1
|
Govindaraj S, Ganesan K, Dharmasivam M, Raman L, Kuppusamy KM, Pandiappan V, Alam MM, Mohammed A. Discovery of Novel Dimeric Pyridinium Bromide Analogues Inhibits Cancer Cell Growth by Activating Caspases and Downregulating Bcl-2 Protein. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13243-13251. [PMID: 37065022 PMCID: PMC10099142 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible dimeric substituted pyridinium bromides with primary and tertiary amines are prepared by conventional and solvent-free methods. The formation of compounds 2 and 4 is much easier than that of compounds 1 and 3 because of the benzyl carbon which is more electropositive than the primary alkyl carbon. The newly synthesized dimeric pyridinium compounds are optimized using DFT and B3LYP 6-31 g(d,p). The in vitro antiproliferative activity is studied in lung (A549) and breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB 231). Among the four compounds, 1,1'-(1,3-phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4 showed potent anticancer activity when compared to the standard drug 5-fluorouracil. 1,1'-(1,3-Phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4 is not toxic to normal cell lines 3T3-L1 and MRC-5 cell lines. Also, 1,1'-(1,3-phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4-induced apoptosis in cancer cell lines is examined using AO/EB and Hoechst staining, which is further supported by cell cycle analysis. Western blot analysis showed that 1,1'-(1,3-phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4 induces apoptosis through the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by upregulating caspase 3 and caspase 9. This compound also downregulates intrinsic apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bad. From the present study results, it is confirmed that 1,1'-(1,3-phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4 has potent anticancer activity when compared to other compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kilivelu Ganesan
- PG
and Research Department of Chemistry, Presidency
College, Chennai 600005, India
| | - Mahendiran Dharmasivam
- Centre
for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Lakshmisundaram Raman
- Sri
Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra
Institute of Higher Educational and Research (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Kalaivani M. Kuppusamy
- Research
Centre for Cellular Genomics and Cancer Research, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Viswanathan Pandiappan
- Department
of Uyivedhiyal, JSA Medical College for
Siddha and Research Centre, Ulundurpet, Kallakkurichi 606 104, India
| | - Mohammed Mujahid Alam
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, PO Box 9004, Abha 61413, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanullah Mohammed
- Department
of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manojkumar P, Harilal, Mahipal V, Suresh G, Venkatesh N, Ramesh M, Parthasarathy T. Exploring the charge transfer dynamics of hydrogen bonded crystals of 2-methyl-8-quinolinol and chloranilic acid: synthesis, spectrophotometric, single-crystal, DFT/PCM analysis, antimicrobial, and DNA binding studies. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39994-40010. [PMID: 35494159 PMCID: PMC9044685 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07658b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The new chemistry of the hydrogen-bonded charge and proton transfer complex (HB CT) between electron-donor 2-methyl-8-quinolinol (2 MQ) and electron-acceptor chloranilic acid (CHLA) has been studied using electronic absorption spectroscopy in acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), and ethanol (EtOH) polar media at room temperature. The stoichiometric proportion of the HB CT complex was observed to be 1 : 1 from the Job data and photometric titration process. The association constant (K CT) and molar absorptivity (ε CT) of the HB CT complex were determined by using the modified Benesi-Hildebrand equation in three polarities. Other spectroscopic physical parameters like the energy of interaction (E CT), ionization potential (I D), resonance energy (R N), standard free energy change (ΔG°), oscillator strength (f), and transition dipole moment (μ) were also evaluated. The HB CT complex structure was confirmed by different characterization techniques, such as FT-IR, NMR, TGA-DTA, and SEM-EDX analysis. Powder XRD and single-crystal XRD were used to determine the nature and structure of the synthesized HB CT complex. DNA binding studies for the HB CT complex produced a good binding constant value of 2.25 × 104 L mol-1 in UV-visible and 1.17 × 104 L mol-1 in fluorescence spectroscopy. The biological activity of the HB CT complex was also tested in vitro against the growth of bacteria and fungi, and the results indicated remarkable activity for the HB CT complex compared to the standard drugs, ampicillin and clindamycin. Hence, the abovementioned biological results of the synthesized HB CT complex show it could be used as a pharmaceutical drug in the future. Computational analysis was carried out by DFT studies using the B3LYP function with a basis set of 6-31G(d,p) in the gas phase and PCM analysis. The computational studies further supported the experimental results by confirming the charge and proton transfer complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Harilal
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad Gachibowli Hyderabad-500046 India
| | - Varukolu Mahipal
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University Hyderabad-500007 India
| | | | | | - Macha Ramesh
- University College of Science, Osmania University Saifabad Hyderabad-500004 India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balachandar S, Sethuram M, Muthuraja P, Dhandapani M. Bioactivity of a radical scavenger bis(pyrazolium p-toluenesulphonate) on ctDNA and certain microbes: a combined experimental and theoretical analysis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:421-431. [PMID: 31160975 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A small organic molecule, bis(pyrazolium p-toluenesulphonate) (BPPTS), was crystallized, characterized and used to scavenge free radicals in biological systems. SXRD and spectroscopic analyses were used to confirm the structure of BPPTS. Methanolic and ethanolic solutions of BPPTS were used to assess the stability of the proposed drug using the UV-vis spectrophotometric technique. Optimization of the molecular structure was carried out by DFT with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of basis set. MEP and Fukui functions that elaborate theoretically the predominant electrophilic, nucleophilic and radical sites in BPPTS were correlated with experimental biological screening. BPPTS exhibits strong activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, comparable with all other analyzed pathogens. The free radical scavenging activity of BPPTS was assessed by both experimental studies and theoretical calculations. The binding sites of DPPH, which can bind to BPPTS, were also predicted by Fukui functions. DNA binding of BPPTS in UV-vis studies revealed the groove mode of binding due to the occurrence of hyperchromism. The phenomenon of hyperchromism was established by the Hirshfeld surface analysis of BPPTS, which confirmed the presence of π···π interactions (2.4%). Molecular docking established a positive correlation between experimental bio-screening reports and simulated data. ADMET properties were also calculated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Balachandar
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry , Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science , Coimbatore-641 020 , Tamil Nadu , India . ; Tel: +91 944 200 1232
| | - M Sethuram
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Sethu Institute of Technology , Virudhunagar , Tamil Nadu 626 115 , India
| | - P Muthuraja
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry , Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science , Coimbatore-641 020 , Tamil Nadu , India . ; Tel: +91 944 200 1232
| | - M Dhandapani
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry , Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science , Coimbatore-641 020 , Tamil Nadu , India . ; Tel: +91 944 200 1232
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molecular properties, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and computational calculations of a new third order NLO organic crystal, 2-aminopyridinium benzilate. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
5
|
Echeverry-Gonzalez CA, Ortiz A, Insuasty B. Rhodanine-based light-harvesting sensitizers: a rational comparison between 2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodanine and rhodanine-3-acetic acid. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00939f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical, electrochemical and theoretical characterization of new rhodanine-based dyes for DSSC applications, a comparison of the photovoltaic performances of 2-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)rhodanine (DR) and rhodanine-3-acetic acid (RAA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Ortiz
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
- Universidad del Valle, A.A
- 25360 Cali
- Colombia
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
- Universidad del Valle, A.A
- 25360 Cali
- Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singaravelan K, Chandramohan A, Saravanabhavan M, Muthu Vijayan Enoch IV, Suganthi VS. Hydrogen bonded charge transfer molecular salt (4-chloro anilinium-3-nitrophthalate) for photophysical and pharmacological applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 184:318-326. [PMID: 28527395 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Radical scavenging activity against DPPH radical and binding properties of a hydrogen bonded charge transfer molecular salt 4-chloro anilinium-3-nitrophthalate(CANP) with calf thymus DNA has been studied by electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy. The molecular structure and crystallinity of the CANP salt have been established by carried out powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis which indicated that cation and anion are linked through strong N+H…O- type of hydrogen bond. FTIR spectroscopic study was carried out to know the various functional groups present in the crystal. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded to further confirm the molecular structure of the salt crystal. The thermal stability of the title salt was established by TG/DTA analyses simultaneously on the powdered sample of the title crystal. Further, the CANP salt was examined against various bacteria and fungi strains which showed a remarkable antimicrobial activity compared to that of the standards Ciproflaxin and Clotrimazole. The results showed that the CANP salt could interact with CT-DNA through intercalation. Antioxidant studies of the substrates alone and synthesized CANP salt showed that the latter has been better radical scavenging activity than that of the former against DPPH radical. The third order nonlinear susceptibility of the CANP salt was established by the Z-scan study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Singaravelan
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore 641 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Chandramohan
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore 641 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Saravanabhavan
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore 641 020, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Chemistry, Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 48, India
| | - I V Muthu Vijayan Enoch
- Department of Chemistry/Nanoscience & Technology, Karunya University, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V S Suganthi
- Department of Chemistry/Nanoscience & Technology, Karunya University, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|