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Roman AM, Cimpoeșu R, Pricop B, Cazacu MM, Zegan G, Istrate B, Cocean A, Chelariu R, Moscu M, Bădărău G, Cimpoeșu N, Ivănescu MC. Investigations on the Degradation Behavior of Processed FeMnSi-xCu Shape Memory Alloys. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:330. [PMID: 38392703 PMCID: PMC10893035 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
A new functional Fe-30Mn-5Si-xCu (x = 1.5 and 2 wt%) biomaterial was obtained from the levitation induction melting process and evaluated as a biodegradable material. The degradation characteristics were assessed in vitro using immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 ± 1 °C, evaluating mass loss, pH variation that occurred in the solution, open circuit potential (OCP), linear and cyclic potentiometry (LP and CP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and nano-FTIR. To obtain plates as samples, the cast materials were thermo-mechanically processed by hot rolling. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was employed to evaluate the thermal properties of the smart material. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to show the nanometric and microstructural changes during the hot rolling process and DMA solicitations. The type of corrosion identified was generalized corrosion, and over the first 3-5 days, an increase in mass was observed, caused by the compounds formed at the metal-solution interface. The formed compounds were identified mainly as oxides that passed into the immersion liquid. The degradation rate (DR) was obtained as a function of mass loss, sample surface area and immersion duration. The dynamic mechanical behavior and dimensions of the sample were evaluated after 14 days of immersion. The nanocompounds found on the surface after atmospheric corrosion and immersion in SBF were investigated with the Neaspec system using the nano-FTIR technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Roman
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (A.-M.R.); (R.C.); (B.P.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Ramona Cimpoeșu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (A.-M.R.); (R.C.); (B.P.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Bogdan Pricop
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (A.-M.R.); (R.C.); (B.P.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Marius Mihai Cazacu
- Physics Department, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 59A Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Georgeta Zegan
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.); (M.C.I.)
| | - Bogdan Istrate
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 43 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Cocean
- Atmosphere Optics, Spectroscopy and Laser Laboratory (LOASL), Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Blvd, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Laboratory of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, A Building, Physics, Research Center with Integrated Techniques for Atmospheric Aerosol Investigation in Romania (RECENT AIR), Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeu Chelariu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (A.-M.R.); (R.C.); (B.P.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Mihaela Moscu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.); (M.C.I.)
| | - Gheorghe Bădărău
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (A.-M.R.); (R.C.); (B.P.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Nicanor Cimpoeșu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 41 Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (A.-M.R.); (R.C.); (B.P.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Mircea Cătălin Ivănescu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.M.); (M.C.I.)
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Mandal S, Kishore AV, Mandal S, Bhar B, Mandal BB, Nandi SK, Roy M. Controlled nano Cu precipitation through age treatment: A method to enhance the biodegradation, mechanical, antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility of Fe-20Mn-3Cu alloys. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:650-669. [PMID: 37451660 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) based degradable biomaterials have been proven as a suitable substitute to permanent internal fracture-fixation devices. However, lower degradation and bacterial infection are still major concerns. To overcome these limitations, in this work, we have incorporated copper (Cu) in Fe-Mn system. The objective is to produce Cu nano-precipitates and refined microstructure through suitable combination of cold-rolling and age-treatment, so that degradation is improved eventually. High resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) confirmed the Cu rich composition of the nano-precipitates. Number of precipitates increased as aging time increased. Three-dimensional visualization of Fe, Mn and Cu atomic distributions using atom probe tomography (APT), indicated that Cu precipitates were in 15-50 nm range. Large number of nano-precipitates along with lower dislocation density led to highest strength (1078 MPa) and ductility (37 %) for the 6 h age-treated sample. On the other hand, nano-precipitates and refined microstructure resulted highest degradation for the 12 h of age treated sample (0.091 mmpy). When E.Coli bacteria was cultured with the sample extract, significantly higher antibacterial efficacy was observed for the sample having higher nano-precipitates. Higher degradation rate did not cause cyto-toxicity, rather promoted statistically higher cell proliferation (1.5 times within 24 h) in in vitro cell-material interaction studies. In vivo biocompatibility of the alloy containing large nano-precipitates was confirmed from higher new bone regeneration (60%) in rabbit femur model. Overall study suggested that the optimization of the thermo-mechanical processes can effectively tailor the Fe-Mn-Cu alloys for successful internal fracture fixation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In the present work, we have reported a noble thermo-mechanical approach to simultaneously achieve Cu nano-precipitates and grain refinement in Fe-20Mn-3Cu alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mandal
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Anyam Vvngsv Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Sumantra Mandal
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Bibrita Bhar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India.
| | - Mangal Roy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Rabeeh VPM, Rahim SA, Kinattingara Parambath S, Rajanikant GK, Hanas T. Iron-Gold Composites for Biodegradable Implants: In Vitro Investigation on Biodegradation and Biomineralization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4255-4268. [PMID: 37452568 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The biocompatibility and biodegradation of iron (Fe) make it a suitable candidate for developing biodegradable metallic implants. However, the degradation rate of Fe in a physiological environment is extremely slow and needs to be enhanced to a rate compatible with tissue growth. Incorporating noble metals improves the Fe degradation rate by forming galvanic couples. This study incorporated gold (Au) into Fe at very low concentrations of 1.25 and 2.37 μg/g to improve the degradation rate. The electrochemical corrosion test of the samples revealed that the Au-containing samples showed a four-time and nine-time faster degradation rate than pure Fe. Furthermore, the immersion test and long-term electrochemical impedance spectroscopy conducted in simulated body fluid (SBF) revealed that the Au-incorporated samples exhibited increased bioactivity and degraded faster than pure Fe. Integrating nanogold into a Fe matrix increased the in situ formation of hydroxyapatite on the sample's surface and did not cause toxicity to L929-murine fibroblast cells. It is suggested that Fe-Au composites with low concentrations of Au can be used to tailor the biodegradation rate and promote the biomineralization of Fe-based implants in the physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Muhammad Rabeeh
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Shebeer A Rahim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
| | | | - G K Rajanikant
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - T Hanas
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, India
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Panaghie C, Zegan G, Sodor A, Cimpoeșu N, Lohan NM, Istrate B, Roman AM, Ioanid N. Analysis of Degradation Products of Biodegradable ZnMgY Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3092. [PMID: 37109928 PMCID: PMC10146815 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable metallic materials are increasingly gaining ground in medical applications. Zn-based alloys show a degradation rate between those recorded for Mg-based materials with the fastest degradation rate and Fe-based materials with the slowest degradation rate. From the perspective of medical complications, it is essential to understand the size and nature of the degradation products developed from biodegradable materials, as well as the stage at which these residues are eliminated from the body. This paper presents investigations conducted on the corrosion/degradation products of an experimental material (ZnMgY alloy in cast and homogenized state) after immersion tests in three physiological solutions (Dulbecco's, Ringer's and simulated body fluid (SBF)). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to highlight the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of corrosion products and their effects on the surface. An X-ray energy dispersive detector (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided general information about the compounds based on their non-metallic character. The pH of the electrolyte solution was recorded for 72 h during immersion. The pH variation of the solution confirmed the main reactions proposed for the corrosion of ZnMg. The agglomerations of corrosion products were on the micrometer scale, mainly oxides, hydroxides and carbonates or phosphates. The corrosion effects on the surface were homogeneously spread, with a tendency to connect and form cracks or larger corrosion zones, transforming the pitting corrosion pattern into a generalized one. It was noticed that the alloy's microstructure strongly influences the corrosion characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Panaghie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Georgeta Zegan
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Sodor
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicanor Cimpoeșu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta-Monica Lohan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Istrate
- Faculty of Mechanics, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Roman
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Ioanid
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Kumar R, Agrawal A. Micro-hydroxyapatite reinforced Ti-based composite with tailored characteristics to minimize stress-shielding impact in bio-implant applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105852. [PMID: 37068431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials having higher strength and increased bioactivity are widely researched topics in the area of scaffold and implant fabrication. Metal-based biomaterials are favorably suitable for load-bearing implants due to their outstanding mechanical and structural properties. The issue with pure metallic material used for bio-implant is the mismatch between the mechanical properties of the human body parts and the implant. The mismatch in modulus and hardness values causes damage to muscles and other body parts due to the phenomena of 'stress-shielding'. As per the rule of mixture, combining a biocompatible ceramic with metals will not only lower the overall mechanical strength, but will also enhance the composite's bioactivity. In the present work, a Metal-Ceramic composite of Ti and μ-HAp is processed through high-energy mechanical alloying. The μ-HAp powders (in a weight fraction of 1%, 2%, and 3%) were alloyed with Pure Ti powder sintered using microwave hybrid heating (MHH). The homogeneously alloyed materials were inspected for chemical and elemental characteristics using XRD, SEM-EDX, and FTIR analyses. Nano-mechanical and micro-hardness properties were inspected for the fabricated Ti- μ-HAp composites and it shows a decreasing trend. Elastic modulus declined from 130.8 GPa to 50.11 GPa for 3 wt% μ-HAp compared to pure-Ti sample. The mechanical behaviour of developed composites confirms that it can minimize the stress-shielding impact due to comparatively lesser strength and hardness than pure metallic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Advanced Manufacturing Technology Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India.
| | - Anupam Agrawal
- Advanced Manufacturing Technology Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, Punjab, India.
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Zhang M, Yang N, Dehghan-Manshadi A, Venezuela J, Bermingham MJ, Dargusch MS. Fabrication and Properties of Biodegradable Akermanite-Reinforced Fe35Mn Alloys for Temporary Orthopedic Implant Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1261-1273. [PMID: 36808972 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
As a representative of the biodegradable iron (Fe)-manganese (Mn) alloys, Fe35Mn has been investigated as a promising biodegradable metal biomaterial for orthopedic applications. However, its slow degradation rate, though better than pure Fe, and poor bioactivity are concerns that retard its clinical applications. Akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7, Ake) is a silicate-based bioceramic, showing desirable degradability and bioactivity for bone repair. In the present work, Fe35Mn/Ake composites were prepared via a powder metallurgy route. The effect of different contents of Ake (0, 10, 30, 50 vol %) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, degradation, and biocompatibility of the composites was investigated. The ceramic phases were found to be evenly distributed in the metal matrix. The Ake reacted with Fe35Mn and generated CaFeSiO4 during sintering. The addition of Ake increased the relative density of pure Fe35Mn from ∼90 to ∼94-97%. The compressive yield strength (CYS) and elastic modulus (Ec) increased with increasing Ake, with Fe35Mn/50Ake exhibiting the highest CYS of ∼403 MPa and Ec of ∼18 GPa. However, the ductility decreased at higher Ake concentrations (30 and 50%). Microhardness also showed an increasing trend with the addition of Ake. Electrochemical measurements indicated that higher concentrations of Ake (30 and 50%) could potentially increase the corrosion rate of Fe35Mn from ∼0.25 to ∼0.39 mm/year. However, all of the compositions tested did not show measurable weight loss after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 4 weeks, attributed to the use of prealloyed raw material, high sintered density of the fabricated composites, and the formation of a dense Ca-, P-, and O-rich layer on the surface. Human osteoblasts on Fe35Mn/Ake composites showed increasing viability with increasing Ake content, indicating improved in vitro biocompatibility. These preliminary results suggest that Fe35Mn/Ake can be a potential material for biodegradable bone implant applications, particularly Fe35Mn/30Ake, if the slow corrosion of the composite can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ali Dehghan-Manshadi
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Bermingham
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew S Dargusch
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Khodaei T, Schmitzer E, Suresh AP, Acharya AP. Immune response differences in degradable and non-degradable alloy implants. Bioact Mater 2022; 24:153-170. [PMID: 36606252 PMCID: PMC9793227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloy based implants have made a great impact in the clinic and in preclinical research. Immune responses are one of the major causes of failure of these implants in the clinic. Although the immune responses toward non-degradable alloy implants are well documented, there is a poor understanding of the immune responses against degradable alloy implants. Recently, there have been several reports suggesting that degradable implants may develop substantial immune responses. This phenomenon needs to be further studied in detail to make the case for the degradable implants to be utilized in clinics. Herein, we review these new recent reports suggesting the role of innate and potentially adaptive immune cells in inducing immune responses against degradable implants. First, we discussed immune responses to allergen components of non-degradable implants to give a better overview on differences in the immune response between non-degradable and degradable implants. Furthermore, we also provide potential areas of research that can be undertaken that may shed light on the local and global immune responses that are generated in response to degradable implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taravat Khodaei
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schmitzer
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | | | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA,Corresponding author. Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State, University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
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Krüger JT, Hoyer KP, Huang J, Filor V, Mateus-Vargas RH, Oltmanns H, Meißner J, Grundmeier G, Schaper M. FeMn with Phases of a Degradable Ag Alloy for Residue-Free and Adapted Bioresorbability. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040185. [PMID: 36278654 PMCID: PMC9590034 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bioresorbable materials for temporary implantation enables progress in medical technology. Iron (Fe)-based degradable materials are biocompatible and exhibit good mechanical properties, but their degradation rate is low. Aside from alloying with Manganese (Mn), the creation of phases with high electrochemical potential such as silver (Ag) phases to cause the anodic dissolution of FeMn is promising. However, to enable residue-free dissolution, the Ag needs to be modified. This concern is addressed, as FeMn modified with a degradable Ag-Calcium-Lanthanum (AgCaLa) alloy is investigated. The electrochemical properties and the degradation behavior are determined via a static immersion test. The local differences in electrochemical potential increase the degradation rate (low pH values), and the formation of gaps around the Ag phases (neutral pH values) demonstrates the benefit of the strategy. Nevertheless, the formation of corrosion-inhibiting layers avoids an increased degradation rate under a neutral pH value. The complete bioresorption of the material is possible since the phases of the degradable AgCaLa alloy dissolve after the FeMn matrix. Cell viability tests reveal biocompatibility, and the antibacterial activity of the degradation supernatant is observed. Thus, FeMn modified with degradable AgCaLa phases is promising as a bioresorbable material if corrosion-inhibiting layers can be diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tobias Krüger
- Materials Science, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 7, 33100 Paderborn, Germany
- DMRC-Direct Manufacturing Research Center, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 3, 33100 Paderborn, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kay-Peter Hoyer
- Materials Science, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 7, 33100 Paderborn, Germany
- DMRC-Direct Manufacturing Research Center, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 3, 33100 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jingyuan Huang
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Viviane Filor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr. 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Hernan Mateus-Vargas
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hilke Oltmanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Meißner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mirko Schaper
- Materials Science, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 7, 33100 Paderborn, Germany
- DMRC-Direct Manufacturing Research Center, Paderborn University, Mersinweg 3, 33100 Paderborn, Germany
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Lozhkomoev AS, Kazantsev SO, Bakina OV, Pervikov AV, Sharipova AF, Chymaevskii AV, Lerner MI. Fabrication of strong bioresorbable composites from electroexplosive Fe-Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles by isostatic pressing followed by vacuum sintering. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10663. [PMID: 36164514 PMCID: PMC9508424 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bulk samples with high mechanical strength reaching 1000 MPa were obtained from electroexplosive Fe-Fe3O4 nanoparticles containing 81 wt. % Fe. Maximum strength is achieved by consolidation of the nanoparticles by isostatic pressing followed by vacuum sintering at 700 °C. A further increase in the sintering temperature leads to the formation of large pores with a size of up to 5 μm and an intense interaction of Fe and Fe3O4 with the formation of FeO leading to the embrittlement of the samples and a decrease in their strength. The degradation rate of Fe- Fe3O4 samples in NaCl (0.9% wt.) and Hank's solution is 7 times higher than that of samples obtained by sintering an electroexplosive Fe nanopowder under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lozhkomoev
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ISPMS SB RAS, 634021 Tomsk, Russia
| | - S O Kazantsev
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ISPMS SB RAS, 634021 Tomsk, Russia
| | - O V Bakina
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ISPMS SB RAS, 634021 Tomsk, Russia
| | - A V Pervikov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ISPMS SB RAS, 634021 Tomsk, Russia
| | - A F Sharipova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - A V Chymaevskii
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ISPMS SB RAS, 634021 Tomsk, Russia
| | - M I Lerner
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ISPMS SB RAS, 634021 Tomsk, Russia
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Preparation and Properties of Iron Nanoparticle-Based Macroporous Scaffolds for Biodegradable Implants. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144900. [PMID: 35888367 PMCID: PMC9317871 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fe-based scaffolds are of particular interest in the technology of biodegradable implants due to their high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In the present work, using an electroexplosive Fe nanopowder and NaCl particles 100–200 µm in size as a porogen, scaffolds with a porosity of about 70 ± 0.8% were obtained. The effect of the sintering temperature on the structure, composition, and mechanical characteristics of the scaffolds was considered. The optimum parameters of the sintering process were determined, allowing us to obtain samples characterized by plastic deformation and a yield strength of up to 16.2 MPa. The degradation of the scaffolds sintered at 1000 and 1100 °C in 0.9 wt.% NaCl solution for 28 days resulted in a decrease in their strength by 23% and 17%, respectively.
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Putra NE, Borg KGN, Diaz-Payno PJ, Leeflang MA, Klimopoulou M, Taheri P, Mol JMC, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Huan Z, Chang J, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additive manufacturing of bioactive and biodegradable porous iron-akermanite composites for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:355-373. [PMID: 35690326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Advanced additive manufacturing techniques have been recently used to tackle the two fundamental challenges of biodegradable Fe-based bone-substituting materials, namely low rate of biodegradation and insufficient bioactivity. While additively manufactured porous iron has been somewhat successful in addressing the first challenge, the limited bioactivity of these biomaterials hinder their progress towards clinical application. Herein, we used extrusion-based 3D printing for additive manufacturing of iron-matrix composites containing silicate-based bioceramic particles (akermanite), thereby addressing both of the abovementioned challenges. We developed inks that carried iron and 5, 10, 15, or 20 vol% of akermanite powder mixtures for the 3D printing process and optimized the debinding and sintering steps to produce geometrically-ordered iron-akermanite composites with an open porosity of 69-71%. The composite scaffolds preserved the designed geometry and the original α-Fe and akermanite phases. The in vitro biodegradation rates of the composites were improved as much as 2.6 times the biodegradation rate of geometrically identical pure iron. The yield strengths and elastic moduli of the scaffolds remained within the range of the mechanical properties of the cancellous bone, even after 28 days of biodegradation. The composite scaffolds (10-20 vol% akermanite) demonstrated improved MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion and higher levels of cell proliferation. The cellular secretion of collagen type-1 and the alkaline phosphatase activity on the composite scaffolds (10-20 vol% akermanite) were, respectively higher than and comparable to Ti6Al4V in osteogenic medium. Taken together, these results clearly show the potential of 3D printed porous iron-akermanite composites for further development as promising bone substitutes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Porous iron matrix composites containing akermanite particles were produced by means of multi-material additive manufacturing to address the two fundamental challenges associated with biodegradable iron-based biomaterials, namely very low rate of biodegradation and insufficient bioactivity. Our porous iron-akermanite composites exhibited enhanced biodegradability and superior bioactivity compared to porous monolithic iron scaffolds. The murine bone cells proliferated on the composite scaffolds, and secreted the collagen type-1 matrix that stimulated bony-like mineralization. The results show the exceptional potential of the developed porous iron-based composite scaffolds for application as bone substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Putra
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - K G N Borg
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P J Diaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Klimopoulou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - P Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Z Huan
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - J Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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12
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Rabeeh VPM, Hanas T. Progress in manufacturing and processing of degradable Fe-based implants: a review. Prog Biomater 2022; 11:163-191. [PMID: 35583848 PMCID: PMC9156655 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-022-00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable metals have gained vast attention as befitting candidates for developing degradable metallic implants. Such implants are primarily employed for temporary applications and are expected to degrade or resorbed after the tissue is healed. Fe-based materials have generated considerable interest as one of the possible biodegradable metals. Like other biometals such as Mg and Zn, Fe exhibits good biocompatibility and biodegradability. The versatility in the mechanical behaviour of Fe-based materials makes them a better choice for load-bearing applications. However, the very low degradation rate of Fe in the physiological environment needs to be improved to make it compatible with tissue growth. Several studies on tailoring the degradation behaviour of Fe in the human body are already reported. Majority of these works include studies on the effect of manufacturing and processing techniques on biocompatibility and biodegradability. This article focuses on a comprehensive review and analysis of the various manufacturing and processing techniques so far reported for developing biodegradable iron-based orthopaedic implants. The current status of research in the field is neatly presented, and a summary of the works is included in the article for the benefit of researchers in the field to contextualise their research and effectively find the lacunae in the existing scholarship.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Muhammad Rabeeh
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India
| | - T Hanas
- Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India.
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13
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Improving the radiopacity of Fe–Mn biodegradable metals by magnetron-sputtered W–Fe–Mn–C coatings: Application for thinner stents. Bioact Mater 2022; 12:64-70. [PMID: 35087963 PMCID: PMC8777240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this exploratory work, micrometric radiopaque W–Fe–Mn–C coatings were produced by magnetron sputtering plasma deposition, for the first time, with the aim to make very thin Fe–Mn stents trackable by fluoroscopy. The power of Fe–13Mn-1.2C target was kept constant at 400 W while that of W target varied from 100 to 400 W producing three different coatings referred to as P100, P200, P400. The effect of the increased W power on coatings thickness, roughness, structure, corrosion behavior and radiopacity was investigated. The coatings showed a power-dependent thickness and W concentration, different roughness values while a similar and uniform columnar structure. An amorphous phase was detected for both P100 and P200 coatings while γ-Fe, bcc-W and W3C phases found for P400. Moreover, P200 and P400 showed a significantly higher corrosion rate (CR) compared to P100. The presence of W, W3C as well as the Fe amount variation determined two different micro-galvanic corrosion mechanisms significantly changing the CR of coatings, 0.26 ± 0.02, 59.68 ± 1.21 and 59.06 ± 1.16 μm/year for P100, P200 and P400, respectively. Sample P200 with its most uniform morphology, lowest roughness (RMS = 3.9 ± 0.4 nm) and good radiopacity (∼6%) appeared the most suitable radiopaque biodegradable coating investigated in this study. Three W–Fe–Mn–C coatings (P100, P200, P400) were developed by magnetron sputtering. Coatings showed a columnar structure and power-dependent thickness and W concentration. Thicknesses from 0.9 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.2 μm and RMS from 3.9 ± 0.4 to 54.3 ± 8.1 nm were found for P100, P200, P400, resp. The amorphous phase of P100, P200 and γ-Fe, bcc-W and W3C of P400 significantly affected the CR. The most uniform morphology, lowest roughness (3.9 ± 0.4 nm) and good radiopacity (∼6%) were found for P200.
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14
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Li S, Mo Y, Gao C, Shuai C, Peng S. A dual redox system for enhancing the biodegradability of Fe-C-Cu composite scaffold. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 213:112431. [PMID: 35259703 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fe-based biocomposites are emerging as temporary orthopedic implants due to natural biodegradability and high mechanical strength. Yet, the slow degradation kinetics restricts their biomedical applications. In this work, Cu-initiated redox system was established to accelerate the biodegradation of Fe-C composite scaffold prepared by selective laser melting. On the one hand, Cu induced micro-galvanic corrosion with Fe matrix due to their differences in potentials, accelerating the electron separation from Fe and further the dissolution of Fe matrix. On the other hand, Cu, as a good conductor of electron transfer, reduced the electron transfer impedance and increased the corrosion current density in Fe/C micro-galvanic cells. Consequently, the degradation rate of Fe-C scaffold was increased by 69% from 0.16 mm/y to 0.27 mm/y in the immersion tests. Additionally, the composite scaffold exhibited compression strength of 128 MPa and hardness of 148 HV, respectively. After co-culturing with the composite scaffold, MG-63 cells presented classical fusiform shape and good cell viability, indicating favorable biocompatibility. These results showed the potential applications of the developed redox systems as highly efficient initiator in accelerating the biodegradation of Fe-based biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuqing Mo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Chengde Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Institute of Additive Manufacturing, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Shuping Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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15
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de Andrade LM, Paternoster C, Chevallier P, Gambaro S, Mengucci P, Mantovani D. Surface processing for iron-based degradable alloys: A preliminary study on the importance of acid pickling. Bioact Mater 2022; 11:166-180. [PMID: 34938921 PMCID: PMC8665346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a heterogeneous oxidized layer, also called scale, on metallic surfaces is widely recognized as a rapid manufacturing event for metals and their alloys. Partial or total removal of the scale represents a mandatory integrated step for the industrial fabrication processes of medical devices. For biodegradable metals, acid pickling has already been reported as a preliminary surface preparation given further processes, such as electropolishing. Unfortunately, biodegradable medical prototypes presented discrepancies concerning acid pickling studies based on samples with less complex geometry (e.g., non-uniform scale removal and rougher surface). Indeed, this translational knowledge lacks a detailed investigation on this process, deep characterization of treated surfaces properties, as well as a comprehensive discussion of the involved mechanisms. In this study, the effects of different acidic media (HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, CH3COOH, H2SO4 and HF), maintained at different temperatures (21 and 60 °C) for various exposition time (15-240 s), on the chemical composition and surface properties of a Fe-13Mn-1.2C biodegradable alloy were investigated. Changes in mass loss, morphology and wettability evidenced the combined effect of temperature and time for all conditions. Pickling in HCl and HF solutions favor mass loss (0.03-0.1 g/cm2) and effectively remove the initial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Marin de Andrade
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Carlo Paternoster
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pascale Chevallier
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sofia Gambaro
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- National Research Council, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy CNR-ICMATE, Genoa, 16149, Italy
| | | | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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16
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Sun X, Yu X, Li W, Chen M, Liu D. Mechanical properties, degradation behavior and cytocompatibility of biodegradable 3vol%X (X = MgO, ZnO and CuO)/Zn matrix composites with excellent dispersion property fabricated by graphene oxide-assisted hetero-aggregation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 134:112722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Tonna C, Wang C, Mei D, Lamaka SV, Zheludkevich ML, Buhagiar J. Biodegradation behaviour of Fe-based alloys in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solutions: Part I. material characterisation and corrosion testing. Bioact Mater 2022; 7:426-440. [PMID: 34466743 PMCID: PMC8379481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on Fe-based biodegradable alloys for implant applications has increased considerably over the past decade. However, there is limited information on the influence of testing electrolytes on corrosion product formation and general corrosion progress. In this work, the effect of Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) with or without Ca2+ on the corrosion of Fe, Fe35Mn and (Fe35Mn)5Ag powder-processed coupons has been studied using potentiodynamic polarisation, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and preliminary localised measurement of pH and dissolved oxygen concentration in close proximity to the metal surface. Both Fe35Mn and (Fe35Mn)5Ag alloys showed accelerated corrosion when compared to pure Fe based on potentiodynamic testing results, with FeMnAg exhibiting the highest corrosion rate in Ca2+-containing HBSS. The results indicate that in Ca2+-containing HBSS, the formation of a partially protective Ca/P layer decelerates the corrosion progress, whereas the Fe- and Mn-phosphates formed in Ca2+-free HBSS do not have the same effect. The Ca/P layer on (Fe35Mn)5Ag experienced a reduction in resistance following several hours of testing, indicating partial loss of its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabelle Tonna
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Di Mei
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Sviatlana V. Lamaka
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Mikhail L. Zheludkevich
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kiel, 24103, Germany
| | - Joseph Buhagiar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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18
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Li H, Lin G, Wang P, Huang J, Wen C. Nutrient alloying elements in biodegradable metals: a review. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9806-9825. [PMID: 34842888 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01962g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a new generation of biomedical metallic materials, biodegradable metals have become a hot research topic in recent years because they can completely degrade in the human body, thus preventing secondary surgery, and reducing the pain and economic burden for patients. Clinical applications require biodegradable metals with adequate mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Alloying is an important method to create biodegradable metals with required and comprehensive performances. Since nutrient elements already have important effects on various physiological functions of the human body, the alloying of nutrient elements with biodegradable metals has attracted much attention. The present review summarizes and discusses the effects of nutrient alloying elements on the mechanical properties, biodegradation behavior, and biocompatibility of biodegradable metals. Moreover, future research directions of biodegradable metals with nutrient alloying elements are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guicai Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Pengyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jinyan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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19
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Putra N, Tigrine A, Aksakal S, de la Rosa V, Taheri P, Fratila-Apachitei L, Mol J, Zhou J, Zadpoor A. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) coating of additively manufactured biodegradable porous iron. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 133:112617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Extrusion-based 3D printing of ex situ-alloyed highly biodegradable MRI-friendly porous iron-manganese scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:774-790. [PMID: 34311105 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Additively manufactured biodegradable porous iron has been only very recently demonstrated. Two major limitations of such a biomaterial are very low biodegradability and incompatibility with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we present a novel biomaterial that resolves both of those limitations. We used extrusion-based 3D printing to fabricate ex situ-alloyed biodegradable iron-manganese scaffolds that are non-ferromagnetic and exhibit enhanced rates of biodegradation. We developed ink formulations containing iron and 25, 30, or 35 wt% manganese powders, and debinding and sintering process to achieve Fe-Mn scaffolds with 69% porosity. The Fe25Mn scaffolds had the ε-martensite and γ-austenite phases, while the Fe30Mn and Fe35Mn scaffolds had only the γ-austenite phase. All iron-manganese alloys exhibited weakly paramagnetic behavior, confirming their potential to be used as MRI-friendly bone substitutes. The in vitro biodegradation rates of the scaffolds were very much enhanced (i.e., 4.0 to 4.6 times higher than that of porous iron), with the Fe35Mn alloy exhibiting the highest rate of biodegradation (i.e., 0.23 mm/y). While the elastic moduli and yield strengths of the scaffolds decreased over 28 days of in vitro biodegradation, those values remained in the range of cancellous bone. The culture of preosteoblasts on the porous iron-manganese scaffolds revealed that cells could develop filopodia on the scaffolds, but their viability was reduced by the effect of biodegradation. Altogether, this research marks a major breakthrough and demonstrates the great prospects of multi-material extrusion-based 3D printing to further address the remaining issues of porous iron-based materials and, eventually, develop ideal bone substitutes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 3D printed porous iron biomaterials for bone substitution still encounter limitations, such as the slow biodegradation and magnetic resonance imaging incompatibility. Aiming to solve the two fundamental issues of iron, we present ex-situ alloyed porous iron-manganese scaffolds fabricated by means of multi-material extrusion-based 3D printing. Our porous iron-manganese possessed enhanced biodegradability, non-ferromagnetic property, and bone-mimicking mechanical property throughout the in vitro biodegradation period. The results demonstrated a great prospect of multi-material extrusion-based 3D printing to further address the remaining challenges of porous iron-based biomaterials to be an ideal biodegradable bone substitutes.
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21
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Loffredo S, Gambaro S, Marin de Andrade L, Paternoster C, Casati R, Giguère N, Vedani M, Mantovani D. Six-Month Long In Vitro Degradation Tests of Biodegradable Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels Alloyed with Ag for Stent Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3669-3682. [PMID: 34269556 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) Fe-Mn-C steels are biodegradable metals with far superior mechanical properties to any biodegradable metal, including Mg alloys, used in commercially available devices. For this reason, the use of Fe-Mn-C alloys to produce thinner and thinner implants can be exploited for overcoming the device size limitations that biodegradable stents still present. However, Fe-Mn steels are known to form a phosphate layer on their surface over long implantation times in animals, preventing device degradation in the required timeframe. The introduction of second phases in such alloys to promote galvanic coupling showed a short-term promise, and particularly the use of Ag looked especially effective. Nonetheless, the evolution of the corrosion mechanism of quaternary Fe-Mn-C-Ag alloys over time is still unknown. This study aims at understanding how corrosion changes over time for a TWIP steel alloyed with Ag using a simple static immersion setup. The presence of Ag promoted some galvanic coupling just in the first week of immersion; this effect was then suppressed by the formation of a mixed carbonate/hydroxide layer. This layer partly detached after 2 months and was replaced by a stable phosphate layer, over which a new carbonate/hydroxide formed after 4 months, effectively hindering the sample degradation. Attachment of phosphates to the surface matches 1-year outcomes from animal tests reported by other authors, but this phenomenon cannot be predicted using immersion up to 28 days. These results demonstrate that immersion tests of Fe-based degradable alloys can be related to animal tests only when they are carried out for a sufficiently long time and that galvanic coupling with Ag is not a viable strategy in the long term. Future works should focus more on surface modifications to control the interfacial behavior rather than alloying in the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Loffredo
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - Sofia Gambaro
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada.,National Research Council, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (CNR-ICMATE), Genoa 16149, Italy
| | - Leticia Marin de Andrade
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Carlo Paternoster
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Riccardo Casati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - Nicolas Giguère
- Quebec Metallurgy Center (CMQ), Trois-Rivières, Quebec G9A 5E1, Canada
| | - Maurizio Vedani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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22
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Deng B, Guo Y, Zhao MC, Li QF, Ma B, Duan B, Yin D, Atrens A. Study on a Novel Biodegradable and Antibacterial Fe-Based Alloy Prepared by Microwave Sintering. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143784. [PMID: 34300703 PMCID: PMC8303899 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research produced a porous Fe-8 wt.% Cu alloy by microwave sintering in order to achieve (i) an increased biodegradation rate, and (ii) an antibacterial function. The Fe-8Cu alloy had higher density, hardness and degradation rate (about 2 times higher) but smaller and fewer surface pores, compared to the pure Fe. The Fe-8Cu alloy had a strong antibacterial function (the antibacterial rates against E. coli were up to 99.9%) and good biocompatibility. This work provides a novel approach of alloy design and processing to develop novel antibacterial Fe-based alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Research Institute of Automobile Parts Technology, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China;
| | - Yingxue Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.G.); (B.D.)
| | - Ming-Chun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.G.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Qing-Fen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (Q.-F.L.); (B.M.)
| | - Bin Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (Q.-F.L.); (B.M.)
| | - Bohua Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.G.); (B.D.)
| | - Dengfeng Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.G.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Andrej Atrens
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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Prokoshkin S, Pustov Y, Zhukova Y, Kadirov P, Karavaeva M, Prosviryakov A, Dubinskiy S. Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Structure and Functional Fatigue Characteristics of Biodegradable Fe-30Mn-5Si (wt %) Shape Memory Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3327. [PMID: 34208538 PMCID: PMC8234611 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloys are considered promising materials for the biodegradable bone implant application since their functional properties can be optimized to combine bioresorbability with biomechanical and biochemical compatibility with bone tissue. The present study focuses on the fatigue and corrosion fatigue behavior of the thermomechanically treated Fe-30Mn-5Si (wt %) alloy compared to the conventionally quenched alloy because this important functionality aspect has not been previously studied. Hot-rolled and water-cooled, cold-rolled and annealed, and conventionally quenched alloy samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, tensile fatigue testing in air atmosphere, and bending corrosion fatigue testing in Hanks' solution. It is shown that hot rolling at 800 °C results in the longest fatigue life of the alloy both in air and in Hanks' solution. This advantage results from the formation of a dynamically recrystallized γ-phase grain structure with a well-developed dislocation substructure. Another important finding is the experimental verification of Young's modulus anomalous temperature dependence for the studied alloy system, its minimum at a human body temperature, and corresponding improvement of the biomechanical compatibility. The idea was realized by lowering Ms temperature down to the body temperature after hot rolling at 800 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Prokoshkin
- Metal Forming Department, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (S.P.); (S.D.)
| | - Yury Pustov
- Department of Steel Metallurgy, New Production Technologies and Protection of Metals, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yulia Zhukova
- Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Pulat Kadirov
- Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria Karavaeva
- Center of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Alexey Prosviryakov
- Ultrafine-Grained Metallic Materials Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey Dubinskiy
- Metal Forming Department, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (S.P.); (S.D.)
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Putra N, Leeflang M, Minneboo M, Taheri P, Fratila-Apachitei L, Mol J, Zhou J, Zadpoor A. Extrusion-based 3D printed biodegradable porous iron. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:741-756. [PMID: 33221501 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion-based 3D printing followed by debinding and sintering is a powerful approach that allows for the fabrication of porous scaffolds from materials (or material combinations) that are otherwise very challenging to process using other additive manufacturing techniques. Iron is one of the materials that have been recently shown to be amenable to processing using this approach. Indeed, a fully interconnected porous design has the potential of resolving the fundamental issue regarding bulk iron, namely a very low rate of biodegradation. However, no extensive evaluation of the biodegradation behavior and properties of porous iron scaffolds made by extrusion-based 3D printing has been reported. Therefore, the in vitro biodegradation behavior, electrochemical response, evolution of mechanical properties along with biodegradation, and responses of an osteoblastic cell line to the 3D printed iron scaffolds were studied. An ink formulation, as well as matching 3D printing, debinding and sintering conditions, was developed to create iron scaffolds with a porosity of 67%, a pore interconnectivity of 96%, and a strut density of 89% after sintering. X-ray diffracometry confirmed the presence of the α-iron phase in the scaffolds without any residuals from the rest of the ink. Owing to the presence of geometrically designed macropores and random micropores in the struts, the in vitro corrosion rate of the scaffolds was much improved as compared to the bulk counterpart, with 7% mass loss after 28 days. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds remained in the range of those of trabecular bone despite 28 days of in vitro biodegradation. The direct culture of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on the scaffolds led to a substantial reduction in living cell count, caused by a high concentration of iron ions, as revealed by the indirect assays. On the other hand, the ability of the cells to spread and form filopodia indicated the cytocompatibility of the corrosion products. Taken together, this study shows the great potential of extrusion-based 3D printed porous iron to be further developed as a biodegradable bone substituting biomaterial.
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25
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Mandal S, Viraj, Nandi SK, Roy M. Effects of multiscale porosity and pore interconnectivity on in vitro and in vivo degradation and biocompatibility of Fe-Mn-Cu scaffolds. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:4340-4354. [PMID: 34018536 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00641j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) based scaffolds are promising candidates as degradable metallic scaffolds. High strength and ability to control the degradation with tailormade composition and porosity are specific advantages of these scaffolds. In this research work, iron-manganese-copper (Fe-Mn-Cu) based scaffolds, with multiscale porosity, are developed through a powder metallurgy route using naphthalene as a spacer material. The porosity in the scaffolds ranged from 42-76%, where the majority of the macro-pores (≥20 μm) form an interconnected channel network. XRD analysis confirms the presence of MRI compatible and antiferromagnetic austenite as a major phase in all the scaffolds. The developed scaffolds in this study have a minimum ultimate compressive strength of 7.21 MPa (for 30Naph), which lies within the range of the human cancellous bone UCS (2-12 MPa). The degradation rates of the scaffolds are determined from static immersion tests, where the scaffold with the highest porosity (76%) shows a highest degradation rate of 2.71 mmpy when immersed in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) at 37 °C for 30 days. The increased degradation rate of the scaffolds has no cytotoxic effects on MG63 cells as studied by alamar blue assay and live/dead imaging. When implanted in a rabbit femur, the scaffold with higher porosity showed enhanced osteogenesis, as evident through micro-CT and histological analysis. It is hypothesized that the presence of multiscale porosity with a high degree of interconnectivity facilitated better bone regeneration within and around the Fe-Mn-Cu scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mandal
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Viraj
- Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India.
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India.
| | - Mangal Roy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.
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Dargusch MS, Venezuela J, Dehghan‐Manshadi A, Johnston S, Yang N, Mardon K, Lau C, Allavena R. In Vivo Evaluation of Bioabsorbable Fe-35Mn-1Ag: First Reports on In Vivo Hydrogen Gas Evolution in Fe-Based Implants. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2000667. [PMID: 33135365 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the influence of Ag (1 wt%) on the mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo corrosion, and biocompatibility of Fe-35Mn. The microstructure of Fe-35Mn-1Ag possesses a uniform dispersion of discrete silver particles. Slight improvements in compressive properties are attributed to enhanced density and low porosity volume. Fe-35Mn-1Ag exhibits good in vitro and in vivo corrosion rate of Fe-35Mn due to an increase in microgalvanic corrosion. Gas pockets, which originate from an inflammatory response to the implants, are observed in the rats after 4 weeks implantation but are undetectable after 12 weeks. No chronic toxicity is observed with the Fe-35Mn-1Ag, suggesting acceptable in vivo biocompatibility. The high corrosion rate of the alloy triggers an increased level of nonadverse tissue inflammatory responses 4 weeks after implantation, which subsequently subsides at 12 weeks. The Fe-35Mn-1Ag displays properties that are suitable for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Simon Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ali Dehghan‐Manshadi
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Sean Johnston
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nan Yang
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering Advanced Engineering Building Bldg 49 The University of Queensland Staff House Rd St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- National Imaging Facility, Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Cora Lau
- The University of Queensland Biological Resources Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science Building 8114 The University of Queensland Gatton QLD 4343 Australia
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27
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Spandana D, Desai H, Chakravarty D, Vijay R, Hembram K. Fabrication of a biodegradable Fe-Mn-Si alloy by field assisted sintering. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Compared with non-degradable materials, biodegradable biomaterials play an increasingly important role in the repairing of severe bone defects, and have attracted extensive attention from researchers. In the treatment of bone defects, scaffolds made of biodegradable materials can provide a crawling bridge for new bone tissue in the gap and a platform for cells and growth factors to play a physiological role, which will eventually be degraded and absorbed in the body and be replaced by the new bone tissue. Traditional biodegradable materials include polymers, ceramics and metals, which have been used in bone defect repairing for many years. Although these materials have more or fewer shortcomings, they are still the cornerstone of our development of a new generation of degradable materials. With the rapid development of modern science and technology, in the twenty-first century, more and more kinds of new biodegradable materials emerge in endlessly, such as new intelligent micro-nano materials and cell-based products. At the same time, there are many new fabrication technologies of improving biodegradable materials, such as modular fabrication, 3D and 4D printing, interface reinforcement and nanotechnology. This review will introduce various kinds of biodegradable materials commonly used in bone defect repairing, especially the newly emerging materials and their fabrication technology in recent years, and look forward to the future research direction, hoping to provide researchers in the field with some inspiration and reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wei
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, No. 406 Jiefang South Road, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Jian-Xiong Ma
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, No. 406 Jiefang South Road, Tianjin, 300211 China
| | - Lai Xu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Xiao-Song Gu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Xin-Long Ma
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, No. 406 Jiefang South Road, Tianjin, 300211 China
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29
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Trincă LC, Burtan L, Mareci D, Fernández-Pérez BM, Stoleriu I, Stanciu T, Stanciu S, Solcan C, Izquierdo J, Souto RM. Evaluation of in vitro corrosion resistance and in vivo osseointegration properties of a FeMnSiCa alloy as potential degradable implant biomaterial. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111436. [PMID: 33255029 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In vitro electrochemical characterization and in vivo implantation in an animal model were employed to evaluate the degradation behaviour and the biological activity of FeMnSi and FeMnSiCa alloys obtained using UltraCast (Ar atmosphere) melting. Electrochemical characterization was based on open circuit potential measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques while the alloys were immersed in Ringer's solution at 37 °C for 7 days. Higher corrosion rates were measured for the Ca-containing material, resulting from inefficient passivation of the metal surface by oxy-hydroxide products. In vivo osseointegration was investigated on a tibia implant model in rabbits by referring to a standard control (AISI 316 L) stainless steel using standard biochemical, histological and radiological methods of investigation. Changes in the biochemical parameters were related to the main stages of the bone defect repair, whereas implantation of the alloys in rabbit's tibia provided the necessary mechanical support to the injured bone area and facilitated the growth of the newly connective tissue, as well as osteoid formation and mineralization, as revealed by either histological sections or computed tomography reconstructed images and validated by the bone morphometric indices. The present study highlighted that the FeMnSiCa alloy promotes better osteoinduction and osseconduction processes when compared to the base FeMnSi alloy or with AISI 316 L, and in vivo degradation rates correlate well with corrosion resistance measurements in Ringer's solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Carmen Trincă
- Exact Sciences Department, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Horticulture, Str. Aleea M. Sadoveanu, no. 3, 700490, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Liviu Burtan
- Clinics Department, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Str. Aleea M. Sadoveanu, no. 8, 700489, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Daniel Mareci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University "Gheorghe Asachi" of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, D. Mangeron, Iasi, 700050, Romania.
| | - Bibiana M Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Iulian Stoleriu
- Faculty of Mathematics, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Teodor Stanciu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Str. Prof. dr. doc. Dimitrie Mangeron, 67, 70005, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Sergiu Stanciu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Str. Prof. dr. doc. Dimitrie Mangeron, 67, 70005, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Preclinics Department, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Str. Aleea M. Sadoveanu, no. 8, 700489, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Javier Izquierdo
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Universidad de La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Ricardo M Souto
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Institute of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Universidad de La Laguna, P.O. Box 456, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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30
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Abstract
Significant progress was achieved presently in the development of metallic foam-like materials improved by biocompatible coatings. Material properties of the iron, magnesium, zinc, and their alloys are promising for their uses in medical applications, especially for orthopedic and bone tissue purposes. Current processing technologies and a variety of modifications of the surface and composition facilitate the design of adjusted medical devices with desirable mechanical, morphological, and functional properties. This article reviews the recent progress in the design of advanced degradable metallic biomaterials perfected by different coatings: polymer, inorganic ceramic, and metallic. Appropriate coating of metallic foams could improve the biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and bone tissue-bonding properties. In this paper, a comprehensive review of different coating types used for the enhancement of one or several properties of biodegradable porous implants is given. An outline of the conventional preparation methods of metallic foams and a brief overview of different alloys for medical applications are also provided. In addition, current challenges and future research directions of processing and surface modifications of biodegradable metallic foams for medical applications are suggested.
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Putra NE, Mirzaali MJ, Apachitei I, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Multi-material additive manufacturing technologies for Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based biomaterials for bone substitution. Acta Biomater 2020; 109:1-20. [PMID: 32268239 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in multi-functional metallic biomaterials for bone substitutes challenges the current additive manufacturing (AM, =3D printing) technologies. It is foreseeable that advances in multi-material AM for metallic biomaterials will not only allow for complex geometrical designs, but also improve their multi-functionalities by tuning the types or compositions of the underlying base materials, thereby presenting unprecedented opportunities for advanced orthopedic treatments. AM technologies are yet to be extensively explored for the fabrication of multi-functional metallic biomaterials, especially for bone substitutes. The aim of this review is to present the viable options of the state-of-the-art multi-material AM for Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based biomaterials to be used as bone substitutes. The review starts with a brief review of bone tissue engineering, the design requirements, and fabrication technologies for metallic biomaterials to highlight the advantages of using AM over conventional fabrication methods. Five AM technologies suitable for metal 3D printing are compared against the requirements for multi-material AM. Of these AM technologies, extrusion-based multi-material AM is shown to have the greatest potential to meet the requirements for the fabrication of multi-functional metallic biomaterials. Finally, recent progress in the fabrication of Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based biomaterials including the utilization of multi-material AM technologies is reviewed so as to identify the knowledge gaps and propose the directions of further research for the development of multi-material AM technologies that are applicable for the fabrication of multi-functional metallic biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Addressing a critical bone defect requires the assistance of multi-functional porous metallic bone substitutes. As one of the most advanced fabrication technology in bone tissue engineering, additive manufacturing is challenged for its viability in multi-material fabrication of metallic biomaterials. This article reviews how the current metal additive manufacturing technologies have been and can be used for multi-material fabrication of Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based bone substitutes. Progress on the Ti-, Mg-, and Fe-based biomaterials, including the utilization of multi-material additive manufacturing, are discussed to direct future research for advancing the multi-functional additively manufactured metallic bone biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Putra
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - M J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - I Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
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32
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Dehghan-Manshadi A, Yu P, Dargusch M, StJohn D, Qian M. Metal injection moulding of surgical tools, biomaterials and medical devices: A review. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Huang S, Ulloa A, Nauman E, Stanciu L. Collagen Coating Effects on Fe-Mn Bioresorbable Alloys. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:523-535. [PMID: 31608487 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioresorbable iron-manganese alloys (Fe-30%Mn) are considered as one of the next-generation resorbable materials for orthopedic applications. Previous in vitro study showed that Fe30Mn scaffolds with 10% porosity displayed strong mechanical properties and adequate degradation rate without severe cytotoxicity effect. However, the cellular compatibility of these alloys in terms of cell-to-cell and alloy-to-cell interactions is not ideal. Collagen is the most abundant protein in human bone, providing structural support beneficial to bone healing. We hypothesized that coating collagen on Fe30Mn can improve osteointegration or activities promoting cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, as the alloy degrades. After preparing collagen coating on Fe-30Mn via spin coating, we conducted a corrosion test and a direct cytotoxicity test on four Fe30Mn groups: non-porous and 10% porosity, with and without collagen coating. Furthermore, we evaluated and compared the morphologies of cells over a period of 7 days. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the collagen-coated and non-coated groups in corrosion rates, yet a significant decrease from the porous non-coated group to the porous collagen-coated group in cytotoxicity level was found. Cell morphology on the porous non-coated group displayed round shape, whereas that on the porous collagen-coated group displayed flattened spreading. The study showed that the collagen coating significantly increased the initial cell viability and adhesion for both the porous and non-porous groups without impeding their degradation rates. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:523-535, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Purdue University, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2045
| | - Ana Ulloa
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Purdue University, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2045
| | - Eric Nauman
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Lia Stanciu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Purdue University, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2045
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Loffredo S, Paternoster C, Giguère N, Barucca G, Vedani M, Mantovani D. The addition of silver affects the deformation mechanism of a twinning-induced plasticity steel: Potential for thinner degradable stents. Acta Biomater 2019; 98:103-113. [PMID: 31004841 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
While Fe-based alloys have already been reported to possess all mechanical properties required for vascular stenting, their relatively low degradation rate in vivo still constitutes their main bottleneck. The inflammatory reaction generated by a stent is inversely proportional to its mass. Therefore, the tendency in stenting is to lower the section so to reduce the inflammatory reaction. Twinning-induced plasticity steels (TWIP) possess excellent mechanical properties for envisaging the next generation of thinner degradable cardiovascular stents. To accelerate the degradation, the addition of noble elements was proposed, aimed at promoting corrosion by galvanic coupling. In this context, silver was reported to generally increase the degradation rate. However, its impact on the deformation mechanism of TWIP steels has not been reported yet. Results show that the use of Ag significantly reduces the ductility without altering the strength of the material. Furthermore, the presence of Ag was found to promote a different deformation texture, thus stimulating the formation of mechanical martensite. Since a stent works in the deformed state, understanding the microstructure and texture resulting from plastic deformation can effectively help to forecast the degradation mechanisms taking place during implantation and the expected degradation time. Moreover, knowing the deformed microstructure allows to understand the formability of very small tubes, as precursors of the next generation of thin section degradable stents. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Commercial degradable magnesium stents are limited from their relatively big structure size. Twinning-induced plasticity steels possess outstanding mechanical properties, but their degradation time goes beyond the timeframe expected from clinics. The inclusion of noble Ag particles, which favor galvanic coupling, is known to promote corrosion and solve this limitation. However, it is necessary to understand the impact that Ag has on the deformation microstructure and on the mechanical properties. The addition of Ag reduces the ductility of a twinning-induced plasticity steel because of a different deformation microstructure. Since a stent works in a deformed state inside an artery, understanding the microstructural evolution after plastic deformation allows to better predict the device performances during service life.
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35
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In vitro degradation behaviour, cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility of topologically ordered porous iron scaffold prepared using 3D printing and pressureless microwave sintering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 106:110247. [PMID: 31753401 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable porous iron having topologically ordered porosity and tailorable properties as per the required application has been the major requirement in the field of biodegradable biomaterials. Hence, in the present study, iron scaffolds with the topologically ordered porous structure were developed and for the first time, the effect of the variation in the topology on the in vitro degradation behaviour, cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility were investigated. Iron scaffold samples were fabricated using a novel process based on the combination of 3D printing and pressureless microwave sintering. To investigate the effect of topology, two different types of topological structures namely Truncated Octahedron (TO) (with variable strut size) and Cubic (C) were used. From the morphological characterization, it was found that fabricated iron scaffold possessed interconnected porosity varying from 50.70%-80.97% which included the random microporosities in the strut and designed macroporosity. Furthermore, it was inferred that the topology of the iron scaffold significantly affected its degradation properties and cytocompatibility. Increase in the weight loss, corrosion rate and reduction in cell viability with the reduction in porosity were obtained. The maximum corrosion rate and weight loss achieved was 1.64 mmpy and 6.4% respectively. Direct cytotoxicity test results revealed cytotoxicity, while prepared iron scaffold samples exhibited excellent hemocompatibility and anti-platelet adhesion property. A comparative study with relevant literature was performed and it was established that the developed iron scaffold exhibited favorable degradation and biological properties which could be tailored to suit appropriate bone tissue engineering applications.
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Li G, Yang H, Zheng Y, Chen XH, Yang JA, Zhu D, Ruan L, Takashima K. Challenges in the use of zinc and its alloys as biodegradable metals: Perspective from biomechanical compatibility. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:23-45. [PMID: 31349057 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, more than fifty articles have been published on the feasibility studies of zinc and its alloys as biodegradable metals. These preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies showed acceptable biodegradability and reasonable biocompatibility in bone and blood microenvironments for the experimental Zn-based biodegradable metals and, for some alloy systems, superior mechanical performance over Mg-based biodegradable metals. For instance, the Zn-Li alloys exhibited higher UTS (UTS), and the Zn-Mn alloys exhibited higher elongation (more than 100%). On the one hand, similar to Mg-based biodegradable metals, insufficient strength and ductility, as well as relatively low fatigue strength, may lead to premature failure of medical devices. On the other hand, owing to the low melting point of the element Zn, several new uncertainties with regard to the mechanical properties of biomedical zinc alloys, including low creep resistance, high susceptibility to natural aging, and static recrystallization (SRX), may lead to device failure during storage at room temperature and usage at body temperature. This paper comprehensively reviews studies on these mechanical aspects of industrial Zn and Zn alloys in the last century and biomedical Zn and Zn alloys in this century. The challenges for the future design of biomedical zinc alloys as biodegradable metals to guarantee 100% mechanical compatibility are pointed out, and this will guide the mechanical property design of Zn-based biodegradable metals. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Previous studies on mechanical properties of industrial Zn and Zn alloys in the last century and biomedical Zn and Zn alloys in this century are comprehensively reviewed herein. The challenges for the future design of zinc-based biodegradable materials considering mechanical compatibility are pointed out. Common considerations such as strength, ductility, and fatigue behaviors are covered together with special attention on several new uncertainties including low creep resistance, high susceptibility to natural aging, and static recrystallization (SRX). These new uncertainties, which are not significantly observed in Mg-based and Fe-based materials, are largely due to the low melting point of the element Zn and may lead to device failure during storage at room temperature and clinical usage at body temperature. Future studies are urgently needed on these topics.
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Li Y, Jahr H, Pavanram P, Bobbert FSL, Paggi U, Zhang XY, Pouran B, Leeflang MA, Weinans H, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous iron. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:646-661. [PMID: 31302295 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Additively manufactured (AM) functionally graded porous metallic biomaterials offer unique opportunities to satisfy the contradictory design requirements of an ideal bone substitute. However, no functionally graded porous structures have ever been 3D-printed from biodegradable metals, even though biodegradability is crucial both for full tissue regeneration and for the prevention of implant-associated infections in the long term. Here, we present the first ever report on AM functionally graded biodegradable porous metallic biomaterials. We made use of a diamond unit cell for the topological design of four different types of porous structures including two functionally graded structures and two reference uniform structures. Specimens were then fabricated from pure iron powder using selective laser melting (SLM), followed by experimental and computational analyses of their permeability, dynamic biodegradation behavior, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility. It was found that the topological design with functional gradients controlled the fluid flow, mass transport properties and biodegradation behavior of the AM porous iron specimens, as up to 4-fold variations in permeability and up to 3-fold variations in biodegradation rate were observed for the different experimental groups. After 4 weeks of in vitro biodegradation, the AM porous scaffolds lost 5-16% of their weight. This falls into the desired range of biodegradation rates for bone substitution and confirms our hypothesis that topological design could indeed accelerate the biodegradation of otherwise slowly degrading metals, like iron. Even after 4 weeks of biodegradation, the mechanical properties of the specimens (i.e., E = 0.5-2.1 GPa, σy = 8-48 MPa) remained within the range of the values reported for trabecular bone. Design-dependent cell viability did not differ from gold standard controls for up to 48 h. This study clearly shows the great potential of AM functionally graded porous iron as a bone substituting material. Moreover, we demonstrate that complex topological design permits the control of mechanical properties, degradation behavior of AM porous metallic biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: No functionally graded porous structures have ever been 3D-printed from biodegradable metals, even though biodegradability is crucial both for full tissue regeneration and for the prevention of implant-associated infections in the long term. Here, we present the first report on 3D-printed functionally graded biodegradable porous metallic biomaterials. Our results suggest that topological design in general, and functional gradients in particular can be used as an important tool for adjusting the biodegradation behavior of AM porous metallic biomaterials. The biodegradation rate and mass transport properties of AM porous iron can be increased while maintaining the bone-mimicking mechanical properties of these biomaterials. The observations reported here underline the importance of proper topological design in the development of AM porous biodegradable metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - H Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - P Pavanram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - F S L Bobbert
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - U Paggi
- 3D Systems - LayerWise NV, Grauwmeer 14, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - X-Y Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10004, China
| | - B Pouran
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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Additive Manufacturing of Customized Metallic Orthopedic Implants: Materials, Structures, and Surface Modifications. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been used for orthopedic implants for a long time due to their excellent mechanical properties. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, studying customized implants with complex microstructures for patients has become a trend of various bone defect repair. A superior customized implant should have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties matching the defect bone. To meet the performance requirements of implants, this paper introduces the biomedical metallic materials currently applied to orthopedic implants from the design to manufacture, elaborates the structure design and surface modification of the orthopedic implant. By selecting the appropriate implant material and processing method, optimizing the implant structure and modifying the surface can ensure the performance requirements of the implant. Finally, this paper discusses the future development trend of the orthopedic implant.
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Venezuela JJD, Johnston S, Dargusch MS. The Prospects for Biodegradable Zinc in Wound Closure Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900408. [PMID: 31267693 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is identified as a promising biodegradable metal along with magnesium and iron. In the last 5 years, considerable progress is made on understanding the mechanical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of zinc and its alloys. A majority of these studies have focused on using zinc for absorbable cardiovascular and orthopedic device applications. However, it is likely that zinc is also suitable for other biomedical applications. In this work, the prospects for zinc in the fabrication of wound closure devices such as absorbable sutures, staples, and surgical tacks are critically assessed, with the aim of inspiring future research on biodegradable Zn for this medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Jones D. Venezuela
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Sean Johnston
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Matthew Simon Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
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The Effects of Biodegradation on the Cytocompatibility of Bioresorbable Fe-Based Scaffolds: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.42.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to review current trends in research within the field of iron-based scaffolds for orthopaedic applications. Current research is trapped in a ‘see-saw’ type problem where an increase in corrosion rate of the base metal is required to accelerate the degradation process making the resorption time compatible with the healing time. This is done via several methods including porosity control, cathodic element addition and/or patterning and alloying. In turn, this increase in corrosion rate causes the local concentration of metallic ions to increase beyond the toxicity limit for osteoblast type cells, thus negatively effecting cytocompatibility. This is most pronounced when considering the orthopaedic environment, in which static conditions provide for increased local ion concentrations, resulting in local toxicity. However, research from the medical field of Thalassemia may help solve this dilemma by providing chelation medicine for patients undergoing implantation of resorbable orthopaedic scaffolds, throughout the resorption period. Excretion of iron would then be provided mainly through bowel movement and urination.
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Dehghan-Manshadi A, StJohn DH, Dargusch MS. Tensile Properties and Fracture Behaviour of Biodegradable Iron⁻Manganese Scaffolds Produced by Powder Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1572. [PMID: 31091657 PMCID: PMC6566156 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Powder sintering at 1200 °C for 180 min was used to produce Fe-Mn based alloys with tensile properties and an elastic modulus suitable for biodegradable implant applications. The effect of the addition of manganese on the microstructure, tensile properties and fracture behaviour of the Fe-Mn alloys was investigated. The Fe-35Mn alloy with a microstructure dominated by the Austenite phase showed the best set of tensile properties, including ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus, suitable for orthopaedic implant applications. The fracture surface of the Fe-35Mn alloy showed signs of complex multimode fracture behaviour, consisting of interconnected pores and large segments with signs of ductile fracture, including the presence of dimples as well as micro-voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dehghan-Manshadi
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - D H StJohn
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - M S Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
Absorbable metals have been introduced as materials to fabricate temporary medical implants. Iron, magnesium and zinc have been considered as major base elements of such metals. The metallurgical characterization and in-vitro corrosion assessment of these metals have been covered by the new ASTM standards F3160 and F3268. However, the in-vivo corrosion characterization and assessment of absorbable metal implants are not yet well established. The corrosion of metals in the in-vivo environment leads to metal ion release and corrosion product formation that may cause excessive toxicity. The aim of this work is to introduce the techniques to assess absorbable metal implants and their in-vivo corrosion behavior. This contains the existing approaches, e.g., implant retrieval and histological analysis, ultrasonography and radiography, and the new techniques for real-time in-vivo corrosion monitoring.
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Dargusch MS, Dehghan-Manshadi A, Shahbazi M, Venezuela J, Tran X, Song J, Liu N, Xu C, Ye Q, Wen C. Exploring the Role of Manganese on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Biodegradability, and Biocompatibility of Porous Iron-Based Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1686-1702. [PMID: 33405546 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the role that manganese plays in determining the structure and performance of sintered biodegradable porous Fe-Mn alloys is described. Powder metallurgy processing was employed to produce a series of biodegradable porous Fe-xMn (x = 20, 30, and 35 wt %) alloys suitable for bone scaffold applications. Increasing manganese content increased the porosity volume in the sintered alloys and influenced the ensuing properties of the metal. The Fe-35Mn alloy possessed optimum properties for orthopedic application. X-ray diffraction analysis and magnetic characterization confirmed the predominance of the antiferromagnetic austenitic phase and ensured the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility of this alloy. The porous Fe-35Mn alloy possessed mechanical properties (tensile strength of 144 MPa, elastic modulus of 53.3 GPa) comparable to human cortical bone. The alloy exhibited high degradation rates (0.306 mm year-1) in simulated physiological fluid, likely due to its considerable Mn content and the high surface area inherent to its porous structures, while cytotoxicity and morphometry tests using mammalian preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) indicated good cell viability in the Fe-35Mn alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ali Dehghan-Manshadi
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mahboobeh Shahbazi
- Institute for Future Environments (IFE), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xuan Tran
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jing Song
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.,School of Stomatology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong China, 528041
| | - Na Liu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.,School of Stomatology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong China, 528041
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Qinsong Ye
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Venezuela J, Dargusch M. The influence of alloying and fabrication techniques on the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of zinc: A comprehensive review. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:1-40. [PMID: 30660777 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc has been identified as one of the most promising biodegradable metals along with magnesium and iron. Zinc appears to address some of the core engineering problems associated with magnesium and iron when applied to biomedical implant applications; hence the increase in the amount of research investigations on the metal in the last few years. In this review, the current state-of-the-art on biodegradable Zn, including recent developments, current opportunities and future directions of research are discussed. The discussions are presented with a specific focus on reviewing the relationships that exist between mechanical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of zinc with alloying and fabrication techniques. This work hopes to guide future studies on biodegradable Zn that will help in advancing this field of research. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: (i) The review offers an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the influence of alloying and fabrication technique on mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of Zn; (ii) the work cites the most relevant biodegradable Zn fabrication processes including additive manufacturing techniques; (iii) the review includes a listing of research gap and future research directions for the field of biodegradable Zn.
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Cysewska K, Macía LF, Jasiński P, Hubin A. In-situ odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study on the electropolymerization of pyrrole on iron in the presence of sodium salicylate – The influence of the monomer concentration. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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46
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Li Y, Jahr H, Lietaert K, Pavanram P, Yilmaz A, Fockaert LI, Leeflang MA, Pouran B, Gonzalez-Garcia Y, Weinans H, Mol JMC, Zhou J, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured biodegradable porous iron. Acta Biomater 2018; 77:380-393. [PMID: 29981948 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Additively manufactured (AM) topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials with the proper biodegradation profile offer a unique combination of properties ideal for bone regeneration. These include a fully interconnected porous structure, bone-mimicking mechanical properties, and the possibility of fully regenerating bony defects. Most of such biomaterials are, however, based on magnesium and, thus, degrade too fast. Here, we present the first report on topologically ordered porous iron made by Direct Metal Printing (DMP). The topological design was based on a repetitive diamond unit cell. We conducted a comprehensive study on the in vitro biodegradation behavior (up to 28 days), electrochemical performance, time-dependent mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The mechanical properties of AM porous iron (E = 1600-1800 MPa) were still within the range of the values reported for trabecular bone after 28 days of biodegradation. Electrochemical tests showed up to ≈12 times higher rates of biodegradation for AM porous iron as compared to that of cold-rolled (CR) iron, while only 3.1% of weight loss was measured after 4 weeks of immersion tests. The biodegradation mechanisms were found to be topology-dependent and different between the periphery and central parts of the scaffolds. While direct contact between MG-63 cells and scaffolds revealed substantial and almost instant cytotoxicity in static cell culture, as compared to Ti-6Al-4V, the cytocompatibility according to ISO 10993 was reasonable in in vitro assays for up to 72 h. This study shows how DMP could be used to increase the surface area and decrease the grain sizes of topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials made from metals that are usually considered to degrade too slowly (e.g., iron), opening up many new opportunities for the development of biodegradable metallic biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biodegradation in general and proper biodegradation profile in particular are perhaps the most important requirements that additively manufactured (AM) topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterials should offer in order to become the ideal biomaterial for bone regeneration. Currently, most biodegradable metallic biomaterials are based on magnesium, which degrade fast with gas generation. Here, we present the first report on topologically ordered porous iron made by Direct Metal Printing (DMP). We also conducted a comprehensive study on the biodegradation behavior, electrochemical performance, biocompatibility, and the time evolution of the mechanical properties of the implants. We show that these implants possess bone-mimicking mechanical properties, accelerated degradation rate, and reasonable cytocompatibility, opening up many new opportunities for the development of iron-based biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - H Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - K Lietaert
- 3D Systems - LayerWise NV, Grauwmeer 14, Leuven 3001, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - P Pavanram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - A Yilmaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - L I Fockaert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - B Pouran
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Y Gonzalez-Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - J M C Mol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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47
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An In Vitro Corrosion Study of Open Cell Iron Structures with PEG Coating for Bone Replacement Applications. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8070499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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48
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Hermawan H. Updates on the research and development of absorbable metals for biomedical applications. Prog Biomater 2018; 7:93-110. [PMID: 29790132 PMCID: PMC6068061 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-018-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorbable metals, metals that corrode in physiological environment, constitute a new class of biomaterials intended for temporary medical implant applications. The introduction of these metals has shifted the established paradigm of metal implants from preventing corrosion to its direct application. Interest toward absorbable metals has been growing in the past decade. This is proved by the rapid increase in scientific publication, progressive development of standards, and launching the first commercial products. Iron, magnesium, zinc, and their alloys are the current three absorbable metals families. Magnesium-based metals are the most progressing family with a large data set obtained from both basic and translational research. Iron-based metals are still facing a major challenge of low in vivo corrosion rate despite the significant efforts that have been put to overcome its weakness. Zinc-based metals are the new alternative absorbable metals with moderate corrosion rates that fall between those of iron and magnesium. This manuscript provides a brief review on the latest progress in the research and development of absorbable metals, the most important findings, the remaining challenges, and the perspective on the future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendra Hermawan
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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49
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Tkachenko S, Horynová M, Casas-Luna M, Diaz-de-la-Torre S, Dvořák K, Celko L, Kaiser J, Montufar EB. Strength and fracture mechanism of iron reinforced tricalcium phosphate cermet fabricated by spark plasma sintering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 81:16-25. [PMID: 29477027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present work studies the microstructure and mechanical performance of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) based cermet toughened by iron particles. A novelty arises by the employment of spark plasma sintering for fabrication of the cermet. Results showed partial transformation of initial alpha TCP matrix to beta phase and the absence of oxidation of iron particles, as well as a lack of chemical reaction between TCP and iron components during sintering. The values of compressive and tensile strength of TCP/Fe cermet were 3.2 and 2.5 times, respectively, greater than those of monolithic TCP. Fracture analysis revealed the simultaneous action of crack-bridging and crack-deflection microstructural toughening mechanisms under compression. In contrast, under tension the reinforcing mechanism was only crack-bridging, being the reason for smaller increment of strength. Elastic properties of the cermet better matched values reported for human cortical bone. Thereby the new TCP/Fe cermet has potential for eventual use as a material for bone fractures fixation under load-bearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Tkachenko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Horynová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mariano Casas-Luna
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Diaz-de-la-Torre
- CIITEC - Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karel Dvořák
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Celko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Sikora-Jasinska M, Chevallier P, Turgeon S, Paternoster C, Mostaed E, Vedani M, Mantovani D. Long-term in vitro degradation behaviour of Fe and Fe/Mg2Si composites for biodegradable implant applications. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9627-9639. [PMID: 35540863 PMCID: PMC9078673 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00404h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The major drawback of Fe-based materials for biodegradable implant applications is their slow degradation rate. Addition of second phase particles into the Fe matrix can increase the degradation rate at the beginning of the corrosion process. However, so far, there is neither quantitative data on in vitro degradation nor direct experimental evidence for long-term dissolution of Fe-based biodegradable composites. Here, a series of immersion tests at different exposure intervals (20, 50 and 100 days) to modified Hanks' solution were performed to study the degradation behavior of Fe and Fe/Mg2Si composites prepared by different powder metallurgy techniques. The results revealed the role of Mg2Si in the composition and stability of the protective films formed during the static corrosion experiments. Fe/Mg2Si composites showed higher degradation rates than those of pure Fe at all stages of immersion. Degradation rates at distinct exposure intervals strongly depended on the composition and stability of formed oxide, hydroxide, carbonate and phosphate protective films on the degraded surfaces. The release of Fe ions into the solution at later stages of the experiment was limited due to the barrier effect of the insoluble deposit. This fundamental study provided a basis for the processes of protective film formation in modified Hanks' solution, which enables a detailed identification of its characteristic features. This fundamental study provides a basis for the processes of protective film formation on degradable Fe-based biomaterials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sikora-Jasinska
- Lab. for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I)
- Dept. Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec
- Laval University
- Québec City
- Canada
| | - P. Chevallier
- Lab. for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I)
- Dept. Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec
- Laval University
- Québec City
- Canada
| | - S. Turgeon
- Lab. for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I)
- Dept. Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec
- Laval University
- Québec City
- Canada
| | - C. Paternoster
- Lab. for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I)
- Dept. Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec
- Laval University
- Québec City
- Canada
| | - E. Mostaed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - M. Vedani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - D. Mantovani
- Lab. for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I)
- Dept. Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec
- Laval University
- Québec City
- Canada
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