catheter insertion was 11.5 (4.2-14.5) years. Body weight was (27.8±8.0)kg (16.0-39.4 kg) . The size and the length of the catheters were based on the height of patients as follows: 28 cm for (115.6±10.6) cm (102.0-130.0 cm) ,36 cm for (148.6±9.9)cm (140.0-167.0 cm) . Cuffed-tunneled catheters outcome: 10 cuffed-tunneled catheters were still functional at the end of the study; 5 catheters were removed after successful kidney transplantation. Catheter failure occurred in 1 out of 16 cuffed-tunneled catheters due to catheter-related infections. The median catheter survival time was 11.9 months (range 3.5-21.3 months). Complications of cuffed-tunneled catheters: Catheter placements operation was successful in 15 cases using ultrasound guidance. No serious complications were observed in any patients receiving catheter inserting operation. The overall rate of catheter-related infections and thrombosis/malposition was 6.3% and 18.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Ultrasound guidance is suggested in pediatric patients during the catheters insertion. The size and the length of the catheters should be based on the height of patients. Cuffed-tunneled hemodialysis catheters could be effectively used for maintenance of hemodialysis vascular access for pediatric patients with ESRD.

Integration of a Superparamagnetic Scaffold and Magnetic Field To Enhance the Wound-Healing Phenotype of Fibroblasts

Most of the existing scaffolds for guiding tissue regeneration do not provide direct mechanical stimulation to the cells grown on them. In this work, we used nanofibrous superparamagnetic scaffolds with applied magnetic fields to build a "dynamic" scaffold platform and investigated the modulating effects of this platform on the phenotypes of fibroblasts. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent and transwell assays indicated that fibroblasts cultivated in this platform secreted significantly higher type I collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and transforming growth factor-β1 and did so in a time-dependent manner. At the same time, they produced fewer pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; this, in turn, accelerated the osteogenesis of preosteoblasts with the help of increased basic fibroblast growth factor as well as balanced extracellular matrix components. Mechanistic studies revealed that the platform modulated the phenotypic polarization of fibroblasts through the activation of components of integrin, focal adhesion kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways and the inhibition of the activation of Toll-like receptor-4 and nuclear factor κB. Overall, the platform promoted the wound-healing phenotype of fibroblasts, which would be of great benefit to the scaffold-guided tissue regeneration.

Adverse impact of intermittent portal clamping on long-term postoperative outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma

Introduction To evaluate the impact of intermittent portal clamping (IPC) on long-term postoperative outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Clinical records of 355 patients underwent curative liver resection for HCC in January 2007 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. According to how portal clamping was performed, patients were grouped as: IPC, n=113; other portal clamping (OPC), n=190; and no portal clamping (NPC), n=52. Results Median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was statistically significantly shorter in the IPC (39.4 months) than OPC (47.3 months, p=0.010) and NPC groups (51.4 months, p=0.008). Median overall survival (OS) was also significantly shorter with IPC (46.3 months), versus 52.9 months with OPC (p=0.022) and 56.2 months with NPC (p=0.015). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that 5-year cumulative RFS was much lower in the IPC (42.5%) than OPC (50.9%, p=0.014) and NPC groups (49.6%, p=0.013). Five-year cumulative OS was also much lower in the IPC (44.9%) than OPC (58.0%, p=0.020) and NPC groups (57.7%, p=0.025). On univariate analysis, tumour grade, size and number, TNM stage, blood transfusion, vascular invasion and IPC were significantly inversely correlated with RFS and OS. On multivariate analysis, tumour size and number, blood transfusion, vascular invasion and IPC remained significant. Conclusions Our study suggests that IPC is an independent risk factor for poor long-term postoperative outcomes in patients with HCC.

Loss of Dnmt3b accelerates MLL-AF9 leukemia progression

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematopoietic disorder with a poor prognosis. Abnormal DNA methylation is involved in the initiation and progression of AML. The de novo methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are responsible for the generation of genomic methylation patterns. While DNMT3A is frequently mutated in hematological malignancies, DNMT3B is rarely mutated. Although it has been previously reported that Dnmt3b functions as a tumor suppressor in a mouse model of Myc-induced lymphomagenesis, its function in AML is yet to be determined. In this study, we demonstrated that deletion of Dnmt3b accelerated the progression of MLL-AF9 leukemia by increasing stemness and enhancing cell cycle progression. Gene profiling analysis revealed upregulation of the oncogenic gene set and downregulation of the cell differentiation gene set. Furthermore, loss of Dnmt3b was able to synergize with Dnmt3a deficiency in leukemia development. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Dnmt3b plays a tumor suppressive role in MLL-AF9 AML progression, thereby providing new insights into the roles of DNA methylation in leukemia development.

Leukemia cell infiltration causes defective erythropoiesis partially through MIP-1α/CCL3

Leukemia often results in severe anemia, which may significantly contribute to patient mortality and morbidity. However, the mechanisms underlying defective erythropoiesis in leukemia have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that insufficient erythropoiesis in an immunocompetent acute myeloid leukemia (AML) murine model was due to reduced proliferation of megakaryocyte erythroid progenitors and increased apoptosis of erythroblasts. Colony-forming cell assays indicated that the leukemic bone marrow (BM) plasma inhibited erythroid colony formation, whereas they had no inhibitory effect on other types of colonies. Cytokine array analysis demonstrated that the chemokine CCL3 was elevated in the plasma of AML mice and patients. CCL3 inhibited erythroid differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, common myeloid progenitors and especially megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitors. Administration of the CCR1 antagonist partially recovered the yield of erythroid colonies in the presence of CCL3 or leukemic BM plasma. Mechanistically, we observed an increase of p38 phosphorylation and subsequent downregulation of GATA1 after CCL3 treatment. Furthermore, knockdown of CCL3 attenuated leukemic progression and alleviated anemia. Therefore, our results demonstrate that elevated CCL3 in the leukemic environment suppresses erythropoiesis via CCR1-p38 activation, suggesting a novel mechanism for the erythroid defects observed in leukemia.

HSV vector-mediated GAD67 suppresses neuropathic pain induced by perineural HIV gp120 in rats through inhibition of ROS and Wnt5a

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related neuropathic pain is a debilitating chronic condition that is severe and unrelenting. Despite the extensive research, the exact neuropathological mechanisms remain unknown, which hinders our ability to develop effective treatments. Loss of GABAergic tone may play an important role in the neuropathic pain state. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) is one of isoforms that catalyze GABA synthesis. Here, we used recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) vectors that encode gad1 gene to evaluate the therapeutic potential of GAD67 in peripheral HIV gp120-induced neuropathic pain in rats. We found that 1) subcutaneous inoculation of the HSV vectors expressing GAD67 attenuated mechanical allodynia in the model of HIV gp120-induced neuropathic pain, 2) the anti-allodynic effect of GAD67 was reduced by GABA-A and-B receptors antagonists, 3) HSV vectors expressing GAD67 reversed the lowered GABA-IR expression, and 4) the HSV vectors expressing GAD67 suppressed the upregulated mitochondrial superoxide and Wnt5a in the spinal dorsal horn. Taken together, our studies support the concept that recovering GABAergic tone by the HSV vectors may reverse HIV-associated neuropathic pain through suppressing mitochondrial superoxide and Wnt5a. Our studies provide validation of HSV-mediated GAD67 gene therapy in the treatment of HIV-related neuropathic pain.

Altered mesenchymal niche cells impede generation of normal hematopoietic progenitor cells in leukemic bone marrow

Degeneration of normal hematopoietic cells is a shared feature of malignant diseases in the hematopoietic system. Previous studies have shown the exhaustion of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in leukemic marrow, whereas hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain functional upon relocation to non-leukemic marrow. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms, especially the specific niche components that are responsible for the degeneration of HPCs, are unknown. In this study, we focused on murine bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their supporting function for normal hematopoietic cells in Notch1-induced acute T-cell lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) mice. We demonstrate that the proliferative capability and differentiation potential of T-ALL MSCs were impaired due to accelerated cellular senescence. RNA-seq analysis revealed significant transcriptional alterations in leukemic MSCs. After co-cultured with the MSCs from T-ALL mice, a specific inhibitory effect on HPCs was defined, whereas in vivo repopulating potential of normal HSCs was not compromised. Furthermore, osteoprotegerin was identified as a cytokine to improve the function of T-ALL MSCs and to enhance normal HPC output via the p38/ERK pathway. Therefore, this study reveals a novel cellular mechanism underlying the inhibition of HPC generation in T-ALL. Leukemic MSCs may serve as a cellular target for improving normal hematopoietic regeneration therapeutically.

The transient expression of miR-203 and its inhibiting effects on skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation

Previous studies have shown that miR-203 is a skin-specific microRNA (miRNA) with a profound role in skin cell differentiation. However, emerging microarray and deep sequencing data revealed that miR-203 is also expressed in embryonic skeletal muscle and myoblasts. In this study, we found that miR-203 was transiently upregulated in chicken embryos on days 10 to 16 (E10-E16) and was sharply downregulated and even not expressed after E16 in chicken embryonic skeletal muscle. Histological profiles and weight variations of embryo skeletal muscle revealed that miR-203 expression is correlated with muscle development. In vitro experiments showed that miR-203 exhibited downregulated expression during myoblast differentiation into myotubes. miR-203 overexpression inhibited myoblast proliferation and differentiation, whereas its loss-of-function increased myoblast proliferation and differentiation. During myogenesis, miR-203 can target and inhibit the expression of c-JUN and MEF2C, which were important for cell proliferation and muscle development, respectively. The overexpression of c-JUN significantly promoted myoblast proliferation. Conversely, knockdown of c-JUN by siRNA suppressed myoblast proliferation. In addition, the knockdown of MEF2C by siRNA significantly inhibited myoblast differentiation. Altogether, these data not only suggested that the expression of miR-203 is transitory during chicken skeletal muscle development but also showed a novel role of miR-203 in inhibiting skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing c-JUN and MEF2C, respectively.

Transgene-mediated expression of tumor necrosis factor soluble receptor attenuates morphine tolerance in rats

Opiate/narcotic analgesics are the most effective treatments for chronic severe pain, but their clinical utility is often hampered by the development of analgesic tolerance. Recent evidence suggests chronic morphine may activate glial cells to release proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we used herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors-based gene transfer to dorsal root ganglion to produce a local release of p55 TNF soluble receptor in the spinal cord in rats with morphine tolerance. Subcutaneous inoculation of HSV vectors expressing p55 TNF soluble receptor into the plantar surface of the hindpaws, enhanced the antinociceptive effect of acute morphine in rats. Subcutaneous inoculation of those vectors into hindpaws also delayed the development of chronic morphine tolerance in rats. TNF soluble receptor expressed by HSV vector reduced gene transcription of mRNA of spinal TNFα and IL-1β induced by repeated morphine. Furthermore, we found that TNF soluble receptor mediated by HSV, reversed the upregulation of TNFα, IL-1β and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) induced by repeated morphine. These results support the concept that proinflammatory cytokines may play an important role in the pathogenesis induced by morphine. This study provides a novel approach to treating morphine tolerance.