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Ma W, Tian L, Zhu Q, Zhang S, Wang F, Zhu H. Highly Hydrophilic Zirconia Composite Anion Exchange Membrane for Water Electrolysis and Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11849-11859. [PMID: 38411114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
To prepare anion exchange membranes with high water electrolysis and single fuel cell performance, an inorganic-organic composite (IOC) strategy with click cross-linked membranes coated with different contents of hydrophilic polar nanozirconia is proposed to fabricate composite membranes (CM) PBP-SH-Zrx. The performance test results showed that the CM PBP-SH-Zr4 not only has good through-plane ionic conductivity (167.7 mS cm-1, 80 °C), but also exhibits satisfactory dimensional stability (SR 16.5%, WU 206.4%, 80 °C), especially demonstrating excellent alkaline stability with only 16% degradation (2 M NaOH for 2200 h). In water electrolysis, the "microgap" between the membrane and catalyst layer (solid-solid interface) is alleviated, and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) interfacial compatibility (liquid-solid-solid interface) is enhanced. The CM PBP-SH-Zr4 showed the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct, 0.037 Ω cm2) and a high current density of 2.5 A cm-2 at 2.2 V, while the voltage drop was 0.361 mV h-1 after 360 h of endurance (six start-stop cycles) at 60 °C and 500 mA cm-2, proving a good water electrolysis durability. Moreover, an acceptable peak power density of 0.464 W cm-2 at 80 °C is achieved in a H2/O2 fuel cell with a PBP-SH-Zr4-AEM. Therefore, the IOC strategy can enhance the membrane's comprehensive performance and interface compatibility of MEA and may promote the development of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for water electrolysis and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Hu C, Kang NY, Kang HW, Lee JY, Zhang X, Lee YJ, Jung SW, Park JH, Kim MG, Yoo SJ, Lee SY, Park CH, Lee YM. Triptycene Branched Poly(aryl-co-aryl piperidinium) Electrolytes for Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Water Electrolyzers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316697. [PMID: 38063325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Alkaline polymer electrolytes (APEs) are essential materials for alkaline energy conversion devices such as anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) and water electrolyzers (AEMWEs). Here, we report a series of branched poly(aryl-co-aryl piperidinium) with different branching agents (triptycene: highly-rigid, three-dimensional structure; triphenylbenzene: planar, two-dimensional structure) for high-performance APEs. Among them, triptycene branched APEs showed excellent hydroxide conductivity (193.5 mS cm-1 @80 °C), alkaline stability, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability due to the formation of branched network structures, and increased free volume. AEMFCs based on triptycene-branched APEs reached promising peak power densities of 2.503 and 1.705 W cm-2 at 75/100 % and 30/30 % (anode/cathode) relative humidity, respectively. In addition, the fuel cells can run stably at a current density of 0.6 A cm-2 for 500 h with a low voltage decay rate of 46 μV h-1 . Importantly, the related AEMWE achieved unprecedented current densities of 16 A cm-2 and 14.17 A cm-2 (@2 V, 80 °C, 1 M NaOH) using precious and non-precious metal catalysts, respectively. Moreover, the AEMWE can be stably operated under 1.5 A cm-2 at 60 °C for 2000 h. The excellent results suggest that the triptycene-branched APEs are promising candidates for future AEMFC and AEMWE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Hu
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yoon Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Lee
- Hydrogen⋅Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jun Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeong Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Geun Kim
- Hydrogen⋅Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Hydrogen⋅Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of. Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Hydrogen⋅Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hoon Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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Chen H, Bang KT, Tian Y, Hu C, Tao R, Yuan Y, Wang R, Shin DM, Shao M, Lee YM, Kim Y. Poly(Ethylene Piperidinium)s for Anion Exchange Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307690. [PMID: 37524652 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The lack of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) that possess both high hydroxide conductivity and stable mechanical and chemical properties poses a major challenge to the development of high-performance fuel cells. Improving one side of the balance between conductivity and stability usually means sacrificing the other. Herein, we used facile, high-yield chemical reactions to design and synthesize a piperidinium polymer with a polyethylene backbone for AEM fuel cell applications. To improve the performance, we introduced ionic crosslinking into high-cationic-ratio AEMs to suppress high water uptake and swelling while further improving the hydroxide conductivity. Remarkably, PEP80-20PS achieved a hydroxide conductivity of 354.3 mS cm-1 at 80 °C while remaining mechanically stable. Compared with the base polymer PEP80, the water uptake of PEP80-20PS decreased by 69 % from 813 % to 350 %, and the swelling decreased substantially by 85 % from 350.0 % to 50.2 % at 80 °C. PEP80-20PS also showed excellent alkaline stability, 84.7 % remained after 35 days of treatment with an aqueous KOH solution. The chemical design in this study represents a significant advancement toward the development of simultaneously highly stable and conductive AEMs for fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuan Hu
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yufei Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dong-Myeong Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minhua Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseob Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong, University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Treichel M, Xun R, Williams CF, Gaitor JC, MacMillan SN, Vinskus JL, Womble CT, Kowalewski T, Noonan KJT. Examining the Alkaline Stability of Tris(dialkylamino)sulfoniums and Sulfoxoniums. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15732-15743. [PMID: 36383039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a synthetic method was developed to prepare a series of tris(dialkylamino)sulfonium and sulfoxonium cations from sulfur monochloride. Alkaline stability studies of these two cation families in 2 M KOH/CD3OH solution at 80 °C revealed how degradation pathways change as a function of the oxidation state of the S center, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The sulfonium cations (+S(NR2)3) typically degrade by nucleophilic attack at the sulfur atom with loss of an amino group and a proton transfer reaction to produce sulfoxides, while the sulfoxoniums (+O═S(NR2)3) tend to degrade by loss of an R group to form sulfoximines. From the group of sulfoniums and sulfoxoniums explored in this work, the tris(piperidino)sulfoxonium cation was noted to have excellent alkaline stability. This sulfoxonium should be suitable for future examination as a tethered cation in anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), or as a phase-transfer catalyst in biphasic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Treichel
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ruiran Xun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Camille F Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jamie C Gaitor
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Jessica L Vinskus
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - C Tyler Womble
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Mechanically flexible bulky imidazolium-based anion exchange membranes by grafting PEG pendants for alkaline fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chatenet M, Pollet BG, Dekel DR, Dionigi F, Deseure J, Millet P, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ, Eikerling M, Staffell I, Balcombe P, Shao-Horn Y, Schäfer H. Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4583-4762. [PMID: 35575644 PMCID: PMC9332215 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing fossil fuels with energy sources and carriers that are sustainable, environmentally benign, and affordable is amongst the most pressing challenges for future socio-economic development. To that goal, hydrogen is presumed to be the most promising energy carrier. Electrocatalytic water splitting, if driven by green electricity, would provide hydrogen with minimal CO2 footprint. The viability of water electrolysis still hinges on the availability of durable earth-abundant electrocatalyst materials and the overall process efficiency. This review spans from the fundamentals of electrocatalytically initiated water splitting to the very latest scientific findings from university and institutional research, also covering specifications and special features of the current industrial processes and those processes currently being tested in large-scale applications. Recently developed strategies are described for the optimisation and discovery of active and durable materials for electrodes that ever-increasingly harness first-principles calculations and machine learning. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis is included that allows an assessment of the extent to which a large-scale implementation of water splitting can help to combat climate change. This review article is intended to cross-pollinate and strengthen efforts from fundamental understanding to technical implementation and to improve the 'junctions' between the field's physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, as well as stimulate much-needed exchange among these groups on challenges encountered in the different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Chatenet
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Green Hydrogen Lab, Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Fabio Dionigi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Deseure
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Millet
- Paris-Saclay University, ICMMO (UMR 8182), 91400 Orsay, France
- Elogen, 8 avenue du Parana, 91940 Les Ulis, France
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Materials in Energy Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Iain Staffell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Balcombe
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Wu M, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Yang C, Jing S, Wu Q, Brozena A, Miller JT, Libretto NJ, Wu T, Bhattacharyya S, Garaga MN, Zhang Y, Qi Y, Greenbaum SG, Briber RM, Yan Y, Hu L. A high-performance hydroxide exchange membrane enabled by Cu 2+-crosslinked chitosan. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:629-636. [PMID: 35437322 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes are widely used to selectively transport ions in various electrochemical devices. Hydroxide exchange membranes (HEMs) are promising to couple with lower cost platinum-free electrocatalysts used in alkaline conditions, but are not stable enough in strong alkaline solutions. Herein, we present a Cu2+-crosslinked chitosan (chitosan-Cu) material as a stable and high-performance HEM. The Cu2+ ions are coordinated with the amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan to crosslink the chitosan chains, forming hexagonal nanochannels (~1 nm in diameter) that can accommodate water diffusion and facilitate fast ion transport, with a high hydroxide conductivity of 67 mS cm-1 at room temperature. The Cu2+ coordination also enhances the mechanical strength of the membrane, reduces its permeability and, most importantly, improves its stability in alkaline solution (only 5% conductivity loss at 80 °C after 1,000 h). These advantages make chitosan-Cu an outstanding HEM, which we demonstrate in a direct methanol fuel cell that exhibits a high power density of 305 mW cm-2. The design principle of the chitosan-Cu HEM, in which ion transport channels are generated in the polymer through metal-crosslinking of polar functional groups, could inspire the synthesis of many ion exchange membranes for ion transport, ion sieving, ion filtration and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- Centre for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Chunpeng Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alexandra Brozena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, University of Purdue, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicole J Libretto
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, University of Purdue, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tianpin Wu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Yugang Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratories, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Yue Qi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Robert M Briber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yushan Yan
- Centre for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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8
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Elucidating the role of alkyl chain in poly(aryl piperidinium) copolymers for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Guo M, Ban T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhu X. Exploring highly soluble ether-free polybenzimidazole as anion exchange membranes with long term durability. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Treichel M, Gaitor JC, Birch C, Vinskus JL, Noonan KJ. Anion-exchange membranes derived from main group and metal-based cations. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Yang Y, Peltier CR, Zeng R, Schimmenti R, Li Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Potsi G, Selhorst R, Lu X, Xu W, Tader M, Soudackov AV, Zhang H, Krumov M, Murray E, Xu P, Hitt J, Xu L, Ko HY, Ernst BG, Bundschu C, Luo A, Markovich D, Hu M, He C, Wang H, Fang J, DiStasio RA, Kourkoutis LF, Singer A, Noonan KJT, Xiao L, Zhuang L, Pivovar BS, Zelenay P, Herrero E, Feliu JM, Suntivich J, Giannelis EP, Hammes-Schiffer S, Arias T, Mavrikakis M, Mallouk TE, Brock JD, Muller DA, DiSalvo FJ, Coates GW, Abruña HD. Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6117-6321. [PMID: 35133808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy-based electrochemical energy conversion technologies offer the promise of enabling a transition of the global energy landscape from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of electrocatalysis in alkaline media and applications in alkaline-based energy technologies, particularly alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Anion exchange (alkaline) membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) enable the use of nonprecious electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), relative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which require Pt-based electrocatalysts. However, the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics is significantly slower in alkaline media than in acidic media. Understanding these phenomena requires applying theoretical and experimental methods to unravel molecular-level thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis and, particularly, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process that takes place in a proton-deficient alkaline media. Extensive electrochemical and spectroscopic studies, on single-crystal Pt and metal oxides, have contributed to the development of activity descriptors, as well as the identification of the nature of active sites, and the rate-determining steps of the HOR and ORR. Among these, the structure and reactivity of interfacial water serve as key potential and pH-dependent kinetic factors that are helping elucidate the origins of the HOR and ORR activity differences in acids and bases. Additionally, deliberately modulating and controlling catalyst-support interactions have provided valuable insights for enhancing catalyst accessibility and durability during operation. The design and synthesis of highly conductive and durable alkaline membranes/ionomers have enabled AEMFCs to reach initial performance metrics equal to or higher than those of PEMFCs. We emphasize the importance of using membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) to integrate the often separately pursued/optimized electrocatalyst/support and membranes/ionomer components. Operando/in situ methods, at multiscales, and ab initio simulations provide a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst/ionomer/membrane interfaces and the necessary guidance to achieve fuel cell operation in air over thousands of hours. We hope that this Review will serve as a roadmap for advancing the scientific understanding of the fundamental factors governing electrochemical energy conversion in alkaline media with the ultimate goal of achieving ultralow Pt or precious-metal-free high-performance and durable alkaline fuel cells and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cheyenne R Peltier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roberto Schimmenti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qihao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhifei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weixuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mariel Tader
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanguang Zhang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mihail Krumov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ellen Murray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy Hitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Linxi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian G Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Colin Bundschu
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aileen Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Danielle Markovich
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Meixue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng He
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bryan S Pivovar
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Piotr Zelenay
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Jin Suntivich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emmanuel P Giannelis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Tomás Arias
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joel D Brock
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis J DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Center for Alkaline Based Energy Solutions (CABES), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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12
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Kim HM, Hu C, Wang HH, Park JH, Chen N, Lee YM. Impact of side-chains in poly(dibenzyl-co-terphenyl piperidinium) copolymers for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Yuan Y, Du X, Zhang H, Wang H, Wang Z. Poly (isatin biphenylene) polymer containing ferrocenium derivatives for anion exchange membrane fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Yang W, Chen J, Yan J, Liu S, Yan Y, Zhang Q. Advance of click chemistry in anion exchange membranes for energy application. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yang
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
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15
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16
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Chen N, Hu C, Wang HH, Park JH, Kim HM, Lee YM. Chemically & physically stable crosslinked poly(aryl-co-aryl piperidinium)s for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Yang W, Liu S, Yan J, Zhong F, Jia N, Yan Y, Zhang Q. Metallo-Polyelectrolyte-Based Robust Anion Exchange Membranes via Acetalation of a Commodity Polymer. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yang
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Fenglin Zhong
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Nanfang Jia
- Beijing BOE Display Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, P. R. China
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18
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Abdi ZG, Chen J, Chiu T, Yang H, Yu H. Synthesis of ionic polybenzimidazoles with broad ion exchange capacity range for anion exchange membrane fuel cell application. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Gudeta Abdi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jyh‐Chien Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tse‐Han Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsiharng Yang
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA) National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
| | - Hsuan‐Hung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
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19
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Chen N, Jin Y, Liu H, Hu C, Wu B, Xu S, Li H, Fan J, Lee YM. Insight into the Alkaline Stability of N‐Heterocyclic Ammonium Groups for Anion‐Exchange Polyelectrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Yiqi Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Chuan Hu
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Shaoyi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies of SUSTech Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 1088 Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Jiantao Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies of SUSTech Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 1088 Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
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20
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Chen N, Jin Y, Liu H, Hu C, Wu B, Xu S, Li H, Fan J, Lee YM. Insight into the Alkaline Stability of N-Heterocyclic Ammonium Groups for Anion-Exchange Polyelectrolytes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19272-19280. [PMID: 34164897 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The alkaline stability of N-heterocyclic ammonium (NHA) groups is a critical topic in anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) and AEM fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here, we report a systematic study on the alkaline stability of 24 representative NHA groups at different hydration numbers (λ) at 80 °C. The results elucidate that γ-substituted NHAs containing electron-donating groups display superior alkaline stability, while electron-withdrawing substituents are detrimental to durable NHAs. Density-functional-theory calculations and experimental results suggest that nucleophilic substitution is the dominant degradation pathway in NHAs, while Hofmann elimination is the primary degradation pathway for NHA-based AEMs. Different degradation pathways determine the alkaline stability of NHAs or NHA-based AEMs. AEMFC durability (from 1 A cm-2 to 3 A cm-2 ) suggests that NHA-based AEMs are mainly subjected to Hofmann elimination under 1 A cm-2 current density for 1000 h, providing insights into the relationship between current density, λ value, and durability of NHA-based AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiqi Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Hu
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoyi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies of SUSTech, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 1088, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiantao Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies of SUSTech, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 1088, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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21
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Improving the performance of quaternized SEBS based anion exchange membranes by adjusting the functional group and side chain structure. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Xue J, Zhang J, Liu X, Huang T, Jiang H, Yin Y, Qin Y, Guiver MD. Toward alkaline-stable anion exchange membranes in fuel cells: cycloaliphatic quaternary ammonium-based anion conductors. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Aggarwal K, Bsoul S, Li S, Dekel DR, Diesendruck CE. Ligand Valency Effects on the Alkaline Stability of Metallopolymer Anion-Exchange Membranes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100238. [PMID: 34173300 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long-term stability is a key requirement for anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) for alkaline fuel cells and electrolyzers that is yet to be fulfilled. Different cationic chemistries are being exploited to reach such a goal, and metallopolymers present the unique advantage of chemical stability towards strong nucleophiles as compared to organic cations. Yet, the few metallopolymers tested in strongly alkaline conditions or even in fuel cells still degrade. Therefore, fundamental studies can be advantageous in directing future developments towards this goal. Here, a systematic study of the effect of ligand valency is presented, using nickel-based metallopolymers on polynorbornene backbones, functionalized with multidentate pyridine ligands. Metallopolymers using a single ligand type as well as all the possible mixtures are prepared and their relative stability towards aggressive alkaline conditions compared. Metallopolymer in which nickel ions are hexacoordinated with two tridentate ligands demonstrates superior stability. More importantly, by comparing all the metallopolymers' stability, the reason behind such relative stability provides design parameters for novel metallopolymer AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Aggarwal
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 320003, Israel
| | - Saja Bsoul
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Songlin Li
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.,The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 320003, Israel.,The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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24
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Chen N, Wang HH, Kim SP, Kim HM, Lee WH, Hu C, Bae JY, Sim ES, Chung YC, Jang JH, Yoo SJ, Zhuang Y, Lee YM. Poly(fluorenyl aryl piperidinium) membranes and ionomers for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2367. [PMID: 33888709 PMCID: PMC8062622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-cost anion exchange membrane fuel cells have been investigated as a promising alternative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells for the last decade. The major barriers to the viability of anion exchange membrane fuel cells are their unsatisfactory key components-anion exchange ionomers and membranes. Here, we present a series of durable poly(fluorenyl aryl piperidinium) ionomers and membranes where the membranes possess high OH- conductivity of 208 mS cm-1 at 80 °C, low H2 permeability, excellent mechanical properties (84.5 MPa TS), and 2000 h ex-situ durability in 1 M NaOH at 80 °C, while the ionomers have high water vapor permeability and low phenyl adsorption. Based on our rational design of poly(fluorenyl aryl piperidinium) membranes and ionomers, we demonstrate alkaline fuel cell performances of 2.34 W cm-2 in H2-O2 and 1.25 W cm-2 in H2-air (CO2-free) at 80 °C. The present cells can be operated stably under a 0.2 A cm-2 current density for ~200 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Hyun Wang
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Pyo Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Min Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuan Hu
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yong Bae
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seob Sim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chae Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jue-Hyuk Jang
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongbing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Chen N, Hu C, Wang HH, Kim SP, Kim HM, Lee WH, Bae JY, Park JH, Lee YM. Poly(Alkyl-Terphenyl Piperidinium) Ionomers and Membranes with an Outstanding Alkaline-Membrane Fuel-Cell Performance of 2.58 W cm -2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7710-7718. [PMID: 33368927 PMCID: PMC8048807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aryl-ether-free anion-exchange ionomers (AEIs) and membranes (AEMs) have become an important benchmark to address the insufficient durability and power-density issues associated with AEM fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here, we present aliphatic chain-containing poly(diphenyl-terphenyl piperidinium) (PDTP) copolymers to reduce the phenyl content and adsorption of AEIs and to increase the mechanical properties of AEMs. Specifically, PDTP AEMs possess excellent mechanical properties (storage modulus>1800 MPa, tensile strength>70 MPa), H2 fuel-barrier properties (<10 Barrer), good ion conductivity, and ex-situ stability. Meanwhile, PDTP AEIs with low phenyl content and high-water permeability display excellent peak power densities (PPDs). The present AEMFCs reach outstanding PPDs of 2.58 W cm-2 (>7.6 A cm-2 current density) and 1.38 W cm-2 at 80 °C in H2 /O2 and H2 /air, respectively, along with a specific power (PPD/catalyst loading) over 8 W mg-1 , which is the highest record for Pt-based AEMFCs so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Chen
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Chuan Hu
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Hyun Wang
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Pyo Kim
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Min Kim
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yong Bae
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeong Park
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department of Energy EngineeringCollege of EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
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26
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Khan MI, Shanableh A, Elboughdiri N, Kriaa K, Ghernaout D, Ghareba S, Khraisheh M, Lashari MH. Higher Acid Recovery Efficiency of Novel Functionalized Inorganic/Organic Composite Anion Exchange Membranes from Acidic Wastewater. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11020133. [PMID: 33672853 PMCID: PMC7918162 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis of a series of the functionalized inorganic/organic composite anion exchange membranes (AEMs) was carried out by employing the varying amount of inorganic filler consist of N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (TMSP-TMA+Cl-) into the quaternized poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (QPPO) matrix for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis (DD) process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy clearly demonstrated the fabrication of the functionalized inorganic/organic composite AEMs and the subsequent membrane characteristic measurements such as ion exchange capacity (IEC), linear swelling ratio (LSR), and water uptake (WR) gave us the optimum loading condition of the filler without undesirable filler particle aggregation. These composite AEMs exhibited IEC of 2.18 to 2.29 meq/g, LSR of 13.33 to 18.52%, and WR of 46.11 to 81.66% with sufficient thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability. The diffusion dialysis (DD) test for acid recovery from artificial acid wastewater of HCl/FeCl2 showed high acid DD coefficient (UH+) (0.022 to 0.025 m/h) and high separation factor (S) (139-260) compared with the commercial membrane. Furthermore, the developed AEMs was acceptably stable (weight loss < 20%) in the acid wastewater at 60 °C as an accelerated severe condition for 2 weeks. These results clearly indicated that the developed AEMs have sufficient potential for acid recovery application by DD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Khan
- Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-563-404-827
| | - Abdallah Shanableh
- Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Noureddine Elboughdiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia; (N.E.); (D.G.); (S.G.)
- Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineering Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6011, Tunisia;
| | - Karim Kriaa
- Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineering Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6011, Tunisia;
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Djamel Ghernaout
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia; (N.E.); (D.G.); (S.G.)
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida, P.O. Box 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Saad Ghareba
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia; (N.E.); (D.G.); (S.G.)
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, ElMergib University, Alkhums 40414, Libya
| | - Majeda Khraisheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
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27
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Chen N, Hu C, Wang HH, Kim SP, Kim HM, Lee WH, Bae JY, Park JH, Lee YM. Poly(Alkyl‐Terphenyl Piperidinium) Ionomers and Membranes with an Outstanding Alkaline‐Membrane Fuel‐Cell Performance of 2.58 W cm
−2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Chuan Hu
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Hyun Wang
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Pyo Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Min Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Yong Bae
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeong Park
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering College of Engineering Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Republic of Korea
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Shen B, Sana B, Pu H. Multi-block poly(ether sulfone) for anion exchange membranes with long side chains densely terminated by piperidinium. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abdi ZG, Chiu TH, Pan YZ, Chen JC. Anion exchange membranes based on ionic polybenzimidazoles crosslinked by thiol-ene reaction. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Zhang S, Wang Y, Liu P, Wang X, Zhu X. Photo-cross-linked poly(N-allylisatin biphenyl)-co-poly(alkylene biphenyl)s with pendant N-cyclic quaternary ammonium as anion exchange membranes for direct borohydride/hydrogen peroxide fuel cells. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Olefin metathesis-crosslinked, bulky imidazolium-based anion exchange membranes with excellent base stability and mechanical properties. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Zhang S, Wang Y, Gao X, Liu P, Wang X, Zhu X. Enhanced conductivity and stability via comb-shaped polymer anion exchange membrane incorporated with porous polymeric nanospheres. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Zhang X, Cao Y, Zhang M, Huang Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Li N. Enhancement of the mechanical properties of anion exchange membranes with bulky imidazolium by “thiol-ene” crosslinking. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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36
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Zhu T, Tang C. Crosslinked metallo-polyelectrolytes with enhanced flexibility and dimensional stability for anion-exchange membranes. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00757a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a class of crosslinked metallo-polyelectrolytes as anion exchange membranes with exceptional mechanical flexibility, dimensional stability and ionic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
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37
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Zhu T, Sha Y, Firouzjaie HA, Peng X, Cha Y, Dissanayake DMMM, Smith MD, Vannucci AK, Mustain WE, Tang C. Rational Synthesis of Metallo-Cations Toward Redox- and Alkaline-Stable Metallo-Polyelectrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:1083-1089. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Construction of crosslinked polybenz imidazole-based anion exchange membranes with ether-bond-free backbone. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Zhu H, Li Y, Chen N, Lu C, Long C, Li Z, Liu Q. Controllable physical-crosslinking poly(arylene 6-azaspiro[5.5] undecanium) for long-lifetime anion exchange membrane applications. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Chen N, Lu C, Li Y, Long C, Li Z, Zhu H. Tunable multi-cations-crosslinked poly(arylene piperidinium)-based alkaline membranes with high ion conductivity and durability. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Sun G, Kong L, Liu B, Niu H, Zhang M, Tian G, Qi S, Wu D. Ultrahigh-strength, nonflammable and high-wettability separators based on novel polyimide-core@polybenzimidazole-sheath nanofibers for advanced and safe lithium-ion batteries. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Sana B, Das A, Jana T. Polybenzimidazole as alkaline anion exchange membrane with twin hydroxide ion conducting sites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Robust poly(aryl piperidinium)/N-spirocyclic poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyl) for hydroxide-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sun G, Guo J, Niu H, Chen N, Zhang M, Tian G, Qi S, Wu D. The design of a multifunctional separator regulating the lithium ion flux for advanced lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40084-40091. [PMID: 35541409 PMCID: PMC9076257 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we design a controllable approach for preparing multifunctional polybenzimidazole porous membranes with superior fire-resistance, excellent thermo-stability, and high wettability. Specifically, the recyclable imidazole is firstly utilized as the eco-friendly template for micropores formation, which is an interesting finding and has tremendous potential for low-cost industrial production. The unique backbone structure of the as-prepared polybenzimidazole porous membrane endows the separator with superb thermal dimensional stability at 300 °C. Most significantly, the inherent flame retardancy of polybenzimidazole can ensure the high security of lithium-ion batteries, and the existence of polar groups of imidazole can regulate the Li+ flux and improve the ionic conductivity of lithium ions. Notably, the cell with a polybenzimidazole porous membrane presents higher capability (131.7 mA h g−1) than that of a commercial Celgard membrane (95.4 mA h g−1) at higher charge–discharge density (5C), and it can work normally at 120 °C. The fascinating comprehensive properties of the polybenzimidazole porous membrane with excellent thermal-stability, satisfying wettability, superb flame retardancy and good electrochemical performance indicate its promising application for high-safety and high-performance lithium-ion batteries. A multifunctional PBI porous membrane with superior fire-resistance, excellent thermo-stability and high wettability is designed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Jiacong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Hongqing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Nanjun Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 04763
- Republic of Korea
| | - Mengying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Guofeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Shengli Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials
| | - Dezhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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45
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Chen N, Wang D, Long C, Li Y, Lu C, Wang F, Zhu H. Magnetic field-oriented ferroferric oxide/poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) hybrid membranes for anion exchange membrane applications. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18680-18689. [PMID: 30265268 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06048g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrating on the ion conductivity of anion exchange membranes (AEMs), we present a magnetic-field-oriented strategy to address the insufficient ion conductivity and the lifetime problem of AEMs used in alkali membrane fuel cells (AMFCs). Magnetic ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) is functionalized with quaternary ammonium (QA) groups to endow the QA-Fe3O4 with ion-exchange ability. A series of aligned QA-Fe3O4/poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) hybrid membranes were fabricated by doping QA-Fe3O4 in a triple-ammonium-functionalized PPO (TA-PPO) solution in an applied magnetic field. The structure of aligned QA-Fe3O4 in the TA-PPO membrane is clearly observed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). More importantly, the aligned QA-Fe3O4 constructs successive and effective ion-transport channels in the QA-Fe3O4/TA-PPO membrane, which dramatically improves the ion conductivity of the membranes. Notably, the magnetic-field-induced ion channels (MICs) are different from microscopic phase-induced ion channels (PICs). These MICs display much shorter ion transport distances and broader water channels than traditional PICs in AEMs. The aligned QA-Fe3O4/TA-PPO hybrid membrane displays a further 55% increase in ion conductivity after magnetic-field orientation compared to the normal QA-Fe3O4/TA-PPO membrane. Surprisingly, the aligned QA-Fe3O4 also improves the alkali stability and fuel cell performance of the hybrid membrane. The aligned 6%-QA-Fe3O4/TA-PPO hybrid membrane realizes a maximal power density of 224 mW cm-2. In summary, this work provides a novel and effective method to prepare high-performance AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
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Zhu T, Sha Y, Yan J, Pageni P, Rahman MA, Yan Y, Tang C. Metallo-polyelectrolytes as a class of ionic macromolecules for functional materials. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4329. [PMID: 30337530 PMCID: PMC6193978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fields of soft polymers and macromolecular sciences have enjoyed a unique combination of metals and organic frameworks in the name of metallopolymers or organometallic polymers. When metallopolymers carry charged groups, they form a class of metal-containing polyelectrolytes or metallo-polyelectrolytes. This review identifies the unique properties and functions of metallo-polyelectrolytes compared with conventional organo-polyelectrolytes, in the hope of shedding light on the formation of functional materials with intriguing applications and potential benefits. It concludes with a critical perspective on the challenges and hurdles for metallo-polyelectrolytes, especially experimental quantitative analysis and theoretical modeling of ionic binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710129, China
| | - Parasmani Pageni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Md Anisur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710129, China.
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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Wang Z, Li Z, Chen N, Lu C, Wang F, Zhu H. Crosslinked poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) polyelectrolyte enhanced with poly (styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) for anion exchange membrane applications. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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48
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Zhou J, Zuo P, Liu Y, Yang Z, Xu T. Ion exchange membranes from poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and related applications. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Kwasny MT, Zhu L, Hickner MA, Tew GN. Thermodynamics of Counterion Release Is Critical for Anion Exchange Membrane Conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7961-7969. [PMID: 29901997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the field of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) employs an increasing variety of cations, a critical understanding of cation properties must be obtained, especially as they relate to membrane ion conductivity. Here, to elucidate such properties, metal cation-based AEMs, featuring bis(norbornene) nickel, ruthenium, or cobalt complexes, were synthesized and characterized. In addition, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to probe counterion exchange thermodynamics in order to understand previously reported differences in conductivity. The ion conductivity data reported here further demonstrated that nickel-complex cations had higher conductivity as compared to their ruthenium and cobalt counterparts. Surprisingly, bulk hydration number, ion concentration, ion exchange capacity, and activation energy were not sufficient to explain differences in conductivity, so the thermodynamics of metal cation-counterion association were explored using ITC. Specifically, for the nickel cation as compared to the other two metal-based cations, a larger thermodynamic driving force for chloride counterion release was observed, shown through a smaller Δ Htot for counterion exchange, which indicated weaker cation-counterion association. The use of ITC to study cation-counterion association was further exemplified by characterizing more traditional AEM cations, such as quaternary ammoniums and an imidazolium cation, which demonstrated small variances in their enthalpic response, but an overall Δ Htot similar to that of the nickel-based cation. The cation hydration, rather than its hydration shell or the bulk hydration of the membrane, likely played the key role in determining the strength of the initial cation-counterion pair. This report identifies for the first time how ITC can be used to experimentally determine thermodynamic quantities that are key parameters for understanding and predicting conductivity in AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kwasny
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Michael A Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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Chen N, Long C, Li Y, Wang D, Lu C, Zhu H, Yu J. Three-Decker Strategy Based on Multifunctional Layered Double Hydroxide to Realize High-Performance Hydroxide Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18246-18256. [PMID: 29727161 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a three-decker layered double hydroxide (LDH)/poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) for hydroxide exchange membrane (HEM) applications. Hexagonal LDH is functionalized with highly stable 3-hydroxy-6-azaspiro [5.5] undecane (OH-ASU) cations to promote it's ion-exchange capacity. The ASU-LDH is combined with triple-cations functionalized PPO (TC-PPO) to fabricate a three-decker ASU-LDH/TC-PPO hybrid membrane by an electrostatic-spraying method. Notably, the ASU-LDH layer with a porous structure shows many valuable properties for the ASU-LDH/TC-PPO hybrid membranes, such as improving hydroxide conductivity, dimensional stability, and alkaline stability. The maximum OH- conductivity of ASU-LDH/TC-PPO hybrid membranes achieves 0.113 S/cm at 80 °C. Only 11.5% drops in OH- conductivity was detected after an alkaline stability test in 1 M NaOH at 80 °C for 588 h, prolonging the lifetime of the TC-PPO membrane. Furthermore, the ASU-LDH/TC-PPO hybrid membrane realizes a maximum power density of 0.209 W/cm2 under a current density of 0.391 A/cm2. In summary, the ASU-LDH/TC-PPO hybrid membranes provide a reliable method for preparing high-performance HEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Chuan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Yunxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Chuanrui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , P. R. China
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