1
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de la Parra S, Fernández-Pampín N, Garroni S, Poddighe M, de la Fuente-Vivas D, Barros R, Martel-Martín S, Aparicio S, Rumbo C, Tamayo-Ramos JA. Comparative toxicological analysis of two pristine carbon nanomaterials (graphene oxide and aminated graphene oxide) and their corresponding degraded forms using human in vitro models. Toxicology 2024; 504:153783. [PMID: 38518840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite the wide application of graphene-based materials, the information of the toxicity associated to some specific derivatives such as aminated graphene oxide is scarce. Likewise, most of these studies analyse the pristine materials, while the available data regarding the harmful effects of degraded forms is very limited. In this work, the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO), aminated graphene oxide (GO-NH2), and their respective degraded forms (dGO and dGO-NH2) obtained after being submitted to high-intensity sonication was evaluated applying in vitro assays in different models of human exposure. Viability and ROS assays were performed on A549 and HT29 cells, while their skin irritation potential was tested on a reconstructed human epidermis model. The obtained results showed that GO-NH2 and dGO-NH2 substantially decrease cell viability in the lung and gastrointestinal models, being this reduction slightly higher in the cells exposed to the degraded forms. In contrast, this parameter was not affected by GO and dGO which, conversely, showed the ability to induce higher levels of ROS than the pristine and degraded aminated forms. Furthermore, none of the materials is skin irritant. Altogether, these results provide new insights about the potential harmful effects of the selected graphene-based nanomaterials in comparison with their degraded counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra de la Parra
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Natalia Fernández-Pampín
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Sebastiano Garroni
- Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Matteo Poddighe
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (LMNT), Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Science, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Dalia de la Fuente-Vivas
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Rocío Barros
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Sonia Martel-Martín
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Santiago Aparicio
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos 09001, Spain
| | - Carlos Rumbo
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos 09001, Spain.
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2
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Thaweeskulchai T, Sakdaphetsiri K, Schulte A. Ten years of laser-induced graphene: impact and future prospect on biomedical, healthcare, and wearable technology. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:292. [PMID: 38687361 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Since its introduction in 2014, laser-induced graphene (LIG) from commercial polymers has been gaining interests in both academic and industrial sectors. This can be clearly seen from its mass adoption in various fields ranging from energy storage and sensing platforms to biomedical applications. LIG is a 3-dimensional, nanoporous graphene structure with highly tuneable electrical, physical, and chemical properties. LIG can be easily produced by single-step laser scribing at normal room temperature and pressure using easily accessible commercial level laser machines and materials. With the increasing demand for novel wearable devices for biomedical applications, LIG on flexible substrates can readily serve as a technological platform to be further developed for biomedical applications such as point-of-care (POC) testing and wearable devices for healthcare monitoring system. This review will provide a comprehensive grounding on LIG from its inception and fabrication mechanism to the characterization of its key functional properties. The exploration of biomedicals applications in the form of wearable and point-of-care devices will then be presented. Issue of health risk from accidental exposure to LIG will be covered. Then LIG-based wearable devices will be compared to devices of different materials. Finally, we discuss the implementation of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to wearable devices and explore and speculate on its potentials and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thana Thaweeskulchai
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wang Chan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand.
| | - Kittiya Sakdaphetsiri
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wang Chan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wang Chan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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3
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Lin H, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Kaur J, Wick P, Pelin M, Tubaro A, Carniel FC, Tretiach M, Flahaut E, Iglesias D, Vázquez E, Cellot G, Ballerini L, Castagnola V, Benfenati F, Armirotti A, Sallustrau A, Taran F, Keck M, Bussy C, Vranic S, Kostarelos K, Connolly M, Navas JM, Mouchet F, Gauthier L, Baker J, Suarez-Merino B, Kanerva T, Prato M, Fadeel B, Bianco A. Environmental and Health Impacts of Graphene and Other Two-Dimensional Materials: A Graphene Flagship Perspective. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6038-6094. [PMID: 38350010 PMCID: PMC10906101 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous interest ever since the isolation of atomically thin sheets of graphene in 2004 due to the specific and versatile properties of these materials. However, the increasing production and use of 2D materials necessitate a thorough evaluation of the potential impact on human health and the environment. Furthermore, harmonized test protocols are needed with which to assess the safety of 2D materials. The Graphene Flagship project (2013-2023), funded by the European Commission, addressed the identification of the possible hazard of graphene-based materials as well as emerging 2D materials including transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, and others. Additionally, so-called green chemistry approaches were explored to achieve the goal of a safe and sustainable production and use of this fascinating family of nanomaterials. The present review provides a compact survey of the findings and the lessons learned in the Graphene Flagship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Lin
- CNRS,
UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jasreen Kaur
- Nanosafety
& Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT,
Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT,
UPS, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - Daniel Iglesias
- Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Facultad
de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto
Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Giada Cellot
- International
School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International
School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Center
for
Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for
Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical
Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Département
Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester,
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, National Graphene Institute, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Mona Connolly
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
Agraria
y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Maria Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología
Agraria
y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Mouchet
- Laboratoire
Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Laury Gauthier
- Laboratoire
Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - James Baker
- TEMAS Solutions GmbH, 5212 Hausen, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomi Kanerva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety
& Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS,
UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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4
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Cebadero-Domínguez Ó, Diez-Quijada L, López S, Sánchez-Ballester S, Puerto M, Cameán AM, Jos A. Impact of Gastrointestinal Digestion In Vitro Procedure on the Characterization and Cytotoxicity of Reduced Graphene Oxide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2285. [PMID: 37630872 PMCID: PMC10457766 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in graphene derivatives is a result of their variety of applications in many fields. Due to their use, the oral route could be a potential way of entrance for the general population. This work assesses the biotransformation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) after an in vitro digestion procedure (mouth, gastric, intestinal, and colon digestion), and its toxic effects in different cell models (HepG2, Caco-2, and 3D intestinal model). The characterization of rGO digestas evidenced the agglomeration of samples during the in vitro gastrointestinal (g.i.) digestion. Internalization of rGO was only evident in Caco-2 cells exposed to the colonic phase and no cellular defects were observed. Digestas of rGO did not produce remarkable cytotoxicity in any of the experimental models employed at the tested concentrations (up to 200 µg/mL), neither an inflammatory response. Undigested rGO has shown cytotoxic effects in Caco-2 cells, therefore these results suggest that the digestion process could prevent the systemic toxic effects of rGO. However, additional studies are necessary to clarify the interaction of rGO with the g.i. tract and its biocompatibility profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Cebadero-Domínguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Sergio López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Soraya Sánchez-Ballester
- Packaging, Transport and Logistic Research Institute, Albert Einstein, 1, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Ana M. Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (Ó.C.-D.); (L.D.-Q.); (A.M.C.)
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5
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Cebadero-Dominguez Ó, Medrano-Padial C, Puerto M, Sánchez-Ballester S, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Genotoxicity evaluation of graphene derivatives by a battery of in vitro assays. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 372:110367. [PMID: 36706891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interest of graphene materials has increased markedly in the recent years for their promising applications in many fields as food packing. These new applications have caused some concern regarding their safety for consumers since the intake of these materials may increase. In this sense, a battery of in vitro test is required before its use as a food contact material. Then, the aim of this study was to assess the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) following the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Thus, the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) and the micronucleus test (MN) were performed in L5178YTk ± cells, and the Caco-2 cells were used for the standard and modified comet assays. The results indicated that GO (0-250 μg/mL) was not mutagenic in the MLA. However, rGO revealed mutagenic activity from 250 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL after 4h and 24h of exposure, respectively. In the MN test, negative results were obtained for both compounds at the concentrations assayed (0-250 μg/mL) for GO/rGO. Moreover, no DNA strand breaks, or oxidative DNA damage were detected in Caco-2 cells exposed to GO (0-250 μg/mL) and rGO (0-176.3 μg/mL for 24h and 0-166.5 μg/mL for 48h). Considering the mutagenic potential of rGO observed further investigation is needed to describe its toxic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Cebadero-Dominguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Concepción Medrano-Padial
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - Soraya Sánchez-Ballester
- Packaging, Transport and Logistic Research Institute, Albert Einstein 1. Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Professor García González n°2, 41012, Seville, Spain
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6
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Chortarea S, Kuru OC, Netkueakul W, Pelin M, Keshavan S, Song Z, Ma B, Gómes J, Abalos EV, Luna LAVD, Loret T, Fordham A, Drummond M, Kontis N, Anagnostopoulos G, Paterakis G, Cataldi P, Tubaro A, Galiotis C, Kinloch I, Fadeel B, Bussy C, Kostarelos K, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Prato M, Bianco A, Wick P. Hazard assessment of abraded thermoplastic composites reinforced with reduced graphene oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129053. [PMID: 35650742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-related materials (GRMs) are subject to intensive investigations and considerable progress has been made in recent years in terms of safety assessment. However, limited information is available concerning the hazard potential of GRM-containing products such as graphene-reinforced composites. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the potential biological effects of particles released through an abrasion process from reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-reinforced composites of polyamide 6 (PA6), a widely used engineered thermoplastic polymer, in comparison to as-produced rGO. First, a panel of well-established in vitro models, representative of the immune system and possible target organs such as the lungs, the gut, and the skin, was applied. Limited responses to PA6-rGO exposure were found in the different in vitro models. Only as-produced rGO induced substantial adverse effects, in particular in macrophages. Since inhalation of airborne materials is a key occupational concern, we then sought to test whether the in vitro responses noted for these materials would translate into adverse effects in vivo. To this end, the response at 1, 7 and 28 days after a single pulmonary exposure was evaluated in mice. In agreement with the in vitro data, PA6-rGO induced a modest and transient pulmonary inflammation, resolved by day 28. In contrast, rGO induced a longer-lasting, albeit moderate inflammation that did not lead to tissue remodeling within 28 days. Taken together, the present study suggests a negligible impact on human health under acute exposure conditions of GRM fillers such as rGO when released from composites at doses expected at the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvina Chortarea
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ogul Can Kuru
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Woranan Netkueakul
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhengmei Song
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Baojin Ma
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julio Gómes
- Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L. 26370 Navarrete, Spain
| | - Elvira Villaro Abalos
- Instituto de Tecnologías Químicas de La Rioja (InterQuímica), 26370 Navarrete, Spain
| | - Luis Augusto Visani de Luna
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Loret
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Fordham
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Drummond
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Kontis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George Anagnostopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George Paterakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelia Tubaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ian Kinloch
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 177 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain; Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Wick
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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7
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Graphene oxide leads to mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis by activating ROS-p53-mPTP pathway in intestinal cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 146:106206. [PMID: 35398141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its unique physical and chemical properties, graphene oxide (GO) has a wide range of applications in biomedical field. However, with the gradual improvement of biosafety investigations on nanomaterials, growing literatures have pointed out that GO could lead to oxidative stress, aggravation of inflammatory responses, and even irreversible lesions in human multi-tissues, while its damage to small intestinal remained unclear. In this study, we conducted an in-depth study on the toxicological effect of GO on intestinal tissues, and further clarified its toxic effect and molecular mechanism on inducing intestinal cell death. Firstly, we characterized the shape size, potential value, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) characterization and pro-oxidant properties of GO nanosheets. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of GO to Caco-2 and IEC-6 cell lines was thereafter observed, which was specifically manifested as invoking NADPH Oxidase 1 (NOX1) proteins, accompanied generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since that, more p53 flowed into mitochondria to combine with cyclophilin D (CYPD), thus induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Through ROS-CyPD-mPTP signaling pathway, GO exerted imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis, while released cytochrome c (CytC) would ultimate caspase-dependent cell apoptosis. In vivo experiment also confirmed that the microstructure of small intestine was damaged, and the apoptosis rate and oxidative markers were significantly increased in GO-treated Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats (40 mg/kg once every other day from day 1 to day 9 by oral gavage). Based on these findings, we conclude that the adverse effects of oral exposure of GO on the biological system mainly concentrate in the digestive tract, and clarify the key role of ROS-mitochondrial homeostasis-apoptosis axis in GO-derived intestinal toxicity. Considering all these results and the fact that GO exhibited intestinal toxicity, we believe that this research providing a safety reference for its biomedical applications.
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8
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Cebadero-Domínguez Ó, Jos A, Cameán AM, Cătunescu GM. Hazard characterization of graphene nanomaterials in the frame of their food risk assessment: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113014. [PMID: 35430331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Different applications have been suggested for graphene nanomaterials (GFNs) in the food and feed chain. However, it is necessary to perform a risk assessment before they become market-ready, and when consumer exposure is demonstrated. For this purpose, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has published a guidance that has been recently updated. In this sense, the aim of this study is to identify and characterise toxicological hazards related to GFNs after oral exposure. Thus, existing scientific literature in relation to in vitro degradation studies, in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity, toxicokinetics data, in vivo oral studies, and other in-depth studies such as effects on the microbiome has been revised. The obtained results showed that the investigations performed up to now did not follow internationally agreed-upon test guidelines. Moreover, GFNs seemed to resist gastrointestinal digestion and were able to be absorbed, distributed, and excreted, inducing toxic effects at different levels, including genotoxicity. Also, dose has an important role as it has been reported that low doses are more toxic than high doses because GFNs tend to aggregate in the digestive system, changing the internal exposure scenario. Thus, further studies including a thorough toxicological evaluation are required to protect consumer's safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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9
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In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on Caco-2 cells. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1130-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Xu Z, Li M, Sun R, Chu B, Song B, Wang H, Su Y, He Y. Nanoparticles as a Hedgehog signaling inhibitor for the suppression of cancer growth and metastasis. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11077-11085. [PMID: 34137761 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been intensively explored for the treatment of tumors during the past decade, yet little information has been provided on the NPs' inherent therapeutic activity against cancers. With this goal in mind, we reveal that biocompatible silicon (Si) NPs (SiNPs) feature excellent anti-growth and anti-metastasis activities against prostate cancer cells that show aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. Without activation by the Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-agonist, mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH3T3) cells show no response to SiNP exposure. The distinct inhibitory effect of SiNPs on the HH signaling pathway leads to significant suppression of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. Crucially, in two mouse tumor models, the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer cells are also efficiently inhibited by SiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Xu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biochemical Analysis, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Manjing Li
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biochemical Analysis, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Rong Sun
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biochemical Analysis, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Binbin Chu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biochemical Analysis, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Bin Song
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biochemical Analysis, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Houyu Wang
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biochemical Analysis, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Yao He
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biochemical Analysis, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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11
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Liu S, Xu A, Gao Y, Xie Y, Liu Z, Sun M, Mao H, Wang X. Graphene oxide exacerbates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis via ROS/AMPK/p53 signaling to mediate apoptosis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:85. [PMID: 33766052 PMCID: PMC7995754 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graphene oxide (GO), a novel carbon-based nanomaterial, has promising applications in biomedicine. However, it induces potential cytotoxic effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract cells, and these effects have been largely uncharacterized. The present study aimed to explore the toxic effects of GO on the intestinal tract especially under pre-existing inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Results Our findings indicated that oral gavage of GO worsened acute colitis induced by 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. In vitro, GO exacerbated DSS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the FHC cell line, an ideal model of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Further, the potential mechanism underlying GO aggravated mice colitis and cell inflammation was explored. Our results revealed that GO treatment triggered apoptosis in FHC cells through the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/p53 pathway, as evidenced by the upregulation of cytochrome c (Cytc), Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 (c-cas3) and the downregulation of Bcl-2. Interestingly, pretreatment with an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and a specific inhibitor of AMPK activation, Compound C (Com.C), effectively inhibited GO-induced apoptosis in FHC cells. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that GO-induced IECs apoptosis via ROS/AMPK/p53 pathway activation accounts for the exacerbation of colitis in vivo and aggravation of inflammation in vitro. These findings provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of IBD induced by environmental factors. Furthermore, our findings enhance our understanding of GO as a potential environmental toxin, which helps delineate the risk of exposure to patients with disturbed intestinal epithelial barrier/inflammatory disorders such as IBD. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Angao Xu
- Huizhou Medicine Institute, Huizhou, 516003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Hempt C, Kaiser JP, Scholder O, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Hofmann H, Rippl A, Schuster TB, Wick P, Hirsch C. The impact of synthetic amorphous silica (E 551) on differentiated Caco-2 cells, a model for the human intestinal epithelium. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104903. [PMID: 32473318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, food-grade synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) have been used as a technological additive to reduce caking of food powders. Human exposure is thus inevitable and safety concerns are taken seriously. The toxicity of silica in general and SAS in particular has been studied extensively. Overall, there is little evidence that food-grade SAS pose any health risks to humans. However, from the available data it was often not clear which type of silica was used. Accordingly, the latest report of the European food safety authority requested additional toxicity data for well-characterised "real food-grade SAS". To close this gap, we screened a panel of ten well-defined, food-grade SAS for potential adverse effects on differentiated Caco-2 cells. Precipitated and fumed SAS with low, intermediate and high specific surface area were included to determine structure-activity relationships. In a physiological dose-range up to 50 μg/ml and 48 h of incubation, none of the materials induced adverse effects on differentiated Caco-2 cells. This held true for endpoints of acute cytotoxicity as well as epithelial specific measures of barrier integrity. These results showed that despite considerable differences in production routes and material characteristics, food-relevant SAS did not elicit acute toxicity responses in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hempt
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Kaiser
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Scholder
- Nanoscale Materials Science Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Hofmann
- Institute of Materials, Powder Technology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Rippl
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tobias B Schuster
- Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Hirsch
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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13
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Netkueakul W, Korejwo D, Hammer T, Chortarea S, Rupper P, Braun O, Calame M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Wick P, Wang J. Release of graphene-related materials from epoxy-based composites: characterization, quantification and hazard assessment in vitro. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10703-10722. [PMID: 32374300 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their mechanical strength, thermal stability and electrical conductivity, graphene-related materials (GRMs) have been extensively explored for various applications. Moreover, GRMs have been studied and applied as fillers in polymer composite manufacturing to enhance the polymer performance. With the foreseen growth in GRM production, occupational and consumer exposure is inevitable, thus raising concerns for potential health risks. Therefore, this study aims (1) to characterize aerosol particles released after mechanical abrasion on GRM-reinforced epoxy composites, (2) to quantify the amounts of protruding and free-standing GRMs in the abraded particles and (3) to assess the potential effects of the pristine GRMs as well as the abraded particles on human macrophages differentiated from the THP-1 cell line in vitro. GRMs used in this study included graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). All types of pristine GRMs tested induced a dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species formation, but a decrease in cell viability was only detected for large GNPs at high concentrations (20 and 40 μg mL-1). The particle modes measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) were 300-400 nm and using an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) were between 2-3 μm, indicating the release of respirable particles. A significant fraction (51% to 92%) of the GRMs embedded in the epoxy composites was released in the form of free-standing or protruding GRMs in the abraded particles. The abraded particles did not induce any acute cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranan Netkueakul
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Cibecchini G, Veronesi M, Catelani T, Bandiera T, Guarnieri D, Pompa PP. Antiangiogenic Effect of Graphene Oxide in Primary Human Endothelial Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22507-22518. [PMID: 32255338 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we exploited an integrated approach combining systematic analysis of cytotoxicity, angiogenic potential, and metabolomics to shed light on the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on primary human endothelial Huvec cells. Contrary to the outcomes observed in immortalized cell lines able to internalize a similar amount of GO, significant toxicity was found in Huvec cells at high GO concentrations (25 and 50 μg/mL). In particular, we found that the steric hindrance of GO intracellular aggregates perturbed the correct assembly of cytoskeleton and distribution of mitochondria. This was found to be primarily associated with oxidative stress and impairment of cell migration, affecting the formation of capillary-like structures. In addition, preliminary metabolomics characterization demonstrated that GO affects the consumption of niacinamide, a precursor of energy carriers, and several amino acids involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that GO acts at different cellular levels, both directly and indirectly. More precisely, the combination of the physical hindrance of internalized GO aggregates, induction of oxidative stress, and alteration of some metabolic pathways leads to a significant antiangiogenic effect in primary human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cibecchini
- Nanobiointeractions&Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Veronesi
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Piattaforma Interdipartimentale di Microscopia, Università Degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 2, Milano 20126, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Guarnieri
- Nanobiointeractions&Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions&Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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15
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Bitounis D, Parviz D, Cao X, Amadei CA, Vecitis CD, Sunderland EM, Thrall BD, Fang M, Strano MS, Demokritou P. Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size-Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907640. [PMID: 32196921 PMCID: PMC7260083 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, along with the increasing use of graphene oxide (GO) in various applications, there is also considerable interest in understanding its effects on human health. Only a few experimental approaches can simulate common routes of exposure, such as ingestion, due to the inherent complexity of the digestive tract. This study presents the synthesis of size-sorted GO of sub-micrometer- or micrometer-sized lateral dimensions, its physicochemical transformations across mouth, gastric, and small intestinal simulated digestions, and its toxicological assessment against a physiologically relevant, in vitro cellular model of the human intestinal epithelium. Results from real-time characterization of the simulated digestas of the gastrointestinal tract using multi-angle laser diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy show that GO agglomerates in the gastric and small intestinal phase. Extensive morphological changes, such as folding, are also observed on GO following simulated digestion. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that GO presents covalently bound N-containing groups on its surface. It is shown that the GO employed in this study undergoes reduction. Toxicological assessment of the GO small intestinal digesta over 24 h does not point to acute cytotoxicity, and examination of the intestinal epithelium under electron microscopy does not reveal histological alterations. Both sub-micrometer- and micrometer-sized GO variants elicit a 20% statistically significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation compared to the untreated control after a 6 h exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlo A. Amadei
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Domenech J, Hernández A, Demir E, Marcos R, Cortés C. Interactions of graphene oxide and graphene nanoplatelets with the in vitro Caco-2/HT29 model of intestinal barrier. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2793. [PMID: 32066787 PMCID: PMC7026044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials are being increasingly used, demanding strong information to support their safety in terms of human health. As ingestion is one of the most important exposure routes in humans, we have determined their potential risk by using an in vitro model simulating the human intestinal barrier and evaluated the effects of both graphene oxide (GO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). A coculture of differentiated Caco-2/HT29 cells presenting inherent intestinal epithelium characteristics (i.e. mucus secretion, brush border, tight junctions, etc.) were treated with GO or GNPs for 24 h. Different endpoints such as viability, membrane integrity, NPs localization, cytokines secretion, and genotoxic damage were evaluated to have a wide view of their potentially harmful effects. No cytotoxic effects were observed in the cells that constitute the barrier model. In the same way, no adverse effects were detected neither in the integrity of the barrier (TEER) nor in its permeability (LY). Nevertheless, a different bio-adhesion and biodistribution behavior was observed for GO and GNPs by confocal microscopy analysis, with a more relevant uptake of GNPs. No oxidative damage induction was detected, either by the DCFH-DA assay or the FPG enzyme in the comet assay. Conversely, both GO and GNPs were able to induce DNA breaks, as observed in the comet assay. Finally, low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were detected, suggesting a weak anti-inflammatory response. Our results show the moderate/severe risk posed by GO/GNPs exposures, given the observed genotoxic effects, suggesting that more extensive genotoxic evaluations must be done to properly assess the genotoxic hazard of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Domenech
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esref Demir
- Antalya Bilim University, College of Engineering, Department of Material Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, 07190-Dosemealti, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Constanza Cortés
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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17
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Graphene Oxide Oxygen Content Affects Physical and Biological Properties of Scaffolds Based on Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Conjugates. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071142. [PMID: 30965616 PMCID: PMC6480474 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a highly interdisciplinary field of medicine aiming at regenerating damaged tissues by combining cells with porous scaffolds materials. Scaffolds are templates for tissue regeneration and should ensure suitable cell adhesion and mechanical stability throughout the application period. Chitosan (CS) is a biocompatible polymer highly investigated for scaffold preparation but suffers from poor mechanical strength. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was conjugated to chitosan at two weight ratios 0.3% and 1%, and the resulting conjugates were used to prepare composite scaffolds with improved mechanical strength. To study the effect of GO oxidation degree on scaffold mechanical and biological properties, GO samples at two different oxygen contents were employed. The obtained GO/CS scaffolds were highly porous and showed good swelling in water, though to a lesser extent than pure CS scaffold. In contrast, GO increased scaffold thermal stability and mechanical strength with respect to pure CS, especially when the GO at low oxygen content was used. The scaffold in vitro cytocompatibility using human primary dermal fibroblasts was also affected by the type of used GO. Specifically, the GO with less content of oxygen provided the scaffold with the best biocompatibility.
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18
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Fadeel B, Bussy C, Merino S, Vázquez E, Flahaut E, Mouchet F, Evariste L, Gauthier L, Koivisto AJ, Vogel U, Martín C, Delogu LG, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Wick P, Beloin-Saint-Pierre D, Hischier R, Pelin M, Candotto Carniel F, Tretiach M, Cesca F, Benfenati F, Scaini D, Ballerini L, Kostarelos K, Prato M, Bianco A. Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10582-10620. [PMID: 30387986 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives are heralded as "miracle" materials with manifold applications in different sectors of society from electronics to energy storage to medicine. The increasing exploitation of graphene-based materials (GBMs) necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of the potential impact of these materials on human health and the environment. Here, we discuss synthesis and characterization of GBMs as well as human and environmental hazard assessment of GBMs using in vitro and in vivo model systems with the aim to understand the properties that underlie the biological effects of these materials; not all GBMs are alike, and it is essential that we disentangle the structure-activity relationships for this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 17777 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Merino
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology , University of Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology , University of Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | | | | | | | - Laury Gauthier
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Antti J Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Cristina Martín
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS , Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Lucia G Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Sassari , Sassari 7100 , Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica , Fondazione Città della Speranza , 35129 Padova , Italy
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Hischier
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | | | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Denis Scaini
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , 34136 Trieste , Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , 34136 Trieste , Italy
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory , CIC BiomaGUNE , 20009 San Sebastian , Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS , Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry , 67000 Strasbourg , France
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19
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Durso M, Borrachero-Conejo AI, Bettini C, Treossi E, Scidà A, Saracino E, Gazzano M, Christian M, Morandi V, Tuci G, Giambastiani G, Ottaviano L, Perrozzi F, Benfenati V, Melucci M, Palermo V. Biomimetic graphene for enhanced interaction with the external membrane of astrocytes. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5335-5342. [PMID: 32254499 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene substrates display huge potential as material interfaces for devices and biomedical tools targeting the modulation or recovery of brain functionality. However, to be considered reliable neural interfaces, graphene-derived substrates should properly interact with astrocytes, favoring their growth and avoiding adverse gliotic reactions. Indeed, astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the human brain and they have a crucial physiological role to maintain its homeostasis and modulate synaptic transmission. In this work, we describe a new strategy based on the chemical modification of graphene oxide (GO) with a synthetic phospholipid (PL) to improve interaction of GO with brain astroglial cells. The PL moieties were grafted on GO sheets through polymeric brushes obtained by atom-transfer radical-polymerization (ATRP) between acryloyl-modified PL and GO nanosheets modified with a bromide initiator. The adhesion of primary rat cortical astrocytes on GO-PL substrates increased by about three times with respect to that on glass substrates coated with standard adhesion agents (i.e. poly-d-lysine, PDL) as well as with respect to that on non-functionalized GO. Moreover, we show that astrocytes seeded on GO-PL did not display significant gliotic reactivity, indicating that the material interface did not cause a detrimental inflammatory reaction when interacting with astroglial cells. Our results indicate that the reported biomimetic approach could be applied to neural prosthesis to improve cell colonization and avoid glial scar formation in brain implants. Additionally, improved adhesion could be extremely relevant in devices targeting neural cell sensing/modulation of physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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20
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Guarnieri D, Sánchez-Moreno P, Del Rio Castillo AE, Bonaccorso F, Gatto F, Bardi G, Martín C, Vázquez E, Catelani T, Sabella S, Pompa PP. Biotransformation and Biological Interaction of Graphene and Graphene Oxide during Simulated Oral Ingestion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800227. [PMID: 29756263 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation and biological impact of few layer graphene (FLG) and graphene oxide (GO) are studied, following ingestion as exposure route. An in vitro digestion assay based on a standardized operating procedure (SOP) is exploited. The assay simulates the human ingestion of nanomaterials during their dynamic passage through the different environments of the gastrointestinal tract (salivary, gastric, intestinal). Physical-chemical changes of FLG and GO during digestion are assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the effect of chronic exposure to digested nanomaterials on integrity and functionality of an in vitro model of intestinal barrier is also determined according to a second SOP. These results show a modulation of the aggregation state of FLG and GO nanoflakes after experiencing the complex environments of the different digestive compartments. In particular, chemical doping effects are observed due to FLG and GO interaction with digestive juice components. No structural changes/degradation of the nanomaterials are detected, suggesting that they are biopersistent when administered by oral route. Chronic exposure to digested graphene does not affect intestinal barrier integrity and is not associated with inflammation and cytotoxicity, though possible long-term adverse effects cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guarnieri
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Sánchez-Moreno
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16136, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Gatto
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Tiziano Catelani
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabella
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16136, Genova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
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Vranic S, Rodrigues AF, Buggio M, Newman L, White MRH, Spiller DG, Bussy C, Kostarelos K. Live Imaging of Label-Free Graphene Oxide Reveals Critical Factors Causing Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Cellular Responses. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1373-1389. [PMID: 29286639 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interest in graphene and its translation into commercial products has been expanding at a high pace. Based on previously described pulmonary safety concerns for carbon nanomaterials, there is a great need to define parameters guiding interactions between graphene-based materials and the pulmonary system. The aim of the present study was to determine the importance of two critical parameters: lateral dimensions of the material and coating with proteins in relation to each other and their pulmonary impact. Endotoxin-free materials with distinct lateral dimensions, s-GO (50-200 nm) and l-GO (5-15 μm), were produced and thoroughly characterized. Exploiting intrinsic fluorescence of graphene oxide (GO) and using confocal live-cell imaging, the behavior of the cells in response to the material was visualized in real time. Although BEAS-2B cells internalized GO efficiently, l-GO was linked to higher plasma membrane interactions correlated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, pro-inflammatory response, and greater cytotoxicity, in agreement with the oxidative stress paradigm. For both GO types, the presence of serum alleviated lipid peroxidation of plasma membrane and decreased intracellular ROS levels. However, protein coating was not enough to entirely mitigate toxicity and inflammatory response induced by l-GO. In vitro results were validated in vivo, as l-GO was more prone to induce pulmonary granulomatous response in mice compared to s-GO. In conclusion, the lateral dimension of GO played a more important role than serum protein coating in determining biological responses to the material. It was also demonstrated that time-lapse imaging of live cells interacting with label-free GO sheets can be used as a tool to assess GO-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester , Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Artur Filipe Rodrigues
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester , Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Maurizio Buggio
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester , Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Leon Newman
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester , Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Michael R H White
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester , Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - David G Spiller
- FBMH Platform Sciences, Enabling Technologies & Infrastructure, FBMH Research & Innovation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester , Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester , Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester , Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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22
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Park MVDZ, Bleeker EAJ, Brand W, Cassee FR, van Elk M, Gosens I, de Jong WH, Meesters JAJ, Peijnenburg WJGM, Quik JTK, Vandebriel RJ, Sips AJAM. Considerations for Safe Innovation: The Case of Graphene. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9574-9593. [PMID: 28933820 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The terms "Safe innovation" and "Safe(r)-by-design" are currently popular in the field of nanotechnology. These terms are used to describe approaches that advocate the consideration of safety aspects already at an early stage of the innovation process of (nano)materials and nanoenabled products. Here, we investigate the possibilities of considering safety aspects during various stages of the innovation process of graphene, outlining what information is already available for assessing potential hazard, exposure, and risks. In addition, we recommend further steps to be taken by various stakeholders to promote the safe production and safe use of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet V D Z Park
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A J Bleeker
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Brand
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Merel van Elk
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gosens
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H de Jong
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joris T K Quik
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adriënne J A M Sips
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu , 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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23
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Kucki M, Diener L, Bohmer N, Hirsch C, Krug HF, Palermo V, Wick P. Uptake of label-free graphene oxide by Caco-2 cells is dependent on the cell differentiation status. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:46. [PMID: 28637475 PMCID: PMC5480125 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the interaction of graphene-related materials (GRM) with human cells is a key to the assessment of their potential risks for human health. There is a knowledge gap regarding the potential uptake of GRM by human intestinal cells after unintended ingestion. Therefore the aim of our study was to investigate the interaction of label-free graphene oxide (GO) with the intestinal cell line Caco-2 in vitro and to shed light on the influence of the cell phenotype given by the differentiation status on cellular uptake behaviour. RESULTS Internalisation of two label-free GOs with different lateral size and thickness by undifferentiated and differentiated Caco-2 cells was analysed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Semi-quantification of cells associated with GRM was performed by flow cytometry. Undifferentiated Caco-2 cells showed significant amounts of cell-associated GRM, whereas differentiated Caco-2 cells exhibited low adhesion of GO sheets. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed internalisation of both applied GO (small and large) by undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Even large GO sheets with lateral dimensions up to 10 µm, were found internalised by undifferentiated cells, presumably by macropinocytosis. In contrast, no GO uptake could be found for differentiated Caco-2 cells exhibiting an enterocyte-like morphology with apical brush border. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the internalisation of GO is highly dependent on the cell differentiation status of human intestinal cells. During differentiation Caco-2 cells undergo intense phenotypic changes which lead to a dramatic decrease in GRM internalisation. The results support the hypothesis that the cell surface topography of differentiated Caco-2 cells given by the brush border leads to low adhesion of GO sheets and sterical hindrance for material uptake. In addition, the mechanical properties of GRM, especially flexibility of the sheets, seem to be an important factor for internalisation of large GO sheets by epithelial cells. Our results highlight the importance of the choice of the in vitro model to enable better in vitro-in vivo translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kucki
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Liliane Diener
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nils Bohmer
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Hirsch
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Harald F. Krug
- International Research Cooperations Manager, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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24
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Bakandritsos A, Pykal M, Błoński P, Jakubec P, Chronopoulos DD, Poláková K, Georgakilas V, Čépe K, Tomanec O, Ranc V, Bourlinos AB, Zbořil R, Otyepka M. Cyanographene and Graphene Acid: Emerging Derivatives Enabling High-Yield and Selective Functionalization of Graphene. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2982-2991. [PMID: 28208019 PMCID: PMC5371925 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective methods for covalent derivatization of graphene are needed because they enable tuning of graphene's surface and electronic properties, thus expanding its application potential. However, existing approaches based mainly on chemistry of graphene and graphene oxide achieve only limited level of functionalization due to chemical inertness of the surface and nonselective simultaneous attachment of different functional groups, respectively. Here we present a conceptually different route based on synthesis of cyanographene via the controllable substitution and defluorination of fluorographene. The highly conductive and hydrophilic cyanographene allows exploiting the complex chemistry of -CN groups toward a broad scale of graphene derivatives with very high functionalization degree. The consequent hydrolysis of cyanographene results in graphene acid, a 2D carboxylic acid with pKa of 5.2, showing excellent biocompatibility, conductivity and dispersibility in water and 3D supramolecular assemblies after drying. Further, the carboxyl groups enable simple, tailored and widely accessible 2D chemistry onto graphene, as demonstrated via the covalent conjugation with a diamine, an aminothiol and an aminoalcohol. The developed methodology represents the most controllable, universal and easy to use approach toward a broad set of 2D materials through consequent chemistries on cyanographene and on the prepared carboxy-, amino-, sulphydryl-, and hydroxy- graphenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pykal
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Błoński
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jakubec
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Demetrios D. Chronopoulos
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Poláková
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Klára Čépe
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Tomanec
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Ranc
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios B. Bourlinos
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Physics
Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 455 00, Greece
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- E-mail:
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional
Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký
University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- E-mail:
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26
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León V, Castañeda G, Herrero MA, Vázquez E. Gold nanoparticles as analytical tools for the quantification of small quantities of triazine derivatives anchored on graphene in water dispersions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02358h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A fast, simple and sensitive method develops to detect ppm levels of melamine anchored on graphene in aqueous graphene dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica León
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Inorgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA
- Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha
- 13071 Ciudad Real
| | - Gregorio Castañeda
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de Alimentos
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA
- Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha
- 13071 Ciudad Real
- Spain
| | - María Antonia Herrero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Inorgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA
- Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha
- 13071 Ciudad Real
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Inorgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas-IRICA
- Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha
- 13071 Ciudad Real
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