1
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Cheng Y, Jiang N, Diao J, Zheng L. Achieving cinnamic acid amides in water by a variant of acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis and its immobilized form using Ni-NTA modified aspen powder as a carrier. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129849. [PMID: 38296141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
An aqueous N-acylation reaction for preparing cinnamic acid amides was realized by using a variant of acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT-L12A), whereas the wild-type MsAcT showed no activity. MsAcT-L12A exhibited broad substrate adaptability, and preferred the substrates with electron-donating group. When the vinyl cinnamate (1a, 40 mM) and p-methoxyaniline (2a, 4 mM) were involved in the reaction, the excellent yield reached to 86.7 % ± 2.1 % within 3 h by MsAcT-L12A (1 mgpro./mL) in a PBS buffer (100 mM, pH 8.0) at 25 °C. The aqueous N-acylation reaction could be further improved by using an immobilized MsAcT-L12A. The biomass aspen powder (AP) as a carrier provided a low-cost, green, and environmental-friendly immobilization strategy. After it was modified by Ni-NTA, the obtained Ni-NAP could realize one-step purification and immobilization of MsAcT-L12A. The accomplished MsAcT-L12A-Ni-NAP exhibited excellent stability and recyclability, and retained its relative yield as 83.3 % ± 2.2 % even after the 7th cycle of reuse. Using only PBS buffer as a reaction medium, the operation for MsAcT-L12A-catalyzed acyl transfer was greatly simplified, and the improved stabilities of MsAcT-L12A-Ni-NAP could enhance its application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiali Diao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liangyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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2
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Wang J, Dong R, Yin J, Liang J, Gao H. Optimization of multi-enzyme cascade process for the biosynthesis of benzylamine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1373-1380. [PMID: 37567780 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzylamine is a valuable intermediate in the synthesis of organic compounds such as curing agents and antifungal drugs. To improve the efficiency of benzylamine biosynthesis, we identified the enzymes involved in the multi-enzyme cascade, regulated the expression strength by using RBS engineering in Escherichia coli, and established a regeneration-recycling system for alanine. This is a cosubstrate, coupled to cascade reactions, which resulted in E. coli RARE-TP and can synthesize benzylamine using phenylalanine as a precursor. By optimizing the supply of cosubstrates alanine and ammonia, the yield of benzylamine produced by whole-cell catalysis was increased by 1.5-fold and 2.7-fold, respectively, and the final concentration reached 6.21 mM. In conclusion, we achieved conversion from l-phenylalanine to benzylamine and increased the yield through enzyme screening, expression regulation, and whole-cell catalytic system optimization. This demonstrated a green and sustainable benzylamine synthesis method, which provides a reference and additional information for benzylamine biosynthesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Runan Dong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxin Yin
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Gao
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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3
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Jv X, Wang R, Sun J, Ma L, Zhao P, Liu J, Wang X, Zhang X, Wang B. Deracemization of Racemic Amine Using ω-Transaminase and a Nickel-Based Nanocatalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Jv
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, No. 58, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Ruke Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Jifu Sun
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Linzheng Ma
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Peiwen Zhao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, No. 58, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, No. 579, Qianwan’gang Road, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
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4
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Terholsen H, Kaur J, Kaloudis N, Staudt A, Müller H, Pavlidis IV, Bornscheuer U. Recovery of hydroxytyrosol from olive mill wastewater using the promiscuous hydrolase/acyltransferase PestE. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200254. [PMID: 35579388 PMCID: PMC9400952 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) is produced annually during olive oil extraction and contains most of the health‐promoting 3‐hydroxytyrosol of the olive fruit. To facilitate its recovery, enzymatic transesterification of hydroxytyrosol (HT) was directly performed in an aqueous system in the presence of ethyl acetate, yielding a 3‐hydroxytyrosol acetate rich extract. For this, the promiscuous acyltransferase from Pyrobaculum calidifontis VA1 (PestE) was engineered by rational design. The best mutant for the acetylation of hydroxytyrosol (PestE_I208A_L209F_N288A) was immobilized on EziG2 beads, resulting in hydroxytyrosol conversions between 82 and 89 % in one hour, for at least ten reaction cycles in a buffered hydroxytyrosol solution. Due to inhibition by other phenols in OMWW the conversions of hydroxytyrosol from this source were between 51 and 62 %. In a preparative scale reaction, 13.8 mg (57 %) of 3‐hydroxytyrosol acetate was extracted from 60 mL OMWW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Terholsen
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Jasmin Kaur
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Nikolaos Kaloudis
- University of Crete Department of Chemistry: Panepistemio Kretes Tmema Chemeias, Dept. of Chemistry, GREECE
| | - Amanda Staudt
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Henrik Müller
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Ioannis V Pavlidis
- University of Crete Department of Chemistry: Panepistemio Kretes Tmema Chemeias, Dept. of Chemistry, GREECE
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Greifswald University, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, GERMANY
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5
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Mycobacterium smegmatis acyltransferase: The big new player in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Fessner ND, Badenhorst CPS, Bornscheuer UT. Enzyme Kits to Facilitate the Integration of Biocatalysis into Organic Chemistry – First Aid for Synthetic Chemists. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
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7
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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8
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Müller H, Terholsen H, Godehard SP, Badenhorst CPS, Bornscheuer UT. Recent Insights and Future Perspectives on Promiscuous Hydrolases/Acyltransferases. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Terholsen
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Pandey RP, Casini A, Voigt CA, Gordon DB. Four-Step Pathway from Phenylpyruvate to Benzylamine, an Intermediate to the High-Energy Propellant CL-20. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2187-2196. [PMID: 34491727 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzylamine is a commodity chemical used in the synthesis of motion-sickness treatments and anticonvulsants, in dyeing textiles, and as a precursor to the high-energy propellant CL-20. Because chemical production generates toxic waste streams, biosynthetic alternatives have been explored, recently resulting in a functional nine-step pathway from central metabolism (phenylalanine) in E. coli. We report a novel four-step pathway for benzylamine production, which generates the product from cellular phenylpyruvate using enzymes from different sources: a mandelate synthase (Amycolatopsis orientalis), a mandelate oxidase (Streptomyces coelicolor), a benzoylformate decarboxylase (Pseudomonas putida), and an aminotransferase (Salicibacter pomeroyi). This pathway produces benzylamine at 24 mg/L in 15 h (4.5% yield) in cultures of unoptimized cells supplemented with phenylpyruvate. Because the yield is low, supplementation with pathway intermediates is used to troubleshoot the design. This identifies conversion inefficiencies in the mandelate synthase-mediated synthesis of (S)-mandelic acid, and subsequent genome mining identifies a new mandelate synthase (Streptomyces sp. 1114.5) with improved yield. Supplementation experiments also reveal native redirection of ambient phenylpyruvate away from the pathway to phenylalanine. Overall, this work illustrates how retrosynthetic design can dramatically reduce the number of enzymes in a pathway, potentially reducing its draw on cellular resources. However, it also shows that such benefits can be abrogated by inefficiencies of individual conversions. Addressing these barriers can provide an alternative approach to green production of benzylamine, eliminating upstream dependence on chlorination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Arturo Casini
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christopher A. Voigt
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - D. Benjamin Gordon
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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10
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Rational Design for Enhanced Acyltransferase Activity in Water Catalyzed by the Pyrobaculum calidifontis VA1 Esterase. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081790. [PMID: 34442869 PMCID: PMC8402108 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic transesterification is commonly carried out employing lipases in anhydrous organic solvents since hydrolases usually prefer hydrolysis over acyl transfer in bulk water. However, some promiscuous acyltransferases can catalyze acylation in an aqueous solution. In this study, a rational design was performed to enhance the acyltransferase selectivity and substrate scope of the Pyrobaculum calidifontis VA1 esterase (PestE). PestE wild type and variants were applied for the acylation of monoterpene alcohols. The mutant PestE_I208A is selective for (–)-menthyl acetate (E-Value = 55). Highly active acyltransferases were designed, allowing for complete conversion of (–)-citronellol to citronellyl acetate. Additionally, carvacrol was acetylated but with lower conversions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the biocatalytic acylation of a phenolic alcohol in bulk water. In addition, a high citronellol conversion of 92% was achieved with the more environmentally friendly and inexpensive acyl donor ethyl acetate using PestE_N288F as a catalyst. PestE_N288F exhibits good acyl transfer activity in an aqueous medium and low hydrolysis activity at the same time. Thus, our study demonstrates an alternative synthetic strategy for acylation of compounds without organic solvents.
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11
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Godehard SP, Müller H, Badenhorst CPS, Stanetty C, Suster C, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT. Efficient Acylation of Sugars and Oligosaccharides in Aqueous Environment Using Engineered Acyltransferases. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Institute for Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Suster
- Institute for Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Müller H, Godehard SP, Palm GJ, Berndt L, Badenhorst CPS, Becker A, Lammers M, Bornscheuer UT. Entdeckung und Design promiskuitiver Acyltransferase‐Aktivität in Carboxylesterasen der Familie VIII. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Abt. Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Simon P. Godehard
- Abt. Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Abt. Synthetische und strukturelle Biochemie Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Leona Berndt
- Abt. Synthetische und strukturelle Biochemie Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Abt. Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Ann‐Kristin Becker
- Institut für Bioinformatik Universitätsmedizin Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Michael Lammers
- Abt. Synthetische und strukturelle Biochemie Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Abt. Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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13
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Müller H, Godehard SP, Palm GJ, Berndt L, Badenhorst CPS, Becker A, Lammers M, Bornscheuer UT. Discovery and Design of Family VIII Carboxylesterases as Highly Efficient Acyltransferases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2013-2017. [PMID: 33140887 PMCID: PMC7894173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Promiscuous acyltransferase activity is the ability of certain hydrolases to preferentially catalyze acyl transfer over hydrolysis, even in bulk water. However, poor enantioselectivity, low transfer efficiency, significant product hydrolysis, and limited substrate scope represent considerable drawbacks for their application. By activity-based screening of several hydrolases, we identified the family VIII carboxylesterase, EstCE1, as an unprecedentedly efficient acyltransferase. EstCE1 catalyzes the irreversible amidation and carbamoylation of amines in water, which enabled the synthesis of the drug moclobemide from methyl 4-chlorobenzoate and 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (ca. 20 % conversion). We solved the crystal structure of EstCE1 and detailed structure-function analysis revealed a three-amino acid motif important for promiscuous acyltransferase activity. Introducing this motif into an esterase without acetyltransferase activity transformed a "hydrolase" into an "acyltransferase".
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Leona Berndt
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Ann‐Kristin Becker
- Institute of BioinformaticsUniversity Medicine Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
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14
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Contente ML, Roura Padrosa D, Molinari F, Paradisi F. A strategic Ser/Cys exchange in the catalytic triad unlocks an acyltransferase-mediated synthesis of thioesters and tertiary amides. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Domínguez de María P. Across the Board: Pablo Domínguez de María on the Biocatalytic Synthesis of Esters and Amides in Aqueous Media. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5611-5613. [PMID: 33034407 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this series of articles, the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. This entry features Dr. P. Domínguez de María, who introduces the biocatalytic synthesis of esters and amides in aqueous media by means of some acyltransferases that seem to proceed against Le Chatelier's principle. Continuous processes with immobilized forms of these enzymes enable the efficient production of aroma esters and important amides (e. g., melatonin) in aqueous solutions and using natural substrates with limited environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Domínguez de María
- Sustainable Momentum SL, Av. Ansite 3, 4-6, 35011, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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16
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Jost E, Kazemi M, Mrkonjić V, Himo F, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Variants of the Acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis Enable Enantioselective Acyl Transfer in Water. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Etta Jost
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valerija Mrkonjić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Li C, Song H. Multi-enzyme pyruvate removal system to enhance ( R)-selective reductive amination of ketones. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28984-28991. [PMID: 35520080 PMCID: PMC9055928 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic transamination is widely used in industrial production of chiral chemicals. Here, we constructed a novel multi-enzyme system to promote the conversion of the amination reaction. Firstly, we constructed the ArR-ωTA/TdcE/FDH/LDH multi-enzyme system, by combination of (R)-selective ω-transaminase derived from Arthrobacter sp. (ArR-ωTA), formate dehydrogenase (FDH) derived from Candida boidinii, formate acetyltransferase (TdcE) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) derived from E. coli MG1655. This multi-enzyme system was used to efficiently remove the by-product pyruvate by TdcE and LDH to facilitate the transamination reaction. The TdcE/FDH pathway was found to dominate the by-product pyruvate removal in the transamination reaction. Secondly, we optimized the reaction conditions, including d-alanine, DMSO, and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) with different concentration of 2-pentanone (as a model substrate). Thirdly, by using the ArR-ωTA/TdcE/FDH/LDH system, the conversions of 2-pentanone, 4-phenyl-2-butanone and cyclohexanone were 84.5%, 98.2% and 79.3%, respectively. The ArR-ωTA/TdcE/FDH/LDH system is an efficient system for increasing the conversion in the transamination reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China +86-18722024233
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China +86-18722024233
| | - Chao Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China +86-18722024233
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China +86-18722024233
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18
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Liu J, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Unveiling the Multipath Biosynthesis Mechanism of 2-Phenylethanol in Proteus mirabilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7684-7690. [PMID: 32608230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis could convert l-phenylalanine into 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) via the Ehrlich pathway, the amino acid deaminase pathway, and the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase pathway. The aromatic amino acid decarboxylase pathway was proved for the first time in P. mirabilis. In this pathway, l-aromatic amino acid transferase demonstrated a unique catalytic property, transforming 2-penylethylamine into phenylacetaldehyde. Eleven enzymes were supposed to involve in 2-phenylethanol synthesis. The mRNA expression levels of 11 genes were assessed over time by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in vivo. As a result, the expression of 11 genes was significantly increased, suggesting that P. mirabilis could transform l-phenylalanine into 2-phenylethanol via three pathways under aerobic conditions; nine genes were significantly overexpressed, suggesting that P. mirabilis could synthesize 2-phenylethanol via the Ehrlich pathway under anaerobic conditions. This study reveals the multipath synthetic metabolism for 2-phenylethanol in P. mirabilis and will enrich the new ideas for natural (2-PE) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1T, U.K
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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19
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Müller H, Becker A, Palm GJ, Berndt L, Badenhorst CPS, Godehard SP, Reisky L, Lammers M, Bornscheuer UT. Sequence-Based Prediction of Promiscuous Acyltransferase Activity in Hydrolases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11607-11612. [PMID: 32243661 PMCID: PMC7383625 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Certain hydrolases preferentially catalyze acyl transfer over hydrolysis in an aqueous environment. However, the molecular and structural reasons for this phenomenon are still unclear. Herein, we provide evidence that acyltransferase activity in esterases highly correlates with the hydrophobicity of the substrate-binding pocket. A hydrophobicity scoring system developed in this work allows accurate prediction of promiscuous acyltransferase activity solely from the amino acid sequence of the cap domain. This concept was experimentally verified by systematic investigation of several homologous esterases, leading to the discovery of five novel promiscuous acyltransferases. We also developed a simple yet versatile colorimetric assay for rapid characterization of novel acyltransferases. This study demonstrates that promiscuous acyltransferase activity is not as rare as previously thought and provides access to a vast number of novel acyltransferases with diverse substrate specificity and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Ann‐Kristin Becker
- Institute of BioinformaticsUniversity Medicine Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Leona Berndt
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Lukas Reisky
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
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20
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Godehard SP, Badenhorst CPS, Müller H, Bornscheuer UT. Protein Engineering for Enhanced Acyltransferase Activity, Substrate Scope, and Selectivity of the Mycobacterium smegmatis Acyltransferase MsAcT. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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21
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Müller H, Becker A, Palm GJ, Berndt L, Badenhorst CPS, Godehard SP, Reisky L, Lammers M, Bornscheuer UT. Sequence‐Based Prediction of Promiscuous Acyltransferase Activity in Hydrolases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Ann‐Kristin Becker
- Institute of Bioinformatics University Medicine Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Department of Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Leona Berndt
- Department of Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Lukas Reisky
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department of Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald 17487 Greifswald Germany
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22
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Sheng X, Kazemi M, Planas F, Himo F. Modeling Enzymatic Enantioselectivity using Quantum Chemical Methodology. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Ferran Planas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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23
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Feng X, Guo J, Zhang R, Liu W, Cao Y, Xian M, Liu H. An Aminotransferase from Enhydrobacter aerosaccus to Obtain Optically Pure β-Phenylalanine. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7745-7750. [PMID: 32309682 PMCID: PMC7160847 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An aminotransferase ω-TAEn was identified from Enhydrobacter aerosaccus. The ω-TAEn was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and the obtained enzyme showed activity toward β-phenylalanine (β-phe) at optimal conditions. For optically pure (R)-β-phe, 50% yield was observed by kinetic resolution of racemic amino with pyruvate as the amino acceptor. To obtain (S)-β-phe, the lipase/ω-TAEn catalytic system was adopted. The ω-TAEn showed strict stereoselectivity to the amino donor. The formation of (S)-β-phe was observed using 3-aminobutyric acid as the amino donor, and (S)-β-phe was obtained by asymmetric synthesis with a yield of 82%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Feng
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Guo
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yujin Cao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Huizhou Liu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao
Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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24
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Abstract
The question of how to distinguish between lipases and esterases is about as old as the definition of the subclassification is. Many different criteria have been proposed to this end, all indicative but not decisive. Here, the activity of lipases in dry organic solvents as a criterion is probed on a minimal α/β hydrolase fold enzyme, the Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA), and compared to Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), a proven lipase. Both hydrolases show activity in dry solvents and this proves BSLA to be a lipase. Overall, this demonstrates the value of this additional parameter to distinguish between lipases and esterases. Lipases tend to be active in dry organic solvents, while esterases are not active under these circumstances.
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25
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26
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Using enzyme cascades in biocatalysis: Highlight on transaminases and carboxylic acid reductases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Hammerer L, Pavkov-Keller T, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Rational Engineered C-Acyltransferase Transforms Sterically Demanding Acyl Donors. ACS Catal 2020; 10:1094-1101. [PMID: 32030315 PMCID: PMC6996649 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation has been identified recently for the acetylation of resorcinol using activated acetic acid esters for the synthesis of acetophenone derivatives catalyzed by an acyltransferase. Because the wild-type enzyme is limited to acetic and propionic derivatives as the substrate, variants were designed to extend the substrate scope of this enzyme. By rational protein engineering, the key residue in the active site was identified which can be replaced to allow binding of bulkier acyl moieties. The single-point variant F148V enabled the transformation of previously inaccessible medium chain length alkyl and alkoxyalkyl carboxylic esters as donor substrates with up to 99% conversion and up to >99% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstrasse
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstrasse
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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28
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Gavin DP, Reen FJ, Rocha-Martin J, Abreu-Castilla I, Woods DF, Foley AM, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Schwarz M, O'Neill P, Maguire AR, O'Gara F. Genome mining and characterisation of a novel transaminase with remote stereoselectivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20285. [PMID: 31889089 PMCID: PMC6937235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial enzymes from pristine niches can potentially deliver disruptive opportunities in synthetic routes to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and intermediates in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Advances in green chemistry technologies and the importance of stereochemical control, further underscores the application of enzyme-based solutions in chemical synthesis. The rich tapestry of microbial diversity in the oceanic ecosystem encodes a capacity for novel biotransformations arising from the chemical complexity of this largely unexplored bioactive reservoir. Here we report a novel ω-transaminase discovered in a marine sponge Pseudovibrio sp. isolate. Remote stereoselection using a transaminase has been demonstrated for the first time using this novel protein. Application to the resolution of an intermediate in the synthesis of sertraline highlights the synthetic potential of this novel biocatalyst discovered through genomic mining. Integrated chemico-genomics revealed a unique substrate profile, while molecular modelling provided structural insights into this ‘first in class’ selectivity at a remote chiral centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Gavin
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - F J Reen
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF, Cork, Ireland
| | - J Rocha-Martin
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - I Abreu-Castilla
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - D F Woods
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A M Foley
- School of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P A Sánchez-Murcia
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Schwarz
- School of Chemistry; Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P O'Neill
- Pfizer Process Development Centre, Loughbeg, Cork, Ireland
| | - A R Maguire
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,School of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - F O'Gara
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,Human Microbiome Programme, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia and Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.
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29
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Kazemi M, Sheng X, Himo F. Origins of Enantiopreference of
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Acyl Transferase: A Computational Analysis. Chemistry 2019; 25:11945-11954. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Petchey
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD U.K
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD U.K
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31
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Perdomo IC, Gianolio S, Pinto A, Romano D, Contente ML, Paradisi F, Molinari F. Efficient Enzymatic Preparation of Flavor Esters in Water. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6517-6522. [PMID: 31099247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward biocatalytic method for the enzymatic preparation of different flavor esters starting from primary alcohols (e.g., isoamyl, n-hexyl, geranyl, cinnamyl, 2-phenethyl, and benzyl alcohols) and naturally available ethyl esters (e.g., formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate) was developed. The biotransformations are catalyzed by an acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT) and proceeded with excellent yields (80-97%) and short reaction times (30-120 min), even when high substrate concentrations (up to 0.5 M) were used. This enzymatic strategy represents an efficient alternative to the application of lipases in organic solvents and a significant improvement compared with already known methods in terms of reduced use of organic solvents, paving the way to sustainable and efficient preparation of natural flavoring agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Chiarelli Perdomo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Stefania Gianolio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Martina Letizia Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) , University of Milan , Via Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milan , Italy
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32
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has emerged in the last decade as a pre-eminent technology for enabling the envisaged transition to a more sustainable bio-based economy. For industrial viability it is essential that enzymes can be readily recovered and recycled by immobilization as solid, recyclable catalysts. One method to achieve this is via carrier-free immobilization as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). This methodology proved to be very effective with a broad selection of enzymes, in particular carbohydrate-converting enzymes. Methods for optimizing CLEA preparations by, for example, adding proteic feeders to promote cross-linking, and strategies for making the pores accessible for macromolecular substrates are critically reviewed and compared. Co-immobilization of two or more enzymes in combi-CLEAs enables the cost-effective use of multiple enzymes in biocatalytic cascade processes and the use of “smart” magnetic CLEAs to separate the immobilized enzyme from other solids has raised the CLEA technology to a new level of industrial and environmental relevance. Magnetic-CLEAs of polysaccharide-converting enzymes, for example, are eminently suitable for use in the conversion of first and second generation biomass.
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33
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Abstract
Acyltransferases are enzymes that are capable of catalyzing the transesterification of non-activated esters in an aqueous environment and therefore represent interesting catalysts for applications in various fields. However, only a few acyltransferases have been identified so far, which can be explained by the lack of a simple, broadly applicable high-throughput assay for the identification of these enzymes from large libraries. Here, we present the development of such an assay that is based on the enzymatic formation of oligocarbonates from dimethyl carbonate and 1,6-hexanediol. In contrast to the monomers used as substrates, the oligomers are not soluble in the aqueous environment and form a precipitate which is used to detect enzyme activity by the naked eye, by absorbance or by fluorescence measurements. With activity detected and thus confirmed for the enzymes Est8 and MsAcT, the assay enabled the first identification of acyltransferases that act on carbonates. It will thus allow for the discovery of further efficient acyltransferases or of more efficient variants via enzyme engineering.
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34
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Gandomkar S, Żądło‐Dobrowolska A, Kroutil W. Extending Designed Linear Biocatalytic Cascades for Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:225-243. [PMID: 33520008 PMCID: PMC7814890 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cascade reactions involving biocatalysts have demonstrated a tremendous potential during the recent years. This review just focuses on selected examples of the last year and putting them into context to a previously published suggestion for classification. Subdividing the cascades according to the number of catalysts in the linear sequence, and classifying whether the steps are performed simultaneous or in a sequential fashion as well as whether the reaction sequence is performed in vitro or in vivo allows to organise the concepts. The last year showed, that combinations of in vivo as well as in vitro are possible. Incompatible reaction steps may be run in a sequential fashion or by compartmentalisation of the incompatible steps either by using special reactors (membrane), polymersomes or flow techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
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35
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Finnveden M, Semlitsch S, He O, Martinelle M. Mono-substitution of symmetric diesters: selectivity of Mycobacterium smegmatis acyltransferase variants. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective mono-substitution of symmetric diesters was demonstrated using an immobilized Mycobacterium smegmatis esterase/acyltransferase (MsAcT) variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Finnveden
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
| | - Stefan Semlitsch
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
| | - Oscar He
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
| | - Mats Martinelle
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
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36
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Ren H, Long P, Zhao Y, Zhang K, Fan P, Wang B. Highly selective hydrogenation of aldehydes promoted by a palladium-based catalyst and its application in equilibrium displacement in a one-enzyme procedure using ω-transaminase. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-based catalyst-promoted highly selective hydrogenation of aldehydes and its application in efficient equilibrium displacement in a one-enzyme procedure using ω-transaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Peng Long
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Peihan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
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37
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Contente ML, Pinto A, Molinari F, Paradisi F. Biocatalytic N
-Acylation of Amines in Water Using an Acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Letizia Contente
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food; Environmental and Nutritional Science, DeFENS; University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food; Environmental and Nutritional Science, DeFENS; University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
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38
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Kazemi M, Sheng X, Kroutil W, Himo F. Computational Study of Mycobacterium smegmatis Acyl Transferase Reaction Mechanism and Specificity. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Zeng S, Liu J, Anankanbil S, Chen M, Guo Z, Adams JP, Snajdrova R, Li Z. Amide Synthesis via Aminolysis of Ester or Acid with an Intracellular Lipase. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Sampson Anankanbil
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joseph P. Adams
- Chemical Sciences, GSK R&D Medicines Research Centre, Gunnelswood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Chemical Sciences, GSK R&D Medicines Research Centre, Gunnelswood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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40
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Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Schmidt NG, Kroutil W. Promiscuous activity of C-acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens: synthesis of acetanilides in aqueous buffer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3387-3390. [PMID: 29553154 PMCID: PMC5885802 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00290h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A C-acyltransferase was found to show promiscuous activity catalyzing C–N bond formation in aqueous buffer instead of C–C bond formation.
Amide bond formation has considerable significance in synthetic chemistry. Although the C-acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens has been found to catalyze C–C bond formation in nature as well as in in vitro experiments with non-natural substrates, it is now shown that the enzyme is also able to catalyze amide formation using aniline derivatives as substrates with promiscuous activity. Importantly, the amide formation was enabled in aqueous buffer. Identifying phenyl acetate as the most suitable acetyl donor, the products were obtained with up to >99% conversion and up to 99% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria.
| | - Nina G Schmidt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria. and Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, acib GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria. and Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, acib GmbH, Graz, Austria
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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42
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Cheng Y, Shan Q, Zhang Y, Quan Z, Zhang K, Wang B. A highly efficient one-enzyme protocol using ω-transaminase and an amino donor enabling equilibrium displacement assisted by molecular oxygen. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient one-enzyme procedure using ω-transaminase promoted by molecular oxygen for preparing high enantiomeric purity chiral amines was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Qiheng Shan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Ziyi Quan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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43
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Fuchs CS, Farnberger JE, Steinkellner G, Sattler JH, Pickl M, Simon RC, Zepeck F, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Asymmetric Amination of α-Chiral Aliphatic Aldehydes via
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution to Access Stereocomplementary Brivaracetam and Pregabalin Precursors. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine S. Fuchs
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, ACIB GmbH, c/o; University of Graz; Harrachgasse 21 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Judith E. Farnberger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, ACIB GmbH, c/o; University of Graz; Harrachgasse 21 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, ACIB GmbH, c/o; University of Graz; Harrachgasse 21 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Humboldtstrasse 50/3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Johann H. Sattler
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry; University of Graz; Harrachgasse 21 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Mathias Pickl
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry; University of Graz; Harrachgasse 21 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Robert C. Simon
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry; University of Graz; Harrachgasse 21 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ferdinand Zepeck
- Sandoz GmbH; Biocatalysis Lab; Biochemiestrasse 10 6250 Kundl Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Humboldtstrasse 50/3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry; University of Graz; Harrachgasse 21 8010 Graz Austria
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44
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de Leeuw N, Torrelo G, Bisterfeld C, Resch V, Mestrom L, Straulino E, van der Weel L, Hanefeld U. Ester Synthesis in Water: Mycobacterium smegmatis
Acyl Transferase for Kinetic Resolutions. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas de Leeuw
- Biokatalyse; Afdeling Biotechnologie; Technische Universiteit Delft; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Guzman Torrelo
- Biokatalyse; Afdeling Biotechnologie; Technische Universiteit Delft; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Carolin Bisterfeld
- Biokatalyse; Afdeling Biotechnologie; Technische Universiteit Delft; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Verena Resch
- Biokatalyse; Afdeling Biotechnologie; Technische Universiteit Delft; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Mestrom
- Biokatalyse; Afdeling Biotechnologie; Technische Universiteit Delft; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Straulino
- Biokatalyse; Afdeling Biotechnologie; Technische Universiteit Delft; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Laura van der Weel
- Biokatalyse; Afdeling Biotechnologie; Technische Universiteit Delft; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse; Afdeling Biotechnologie; Technische Universiteit Delft; Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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45
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Sun J, Cui WH, Du K, Gao Q, Du M, Ji P, Feng W. Immobilization of R -ω-transaminase on MnO 2 nanorods for catalyzing the conversion of ( R )-1-phenylethylamine. J Biotechnol 2017; 245:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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46
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France SP, Hepworth LJ, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Constructing Biocatalytic Cascades: In Vitro and in Vivo Approaches to de Novo Multi-Enzyme Pathways. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. France
- School of Chemistry, Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna J. Hepworth
- School of Chemistry, Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry, Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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