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Jiao T, Wu CH, Zhang YS, Miao X, Wu S, Jiang SD, Wu J. Solution-phase synthesis of Clar's goblet and elucidation of its spin properties. Nat Chem 2025:10.1038/s41557-025-01776-1. [PMID: 40097834 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-025-01776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
In the traditional view, spin pairing occurs between two electrons in a chemical bond where the bonding interaction compensates for the penalty of electrostatic repulsion. It is a mystery whether spin pairing can occur between two non-bonded electrons within a molecular entity. Unveiling this type of spin entanglement (that is, pairing between two spatially segregated spins) at the molecular scale is a long-standing challenge. Clar's goblet, proposed by Erich Clar in 1972, provides an ideal platform to verify this unusual property. Here we report the solution-phase synthesis of Clar's goblet and experimental elucidation of its spin properties. Magnetic studies reveal that the two spins are spatially segregated with an average distance of 8.7 Å and antiferromagnetically coupled in the ground state with an ΔES-T of -0.29 kcal mol-1. Our results provide insight into the spin entanglement in Clar's goblet and may inspire the design of correlated molecular spins for quantum information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cong-Hui Wu
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shuang Zhang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohe Miao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen-Hong Kong International Science and Technology Park, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Yang K, Li Z, Huang Y, Zeng Z. bay/ ortho-Octa-substituted Perylene: A Versatile Building Block toward Novel Polycyclic (Hetero)Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:763-775. [PMID: 38386871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusPolycyclic (hetero)aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have emerged as a focal point in current interdisciplinary research, spanning the realms of chemistry, physics, and materials science. Possessing distinctive optical, electronic, and magnetic properties, these π-functional materials exhibit significant potential across diverse applications, including molecular electronic devices, organic spintronics, and biomedical functions, among others. Despite the extensive documentation of various PAHs over the decades, the efficient and precise synthesis of π-extended PAHs remains a formidable challenge, hindering their broader application. This challenge is primarily attributed to the intricate and often elusive nature of their synthesis, compounded by issues related to low solubility and unfavored stability.The development of π-building blocks that can be facilely and modularly transformed into diverse π-frameworks constitutes a potent strategy for the creation of novel PAH materials. For instance, based on the classic perylene diimide (PDI) unit, researchers such as Würthner, Wang, and Nuckolls have successfully synthesized a plethora of structurally diverse PAHs, as well as numerous other π-functional materials. However, until now the availability of such versatile building blocks is still severely limited, especially for those simultaneously having a facile preparation process, adequate solubilizing groups, favored material stability, and critically, rich possibilities for structural extension spaces.In this Account, we present an overview of our invention of a highly versatile bay-/ortho-octa-substituted perylene building block, designated as Per-4Br, for the construction of a series of novel PAH scaffolds with tailor-made structures and rich optoelectronic and magnetic properties. First, starting with a brief discussion of current challenges associated with the bottom-up synthesis of π-extended PAHs, we rationalize the key features of Per-4Br that enable facile access to new PAH molecules including its ease of large-scale preparation, favored material stability and solubility, and multiple flexible reaction sites, with a comparison to the PDI motif. Then, we showcase our rational design and sophisticated synthesis of a body of neutral or charged, closed- or open-shell, curved, or planar PAHs via controlled annulative π-extensions in different directions such as peripheral, diagonal, or multiple dimensions of the Per-4Br skeleton. In this part, the fundamental structure-property relationships between molecular conformations, electronic structures, and self-assembly behaviors of these PAHs and their unique physiochemical properties such as unusual open-shell ground states, global aromaticity, state-associated/stimuli-responsive magnetic activity, and charge transport characteristics will be emphatically elaborated. Finally, we offer our perspective on the continued advancement of π-functional materials based on Per-4Br, which, we posit, may stimulate heightened research interest in the versatile structural motifs typified by Per-4Br, consequently catalyzing further progress in the realm of organic π-functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zuhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yulin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Zhu G, Zhang G. Access to a Phthalazine Derivative Through an Angular cis-Quinacridone. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1198-1203. [PMID: 33284013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular electrophilic cyclization of a bisanthranilate afforded an angular cis-quinacridone compound, which condensed with hydrazine to give a phthalazine derivative. A [2+2+2] cyclization reaction occurred at the C-N double bond position of phthalazine when reacted with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. The structures of these novel compounds were confirmed by crystallographic analysis. The phthalazine derivative decomposes back to quinacridone at ambient condition in the dark and as a solid with a half lifetime of about 22 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxing Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
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5
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Synthesis, characterization, and tunable semiconducting properties of aza-BODIPY derived polycyclic aromatic dyes. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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A diazabenzoperylene derivative as ratiometric fluorescent probe for cysteine with super large Stokes shift. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2687-2696. [PMID: 32072211 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biothiols, including cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), play key roles in biological processes, and detecting such thiols selectively is critical for understanding functions of biothiols. In this work, a pyridazine annelated perylene-based fluorescent probe PAPC is synthesized for highly selective detection of Cys. PAPC exhibits strong blue emission in PBS, while the red emission at 605 nm can be observed in the presence of Cys. The probe PAPC shows ratiometric fluorescence (I605/I460) detection of Cys with wide linear range of 1-120 μM and low detection limit of 0.19 μM. Super large Stokes shift (170 nm) and ratiometric fluorescence endow the probe low background signal. The discrimination of Cys over Hcy and GSH can be achieved through the difference of the ratiometric fluorescence. In addition, the probe has been proven to track Cys in real samples such as urine and HeLa cells. Therefore, PAPC probe is a promising candidate for detecting Cys in practical application. Graphical abstract.
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Chen JP, Duan YM, Zheng WJ, Zhang Q, Zong Q, Chen S, Wang KP, Hu ZQ. Perylenequinone-based "turn on" fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide with high sensitivity in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 218:206-212. [PMID: 30995578 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a kind of gaseous signal molecule in many physiological processes. In order to detect H2S, a novel "turn on" fluorescent probe 6,12-dihydroxyperylene-1,7-dione (DPD) was designed and synthesized. The probe DPD is fluorescence silence, while the addition of H2S induces an obvious green fluorescence with an obvious color change from dark blue to yellow-green. The probe shows excellent selectivity, fast response (2.5min) and linear curve (0-90μM) in wide effective pH range (4-10). Competition experiments are also revealed in corresponding studies and the detection limit is 3.6μM. The response mechanism is proved to be the reduction of the probe by H2S, which is confirmed by 1H NMR. Furthermore, through the fluorescence turn-on signal toward H2S in Hela cells, probe DPD was successfully applied to monitor H2S in living Hela cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yi-Meng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Qianshou Zong
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Shaojin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Kun-Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
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Zhang S, Liu X, Liu C, Luo S, Wang L, Cai T, Zeng Y, Yuan J, Dong W, Pei Y, Liu Y. MoS 2 Quantum Dot Growth Induced by S Vacancies in a ZnIn 2S 4 Monolayer: Atomic-Level Heterostructure for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. ACS NANO 2018; 12:751-758. [PMID: 29261276 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is highly demanded to steer the charge flow in photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen reactions (PHRs). In this study, we developed a smart strategy to position MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) at the S vacancies on a Zn facet in monolayered ZnIn2S4 (Vs-M-ZnIn2S4) to craft a two-dimensional (2D) atomic-level heterostructure (MoS2QDs@Vs-M-ZnIn2S4). The electronic structure calculations indicated that the positive charge density of the Zn atom around the sulfur vacancy (Vs) was more intensive than other Zn atoms. The Vs confined in monolayered ZnIn2S4 established an important link between the electronic manipulation and activities of ZnIn2S4. The Vs acted as electron traps, prevented vertical transmission of electrons, and enriched electrons onto the Zn facet. The Vs-induced atomic-level heterostructure sewed up vacancy structures of Vs-M-ZnIn2S4, resulting in a highly efficient interface with low edge contact resistance. Photogenerated electrons could quickly migrate to MoS2QDs through the intimate Zn-S bond interfaces. As a result, MoS2QDs@Vs-M-ZnIn2S4 showed a high PHR activity of 6.884 mmol g-1 h-1, which was 11 times higher than 0.623 mmol g-1 h-1 for bulk ZnIn2S4, and the apparent quantum efficiency reached as high as 63.87% (420 nm). This work provides a prototype material for looking into the role of vacancies between electronic structures and activities in 2D photocatalytic materials and gives insights into PHR systems at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan, Hunan Province 41105, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University , Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Longlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jili Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan, Hunan Province 41105, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Hong Y, Guo J, Huang X, Wei H, Zhou J, Qiu T, Wu J, Zeng Z. Bay- and Ortho-Octasubstituted Perylenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:5094-5097. [PMID: 28901146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A key intermediate compound, 2,5,8,11-tetrabromo-1,6,7,12-tetrabutoxyperylene (Per-4Br), was synthesized from 3,6-dibromo-2,7-dioxylnaphthalene via simple regioselective oxidative radical-radical coupling, followed by reduction and nucleophilic substitution. Various bay- and ortho-octasubstituted perylenes containing cyano, methoxy and aryl groups were then obtained by nucleophilic substitution or Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions. X-ray crystallographic analyses reveal that these new perylene molecules process a twisted structure due to steric congestion at the bay-regions and there is no obvious intermolecular π-π interaction. As a result, they exhibit moderate fluorescence quantum yields even in solid state. Therefore, Per-4Br can serve as a versatile building block for various functional perylene dyes with tunable optoelectronic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Youhua Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Haipeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Tiancheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, PR China
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