Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) oligopeptides regulate innate and adaptive immune responses in mice via increased macrophage phagocytosis capacity, NK cell activity and Th cells secretion

Lnc-Clic5 as a sponge for miR-212-5p to inhibit cow barn PM2.5-induced apoptosis in rat alveolar macrophages

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is a highly hazardous airborne particulate matter that poses a significant risk to humans and animals. Urban airborne particulate matter contributes to the increased incidence and mortality of respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in humans. However, the specific mechanism by which PM2.5 affects animals in barn environments is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of exposure to cow barn PM2.5 on rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383) and found that it induced apoptosis via the miR-212-5p/RASSF1 pathway. We found that lnc-Clic5 expression was downregulated in NR8383 cells exposed to cow barn PM2.5. Lnc-Clic5 plays a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory role by sponging miR-212-5p to attenuate the regulation of RASSF1. Moreover, lnc-Clic5 overexpression inhibited NR8383 apoptosis by targeting the miR-212-5p/RASSF1 pathway. Co-treatment with miR-212-5p and lnc-Clic5 in the presence of cow barn PM2.5 revealed that lnc-Clic5 reversed NR8383 cell apoptosis induced by PM2.5 when miR-212-5p was overexpressed. These findings contribute to the study of ncRNAs and ceRNAs regulating PM2.5-induced apoptosis in animal farms, provide therapeutic targets for lung macrophage apoptosis, and may be useful for further evaluating the toxicological effects of PM2.5 in farmhouses on the respiratory systems of humans and animals.

Structural characterization and immunostimulant activities of polysaccharides fractionated by gradient ethanol precipitation method from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a dual-purpose plant for medicine and food, its polysaccharide is considered as an immune enhancer. Four polysaccharides, WGP-20-F, WGP-40-F, WGP-60-F and WGP-80-F were obtained from ginseng via water extraction and gradient ethanol precipitation with different molecular weights (Mw) of 1.720 × 106, 1.434 × 106, 4.225 × 104 and 1.520 × 104 Da, respectively. WGP-20-F and WGP-40-F which with higher Mw and a triple-helix structure are glucans composed of 4-ɑ-Glcp, do not show remarkable immunoregulatory effects. WGP-60-F and WGP-80-F are heteropolysaccharides mainly composed of 4-ɑ-Glcp and also contain t-ɑ-Araf, 5-ɑ-Araf and 3,5-ɑ-Araf. They are spherical branched conformations without a triple-helix structure and can effectively increase the index of immune organs, lymphocyte proliferation, activate macrophages to regulate the immune system in mice and further enhance immune functions by improving delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and antibody response. These results indicated that WGP-60-F and WGP-80-F could be used as potential immune enhancers, and gradient ethanol precipitation can be applied for the preparation of ginseng bioactive polysaccharide.

Novel Fermentates Can Enhance Key Immune Responses Associated with Viral Immunity

Fermented foods have long been known to have immunomodulatory capabilities, and fermentates derived from the lactic acid bacteria of dairy products can modulate the immune system. We have used skimmed milk powder to generate novel fermentates using Lb. helveticus strains SC234 and SC232 and we demonstrate here that these fermentates can enhance key immune mechanisms that are critical to the immune response to viruses. We show that our novel fermentates, SC234 and SC232, can positively impact on cytokine and chemokine secretion, nitric oxide (NO) production, cell surface marker expression, and phagocytosis in macrophage models. We demonstrate that the fermentates SC234 and SC232 increase the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-27, and IL-10; promote an M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype for viral immunity via NO induction; decrease chemokine expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP); increase cell surface marker expression; and enhance phagocytosis in comparison to their starting material. These data suggest that these novel fermentates have potential as novel functional food ingredients for the treatment, management, and control of viral infection.

Beneficial Effects of Small-Molecule Oligopeptides Isolated from Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer on Cellular Fates in Oxidative Stress-Induced Damaged Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and PC-12

Cell fate instability is a crucial characteristic of aging and appears to contribute to various age-related pathologies. Exploring the connection between bioactive substances and cell fate stability may offer valuable insights into longevity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial effects of ginseng oligopeptides (GOPs) isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer at the cellular level. Disruption of homeostasis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and PC-12 was achieved by culturing them in the growth medium supplemented with 200 µM of H2O2, and 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL GOPs for 4 h. Then, they were cultured in a H2O2-free growth medium containing different concentration of GOPs. We found that GOP administration retards the oxidative stress-induced cell instability in HUVECs by increasing cell viability, inhibiting the cell cycle arrest, enhancing telomerase (TE) activity, suppressing oxidative stress and an inflammatory attack, and protecting mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we hypothesized that GOPs may promote mitochondrial biosynthesis by upregulating PGC-1α expression. Similarly, GOPs positively regulated cell stability in PC-12; notably, the protective effect of GOPs on PC-12 mainly occurred through the inhibition of autophagic cell death of neuronal cells, while the protective effect on mitochondria was weak. In conclusion, it is evident that GOPs demonstrate potential beneficial effects in maintaining cell fate stability, thereby potentially contributing to an enhanced health span and overall well-being.

Differential expression and localization of immunity-related factors in main immune organs of yak

The yak is an agricultural animal with strong disease resistance in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Immune organs are directly involved in the body's immune response and protect it from external aggression. In this study, we characterized and evaluated the main markers of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17a, hypoxia inducer factor-1 (HIF-1)α, and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and hemal nodes of adult yaks using network informatics, molecular cloning, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blotting. We first cloned the IL-1β and IL-17a mRNA of yaks. A significant feature was the higher IL-1β and IL-17a expression in the lymph nodes than in the spleen, hemal nodes, and thymus. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed that IL-1β and IL-17a cells were mainly located in the paracortex area of the lymph nodes and the T-cell-dependent area in the hemal nodes and spleen. Several HIF-1α proteins were detected in the cortex of the hemal nodes mantle, while HSP90 was detected in the lymphoid nodules of the hemal nodes and lymph nodes. This study sheds light on the relationship between the morphology and function of these organs and provides an important reference for studies on the participation of yak immune organs in immune responses.

The Research Progress of Bioactive Peptides Derived from Traditional Natural Products in China

Traditional natural products in China have a long history and a vast pharmacological repertoire that has garnered significant attention due to their safety and efficacy in disease prevention and treatment. Among the bioactive components of traditional natural products in China, bioactive peptides (BPs) are specific protein fragments that have beneficial effects on human health. Despite many of the traditional natural products in China ingredients being rich in protein, BPs have not received sufficient attention as a critical factor influencing overall therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the current methodologies for the preparation, isolation, and identification of BPs from traditional natural products in China and to classify the functions of discovered BPs. Insights from this review are expected to facilitate the development of targeted drugs and functional foods derived from traditional natural products in China in the future.

Antiviral activities of ginseng and its potential and putative benefits against monkeypox virus: A mini review

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic more than 6 million people have died, and it has bought unprecedented challenges to our lives. The recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has brought out new tensions among the scientific community. Currently, there is no specific treatment protocol for MPXV. Several antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and smallpox vaccines have been used to treat MPXV. Ginseng, one of the more famous among traditional medicines, has been used for infectious disease for thousands of years. It has shown promising antiviral effects. Ginseng could be used as a potential adaptogenic agent to help prevent infection by MPXV along with other drugs and vaccines. In this mini review, we explore the possible use of ginseng in MPXV prevention based on its antiviral activity.

Exploring the potential of ginseng glycoprotein to improve learning and memory in mice via Notch signaling pathway and structural analysis using multi-information fusion based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer reportedly exhibits various beneficial pharmacological activities. Panax ginseng glycoproteins (PGG) are a class of glycosylated protein components extracted from ginseng and can exert significant activity for improving learning and memory abilities.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of the present study was to investigate the PGG-mediated protective mechanism against neurodegenerative diseases via the Notch signaling pathway using proteomic methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We examined learning and memory in mice using the Morris water maze and nest-building paradigms. The PGG structure was determined using multi-information fusion based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Accurate glycosylation sites of glycoproteins were identified using the advanced glycosylation analysis software Byonic. Furthermore, connection modes of the oligosaccharide chain were clarified by methylation analysis of sugar residues. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between wild-type (WT) and APP/APS1 mice were measured and compared using label-free quantitative proteomics, and related signaling pathways were identified. For validation, we performed a series of in vitro tests, including an assessment of cell viability, apoptosis assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting.

RESULTS

In the Morris water maze and nesting experiments, PGG-treated WT mice exhibited significantly improved learning and memory. The structures of 171 glycoprotein fragments in PGG matched the credible score, and typical structures were identified using LC/MS data analysis. According to the proteomic analysis results, 188 DEPs were detected between the model and administration groups, and two downregulated DEPs were related to the Notch signaling pathway. Based on the in vitro verification tests, PGG significantly inhibited the expression of key proteins in the Notch signaling pathway in microglia.

CONCLUSIONS

PGG could prevent the development of neuroinflammation by inhibiting excessive activation of the Notch signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting neuroapoptosis.

Compound 511 ameliorates MRSA-induced lung injury by attenuating morphine-induced immunosuppression in mice via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

BACKGROUND

Opioids are widely used in clinical practice. However, their long-term administration causes respiratory depression, addiction, tolerance, and severe immunosuppression. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can alleviate opioid-induced adverse effects. Compound 511 is particularly developed for treating opioid addiction, based on Jiumi Liangfang, an ancient Chinese drug treatment and rehabilitation monograph completed in 1833 A.D. It is an herbal formula containing eight plants, each of them contributing to the overall pharmacological effect of the product: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (8.8%), Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) (18.2%), Datura metel Linn. (10.95%), Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang (14.6%), Acanthopanar gracilistμlus W. W. Smith (10.95%), Ophiopogon japonicus (Linn. f.) Ker-Gawl. (10.95%), Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (10.95%), Polygala arvensis Willd. (14.6%). This formula effectively ameliorates opioid-induced immunosuppression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

PURPOSE

To reveal the effects of Compound 511 on the immune response of morphine-induced immunosuppressive mice and their potential underlying molecular mechanism. This study provides information for a better clinical approach and scientific use of opioids.

METHODS

Immunosuppression was induced in mice by repeated morphine administration. Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cell levels were measured using flow cytometry. Splenic transcription factors of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg and outputs of the regulatory PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway were determined. Subsequently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was administered intranasally to morphine-induced immunosuppressive mice pretreated with Compound 511. Their lung inflammatory status was assessed using micro-computer tomography (CT), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

Compared to morphine, Compound 511 significantly decreased the immune organ indexes of mice, corrected the Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 imbalance in the immune organs and peripheral blood, reduced the mRNA levels of FOXP3 and GATA3, and increased those of STAT3 and T-bet in the spleen. It improved immune function and reduced MRSA-induced lung inflammation.

CONCLUSION

Compound 511 ameliorates opioid-induced immunosuppression by regulating the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, it effectively reduces susceptibility of morphine-induced immunosuppressive mice to MRSA infection.

Bioactive Oligopeptides from Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Suppress Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence in Fibroblasts via NAD+/SIRT1/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway

The physicochemical properties and multiple bioactive effects of ginseng oligopeptides (GOPs), plant-derived small molecule bioactive peptides, suggest a positive influence on health span and longevity. Given this, cellular senescence is the initiating factor and key mechanism of aging in the organism, and thus the current study sought to explore the effects of GOPs on H₂O₂-induced cellular senescence and its potential mechanisms. Senescence was induced in mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH/3T3 by 4 h of exposure to 200 µM H₂O₂ and confirmed using CCK-8 assay and Western blot analyses of p16^INK4A and p21^Waf1/Cip1 after 24 h of growth medium administration with or without GOPs supplementation (25, 50, and 100 µg/mL). We found that GOPs delayed oxidative stress-induced NIH/3T3 senescence by inhibiting the G1 phase arrest, increasing DNA synthesis in the S phase, decreasing the relative protein expression of p16^INK4A and p21^Waf1/Cip1, promoting cell viability, protecting DNA, and enhancing telomerase (TE) activity. Further investigation revealed that the increase in antioxidative capacity and anti-inflammation capacity might form the basis for the retarding of the senescence effects of GOPs. Furthermore, GOPs supplementation significantly improved mitochondrial function and mitochondrial biogenesis via the NAD⁺/SIRT1/PGC-1𝛼 pathway. These findings indicate that GOPs may have a positive effect on health span and lifespan extension via combating cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and inflammation, as well as modulating longevity regulating pathway NAD⁺/SIRT1/PGC-1𝛼.

Extraction and immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharide obtained from Craterellus cornucopioides

In this study, we investigated the structural features of the polysaccharide obtained from Craterellus cornucopioides (CCP2) by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ion chromatography. The results showed that CCP2 was a catenarian pyranose that principally comprised of mannose, galactose, glucose, and xylose in the ratio of 1.86: 1.57: 1.00: 1.14, with a molecular weight of 8.28 × 10⁴ Da. Moreover, the immunoregulation effect of CCP2 was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. It displayed a remarkable immunological activity and activation in RAW264.7 cells by enhancing the phagocytosis of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner without showing cytotoxicity at the concentrations of 10–200 μg/mL in vitro. Additionally, Histopathological analysis indicated the protective function of CCP2 against immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy). Meanwhile, the intake of CCP2 had better immunoregulatory activity for immunosuppression BALB/c mice model. After prevention by CCP2, the spleen and thymus weight indexes of BALB/c mice model were significantly increased. The RT-qPCR and Western Blot results provided comprehensive evidence that the CCP2 could activate macrophages by enhancing the production of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8) and upregulating the protein expression of cell membrane receptor TLR4 and its downstream protein kinase (TRAF6, TRIF, and NF-κB p65) production of immunosuppressive mice through TLR4-NFκB p65 pathway. The results demonstrated that CCP2 could be a potential prebiotic and might provide meaningful information for further research on the immune mechanism.

Active Compounds and Targets of Yuanzhi Powder in Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Its Relationship with Immune Infiltration Based on HPLC Fingerprint and Network Pharmacology

Background

Yuanzhi powder (YZP) has been extensively investigated as a natural prescription with therapeutic benefits for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its active compounds and underlying immune mechanism for treating AD are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the immune mechanism of YZP against AD through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based network pharmacology and gene chip technology.

Methods

Active components of YZP were obtained from HPLC and public databases. Subsequently, GSE5281, GSE28146, GSE29378, and GSE97760 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were downloaded to extract AD difference genes (DEGs). The active components-targets network and protein interaction network were then constructed by Cytoscape. The biological processes and signaling pathways, which implicate the targets of YZP for AD, were analyzed using the ClueGo Cytoscape plug-in. Molecular docking experiments were performed to verify the affinity of targets and ligands. Ultimately, the link between the hub genes and immune cell infiltration was assessed via CIBERSORT.

Results

83 YZP active compounds and 641 DEGs associated with AD, including quercetin, berberine, 3,6′-disinapoylsucrose, coptisine, and palmatine, were evaluated. We showed that FOS, CCL2, and GJA1 were the core targets and that the gap junction is an essential signaling pathway in YZP for AD. Furthermore, the AD group had a higher infiltration level of naïve B cells and resting CD4 memory T cells, as determined by the CIBERSORT. Notably, the immune cells-targets network demonstrates that GJA1 and GRM1 are intimately related to naïve B cells and plasma cells.

Conclusions

YZP may help treat AD by targeting proteins with key active compounds to regulate naïve B cells and plasma cells. Our results demonstrate a new immune mechanism for treating AD with YZP.

Immunomodulatory functional foods and their molecular mechanisms

The immune system comprises a complex group of processes that provide defense against diverse pathogens. These defenses can be divided into innate and adaptive immunity, in which specific immune components converge to limit infections. In addition to genetic factors, aging, lifestyle, and environmental factors can influence immune function, potentially affecting the susceptibility of the host to disease-causing agents. Chemical compounds in certain foods have been shown to regulate signal transduction and cell phenotypes, ultimately impacting pathophysiology. Research has shown that the consumption of specific functional foods can stimulate the activity of immune cells, providing protection against cancer, viruses, and bacteria. Here, we review a number of functional foods reported to strengthen immunity, including ginseng, mushrooms, chlorella, and probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum). We also discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the activity of various types of immune cells. Identifying immune-enhancing functional foods and understanding their mechanisms of action will support new approaches to maintain proper health and combat immunological diseases.

Evidence is building to support the idea that specific ‘functional foods’ can stimulate the activity of cells and signaling systems of the immune system to provide protection against cancer, viruses and bacteria. Sanguine Byun and colleagues at Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea, review research into a range of functional foods, foods thought to have health benefits beyond their nutritional value. These include ginseng, mushrooms, the green algae called Chlorella and the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum. They also consider individual components of foods such as poly-gamma-glutamate, a natural polymer made by bacteria. A wide body of research is revealing diverse molecular mechanisms through which biochemicals in functional foods can modulate different aspects of the immune system. These include effects on both non-specific innate immunity and adaptive immunity, which targets specific invading pathogens and diseased cells.

Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents-Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products

Developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs remains an important issue as viral infections continue to threaten public health. Host-directed therapy is a method that focuses on potential targets in host cells or the body, instead of viral proteins. Its antiviral effects are achieved by disturbing the life cycles of pathogens or modulating immunity. In this review, we focus on the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that enhance the immune response. Some natural products present antiviral effects mediated by enhancing immunity, and their structures and mechanisms are summarized here. Natural products with immunomodulatory effects are also discussed, although their antiviral effects remain unknown. Given the power of immunity and the feasibility of host-directed therapy, we argue that both of these categories of natural products provide clues that may be beneficial for the discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.

A new sulfated triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber Colochirus quadrangularis, and evaluation of its antifungal, antitumor and immunomodulatory activities

Our continuing search for marine bioactive secondary metabolites led to the screening of crude extracts of sea cucumbers by the model of Pyricularia oryzae. A new sulfated triterpene glycoside, coloquadranoside A (1), together with four known triterpene glycosides, philinopside A, B, E and pentactaside B (2-5) were isolated from the sea cucumber Colochirus quadrangularis, and their structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscope analysis (ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical methods. Coloquadranoside A possesses a 16-acetyloxy group in the holostane-type triterpene aglycone with a 7(8)-double bond, a double bond (25,26) at its side chain, and two β-d-xylose in the carbohydrate chain. Coloquadranoside A exhibits in vitro some antifungus, considerable cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ of 0.46-2.03 μM) against eight human tumor cell lines, in vivo antitumor, and immunomodulatory activity.

Integrative medicine in the era of cancer immunotherapy: Challenges and opportunities

Cancer immunotherapy has led to a new era of cancer treatment strategies, and transforming healthcare for cancer patients. Meanwhile, reports of immune-related adverse events have been increasing, greatly hindering the use of cancer immunotherapy. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years, is known to play a complementary role in the treatment of cancer. Taken in combined with conventional modern therapies, such as resection, ablation and radiotherapy, TCM exerts its main anti-cancer effects in two ways: health-strengthening (Fu-Zheng) and pathogen-eliminating (Qu-Xie). Theoretically, pathogen-eliminating TCM can promote the release of tumor-related antigens and should be able to increase the effect of immunotherapy, while health-strengthening TCM may have immune-enhancing mechanisms that overlap with immunotherapy. In the era of cancer immunotherapy, it is important to balance the use of TCM and immunotherapy, with the goal of enhancing immune efficacy and antagonizing immune toxicity. In this article, we discuss this issue by considering the mechanism of tumor immunotherapy, alongside the theoretical basis of TCM treatment of tumors, with the aim of bringing new insights to future research in this field.

Combined Effects of Oligopeptides Isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Ostrea gigas Thunberg on Sexual Function in Male Mice

Male sexual debility affects patients’ confidence and damages the relationship between the couples and thus affects the stability of the family. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oligopeptides isolated from ginseng and oyster (GOPs and OOPs), separately and in combination, on sexual function in male mice. In the first experiment, male mice were randomly divided into five groups: vehicle control group; whey protein (125.0 mg kg⁻¹) group; and GOPs 62.5, 125.0, and 250.0 mg kg⁻¹ groups. In the second experiment, male mice were randomly divided into five groups: vehicle control group, whey protein (160.0 mg kg⁻¹) group, and OOPs 80.0, 160.0, and 320.0 mg kg⁻¹ groups. In the third experiment, male mice were randomly divided into six groups: vehicle control group, whey protein (222.5 mg kg⁻¹) group, and GOPs + OOPs 62.5 + 160.0, 62.5 + 320.0, and 125.0 + 160.0, 125.0 + 320.0 mg kg⁻¹ groups. Test substances were given by gavage once a day for 30 days. The sexual behavior parameters, serum nitric oxide (NO), testosterone, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) concentrations were detected. We found that GOPs at 250.0 mg kg⁻¹ improved male sexual behavior, NO, and testosterone content, whereas GOPs at 62.5 and 125.0 mg kg⁻¹ and OOPs at 80.0, 160, and 320 mg kg⁻¹ did not have significant effects. The combination of 62.5 mg kg⁻¹ GOPs + 160.0 mg kg⁻¹ OOPs and the combination of 125.0 mg kg⁻¹ GOPs + 320.0 mg kg⁻¹ OOPs improved male sexual behavior, serum NO, testosterone, and cGMP contents and decreased PDE5 content. The combination of 62.5 mg kg⁻¹ GOPs and 160.0 mg kg⁻¹ OOPs had the best effects among four combined groups. These results suggested that GOPs in combination with OOPs had the synergistic effects of enhancing male sexual function, probably via elevating serum testosterone, NO, and corpus cavernosum cGMP level and decreasing the corpus cavernosum PDE5 level. GOPs and OOPs could be novel natural agents for improving male sexual function.

Panax quinquefolium saponins protect against cisplatin evoked intestinal injury via ROS-mediated multiple mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin is one of the most common chemotherapeutic drugs. Cisplatin-induced toxicity gives rise to gastrointestinal cell damage, subsequent diarrhea and vomiting, leading to the discontinuation of its clinical application in long-term cancer chemotherapy. Panax quinquefolium L., also known as American ginseng, has many pharmacological activities such as improving immunity, anti-tumor, anti-radiation and blood sugar lowering.

PURPOSE

Previously, our laboratory reported that American ginseng berry extract could alleviate chemotherapeutic agents-induced renal damage caused by cisplatin. Hence, this study further explored the protective effect of P. quinquefolium saponins (PQS) on cisplatin-induced intestinal injury in mice and the possible molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

Biochemical markers, levels of inflammatory factors, histopathological staining and western blotting were used to analyze intestinal injury based on various molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

We demonstrated the destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by cisplatin exposure by detecting the activity of diamine oxidase (DAO) and the expression of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Meanwhile, cisplatin exposure changed SOD and MDA levels in the small intestine, causing oxidative damage to the intestinal mucosa. The inflammation associated-intestinal damage was further explored by the measurement of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and analysis of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway protein expression. Moreover, apoptotic cells labeled with TUNEL staining-positive cells and activated caspase family proteins suggest that cisplatin induces intestinal apoptosis. Interestingly, PQS pretreatment significantly reversed these situations.

CONCLUSION

These evidences clearly suggest that PQS can alleviate cisplatin-induced intestinal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing the occurrence of inflammation and apoptosis, and improving intestinal barrier function.

Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions

Traditional medicinal practices have used natural products such as adaptogens to treat inflammatory, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, bacterial, and viral diseases since the early days of civilization. Panax ginseng Myer is a common herb used in East Asian countries for millennia, especially in Korea, China, and Japan. Numerous studies indicate that ginseng can modulate the immune system and thereby prevent diseases. Although the human immune system comprises many different types of cells, multiple studies suggest that each type of immune cell can be controlled or stimulated by ginseng or its derivatives. Provisional lists of ginseng's potential for use against viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms suggest it may prove to be a valuable pharmaceutical resource, particularly if higher-quality evidence can be found. Here, we reviewed the role of ginseng as an immune-modulating agent in attempt to provide a valuable starting point for future studies on the herb and the human immune system.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) oligopeptides regulate immune responses via Th cell stimulation, cytokine secretion and antibody production

This study aimed to observe the immunomodulatory effects of oligopeptides derived from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) (JOPs). 200 female BALB/c mice in five groups were respectively given deionized water (control), whey protein (0.20 g per kg body weight (BW)) and JOPs at doses of 0.20, 0.40, and 0.80 g per kg BW by intragastric administration on a daily basis. 7 tests were conducted to determine the immunomodulatory effects of JOPs on immune organ indexes, cellular and humoral immune responses, macrophage phagocytosis, and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Spleen T lymphocyte sub-populations and serum cytokine and immunoglobulin levels were tested to study how JOPs improved the immune system. We found that JOPs could significantly enhance innate and adaptive immune responses in mice by the improvement of cell-mediated and humoral immunity, macrophage phagocytosis capacity and NK cell activity. The immunomodulatory effects may be based on increased T and Th cell percentages, serum interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, production of immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, and IgA, and depressed interferon (IFN)-γ secretion. These results suggest that dietary JOPs could be valuable as potential immunomodulators.

Advances in research on the effects of natural drugs with immune-promoting effects on immune function

Immune-enhanced natural medicines have gradually formed unique functions and usages through long-term medical practice, which contained rich immunological ideas and contents. The immune-enhancing natural medicine has a wide range of pharmacological effects in anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, and immunity enhancement. In recent years, great progress has been made in the study of immune-enhanced natural drugs. In this article, the main active ingredients of some natural drugs with immune-enhancing function are reviewed, which can enhance immunity by regulating the level of some cytokines and affecting the function of non-specific immunity and specific immunity. The experimental research provides the basis and prospects for the research and development of immune-enhanced natural drugs in the future, providing new ideas for immunotherapy.

The Gastroprotective Effect of Small Molecule Oligopeptides Isolated from Walnut (Juglans regia L.) against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats

The study investigated the protective effect of walnut oligopeptides (WOPs) against ethanol-induced gastric injury using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups based on body weight (10/group), normal group, ethanol group, whey protein group (220 mg/kg body weight), omeprazole group (20 mg/kg body weight), and three WOPs groups (220, 440, 880 mg/kg body weight). After 30 days of treatment with WOPs, rats were given 5 mL/kg absolute ethanol by gavage to induce gastric mucosal injury. Gastric ulcer index (GUI) were determined and the following measured; gastric content pH, gastric mucin, endogenous pepsinogens (PG), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress indicators, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins were measured to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of WOPs. The results showed that the administration with WOPs markedly mitigated the hemorrhagic gastric lesions caused by ethanol in rats, and decreased the GUI, the gastric content pH, PG1, PG2, and NO levels, enhanced mucin and PGE2. Also, WOPs repressed gastric inflammation through the reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and increase IL-10 levels, and revealed antioxidant properties with the enhancement of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase activity, while reduction of malondialdehyde. Moreover, WOPs treatment significantly down-regulated Bax, caspase-3 and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) expression, while up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and inhibitor kappa Bα (IκBα) protein. These results indicated that WOPs have protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, and anti-apoptosis mechanisms.

Pharmacodynamic material basis of traditional Chinese medicine based on biomacromolecules: a review

Biomacromolecules, the first components of bioactive substances in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have wide bioactivity-related efficacy but have not yet been fully appreciated compared to small molecule components. The present review brings a novel and systemic point of view to deepen the understanding of the pharmacodynamic material basis of TCM based on biomacromolecules (polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids). Biomacromolecules have been, are and will have considerable roles in the efficacy of Chinese medicine, as evidenced by the number of biological activities related to traditional clinical efficacy. The direct and indirect mechanisms of biomacromolecules are further accounted for in a variety of neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune substances to maintain immune function in both sensitive and stable equilibrium. The biological functions of biomacromolecules have been elaborated on in regard to their roles in the process of plant growth and development to the relationship between primary metabolism and secondary metabolism and to the indispensable role of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids in the quality formation of TCM. Understanding the functional properties and mechanisms of biological macromolecules will help to demystify the drug properties and health benefits of TCM.

Suppressed LPS-mediated TLR4 signaling in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) compared to the bamboo rat (Rhizomys pruinosus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Ecological immunology involves the study of the immune function of wildlife, which is seldom compared with that of model animals. Here, we evaluated and compared the level of the innate immune response in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), an indigenous underground rodent from the Tibetan Plateau, with that in the bamboo rat (Rhizomys pruinosus) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat (Rattus norvegicus). The spleen was observed by ordinary light and transmission electron microscopy, and the spleen index was calculated. After liposaccharide (LPS) challenge, the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in the spleen was detected by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. The expression of nuclear factor-κB1 (NF-κB1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) in the spleen was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-β (IFN-β) in the spleen were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The spleen index of the plateau zokor was lower than that of the bamboo rat and SD rat. The expression of TLR4, NF-κB1, and MAPK14 and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the spleen of the plateau zokor were lower than those of the bamboo rat and SD rat, while the expression of TLR2 and HIF-1α and the level of IFN-β were higher than those of the bamboo rat and SD rat. We speculate that suppression of the TLR4 signaling pathway in the plateau zokor is an adaptation to hypoxic tunnels that decreases antigenic risk and maintains immune homeostasis. Moreover, the spleen of the plateau zokor is reduced in size, reducing the innate immunity investment in the spleen. We also noted that high levels of HIF-1α in the spleen of the plateau zokor suppressed crosstalk between HIF-1α and TLR4, promoting the innate immune response.

Effect of the Zn Supplementation on Immuno-Modulatory Activities of Bovine Lactoferrin in the Murine Splenocytes and RAW264.7 Macrophages

Lactoferrin (LF) has important bio-functions including immuno-modulation, while essential trace metals may interact with LF and thereby induce property especially bio-activity changes. Bovine LF was thus supplemented with Zn²⁺ at 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 mg/g LF to yield 10%, 20%, and 40% Zn-saturation, respectively. Afterwards, bovine LF and the Zn-supplemented LF products at 10-40-μg/mL doses were compared for their immuno-modulatory activities in two immune cells (murine splenocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages), using the stimulation index of the splenocytes, T lymphocyte subpopulations, macrophage phagocytosis, and cytokine production as evaluation reflectors. The results showed that bovine LF and the Zn-supplemented LF products had suppressive effect on the splenocytes and concanavalin A (ConA)- and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated splenocytes, but lower Zn-saturation and lower dose could alleviate and even counteract this suppressive effect (P < 0.05). More importantly, the Zn-supplemented LF product with lower Zn-saturation at lower dose exerted slightly higher macrophage stimulation, increased CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio of T lymphocyte subpopulations, and were capable of enhancing the interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and interferon-γ production in the splenocytes or the IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α production in the macrophages significantly (P < 0.05). Contrary to its counterpart at lower dose, the Zn-supplemented LF product with higher Zn-saturation at higher dose mostly showed opposite effects in the two cell models. It is concluded that Zn supplementation has an impact on the immuno-modulation of bovine LF, while Zn-saturation is a key factor to modulate these assessed immune activities.

A novel polysaccharide obtained from Craterellus cornucopioides enhances immunomodulatory activity in immunosuppressive mice models via regulation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway

The immunoregulatory effect of a novel Craterellus cornucopioides polysaccharide (CCP) with a triple-helix structure on immunosuppressive BALB/c mice models was investigated; moreover, the immune response of BALB/c mice models in the preventive and therapeutic treatment groups treated with CCP was explored, and its molecular mechanism was elucidated. It was found that the BALB/c mice models in the preventive groups treated with CCP (120 and 240 mg kg^-1 d^-1) had better immunoregulatory activity. The spleen and thymus weight indices of the BALB/c mice models were significantly increased, and the histopathological analysis indicated a protective function of CCP against the immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Moreover, CCP displayed definite and clear synergistic effects on the T- or B-lymphocyte proliferation induced by ConA or LPS, respectively, promoted the natural killer (NK) cell activity and significantly increased phagocytic activity to activate peritoneal macrophages in immunosuppressive mice. The western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results provided comprehensive evidence that CCP could upregulate the protein expression of the G-protein-coupled cell membrane receptor TLR4 and the production of its downstream protein kinases (TRAF6, TK1, p-IKKα/β and NF-κB p50); this, in turn, enhanced the production of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-α) through both preventive and therapeutic treatments via regulation of the TLR4-NFκB pathway in the peritoneal macrophage of immunosuppressive mice.

Integrated Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology Study on Immunoregulation Mechanisms of Panax ginseng through Macrophages

Panax ginseng (PG) is a widely used functional food and herbal with immunoregulation activity. Currently, immunoregulation studies of PG mainly focused on the specific actions of individual constituents. However, the integral immunoregulation mechanisms of PG need further research. In this study, an integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology approach were used to investigate it. High-content screening was used to evaluate macrophage phagocytosis activity of PG. Untargeted metabolomics profiling of murine macrophage cells with UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and a multivariate data method were performed to discover the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways. Then, a macrophage phenotype related "ingredients-targets-metabolites" network of PG was constructed using network pharmacology for further research. As a result, PG can significantly enhance macrophage phagocytosis of GFP-E. coli. A total of twenty potential biomarkers and ten main pathways for which levels changed markedly upon treatment were identified, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, choline metabolism, and taurine metabolism. Twenty compounds of PG associated with metabolomic changes were selected by the network pharmacology analysis, including ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, frutinone A, and kaempferol. The network pharmacology results also showed that PG can polarize macrophages to both M1 and M2 phenotype but may be prone to M2 phenotype. In conclusion, our results indicated that PG may be prone to polarize macrophages to M2 phenotype by mainly regulating the glutathione and choline metabolism, which was related to twenty compounds of PG.

Potential of Fatty Oils from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Cancer Therapy: A Review for Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Clinical Studies

Cancer management is a worldwide challenge. In addition to effective cancer therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, treatment based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and combined TCM with western medicine has gradually gained attention in Oriental countries. One potential TCM approach using extracted fatty oils, containing fatty acids which are important active ingredients with a variety of pharmacological activities, makes significant contributions to cancer treatment. The strategies of treating cancer with the fatty oils of TCM were classified into “Fuzheng”, which usually associates with improving immunity, represented by coix seed oil. The other classification is “Quxie”, which relates to inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, and is represented by Brucea javanica oil. Compared with other active substances, the literature about anticancer fatty oils is relatively limited, and most of them focus on the composition and other biological activities without a systematic review. Therefore, based on the theories of “Fuzheng” and “Quxie” in TCM, in this paper, the anticancer effects of fatty oils have been reviewed. The chemical composition, anticancer mechanism, listed drugs, studying dosage form and clinical application of fatty oils have also been discussed. In summary, since there are different types and abundance of fatty oils among botanicals, anticancer effects of fatty oils can be achieved through two TCM theory-based strategies. We hoped that this review paper can reveal the anticancer potential of fatty oils and provide a reference for future related studies.

Modulatory Effect of the Supplemented Copper Ion on In Vitro Activity of Bovine Lactoferrin to Murine Splenocytes and RAW264.7 Macrophages

Bovine lactoferrin (LF) was supplemented with Cu²⁺ at three contents of 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 mg/g LF, respectively. After then, LF and Cu-supplemented LF products were assessed for immuno-modulation in murine splenocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages, using dose levels of 10-40 μg/mL and four evaluation reflectors including stimulation index of splenocytes, T lymphocyte subpopulations, macrophage phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion. The results indicated that LF and Cu-supplemented LF products had suppression on splenocytes as well as concanavalin A (ConA)- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated splenocytes; however, using lower Cu-supplementation content (i.e., 0.16 mg/g LF) and lower dose level (10 μg/mL) alleviated this suppression significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Compared to LF, Cu-supplemented LF product of lower Cu-supplementation content at lower dose level yielded slightly enhanced macrophage stimulation, increased CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio of T lymphocyte subpopulations in ConA-stimulated splenocytes, and significant secretion enhancement for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, interferon-γ (in splenocytes), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (in macrophages) (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, Cu-supplemented LF product of higher Cu-supplementation content (i.e., 0.64 mg/g LF) at higher dose level mostly showed opposite effects in the cells, in comparison with its counterpart at lower dose level. It is concluded that Cu-supplementation of LF can alleviate or increase LF's effects on the two immune cells, and moreover, Cu content of supplemented LF is a key factor that modulates these effects.

Naked Oat (Avena nuda L.) Oligopeptides:Immunomodulatory Effects on Innate and AdaptiveImmunity in Mice via Cytokine Secretion, AntibodyProduction, and Th Cells Stimulation

The study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of oligopeptides derived from oat (Avena nuda L.) (OOPs). Healthy female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to five groups, given deionized water (control) and 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg body weight (BW) of OOPs daily by intragastric administration. Seven assays were performed to determine the immunomodulatory effects of OOPs on immune organ ratios, cellular and humoral immune responses, macrophage phagocytosis, and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Spleen T lymphocyte subpopulations (by flow cytometry), serum cytokine and immunoglobulin levels (by multiplex sandwich immunoassays) were determined to evaluate how OOPs affected the immune system. Our results showed that OOPs could significantly improve innate and adaptive immune responses in mice through the enhancement of cell-mediated and humoral immunity, macrophage phagocytosis capacity, and NK cell activity. We concluded that the immunomodulatory effects might be attributed to increased T and Th cell percentages, serum interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1 α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secretions as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, and IgM productions. These results indicate that dietary OOPs could be considered as promising immunomodulators with dosages ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 g/kg BW.

A Comparative Study on the Effects of Different Parts of Panax ginseng on the Immune Activity of Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of the immunological activity of various parts (root/stem/leaf/flower/seed) of five-year-old ginseng on the immune system of immunosuppressive mice. Immunosuppression was induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in the mouse model, whereas levamisole hydrochloride tablet (LTH) was used for the positive control group. We found that ginseng root (GRT), ginseng leaf (GLF), and ginseng flower (GFR) could relieve immunosuppression by increased viability of NK cells, enhanced immune organ index, improved cell-mediated immune response, increased content of CD4⁺ and ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺, and recovery of macrophage function, including carbon clearance, phagocytic rate, and phagocytic index, in immunodeficient mice. However, ginseng stem (GSM) and ginseng seed (GSD) could only enhance the thymus indices, carbon clearance, splenocyte proliferation, NK cell activities, and the level of IL-4 in immunosuppressed mice. In CTX-injected mice, GRT and GFR remarkably increased the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT in the spleen. As expected, oral administration of GRT and GFR markedly enhanced the production of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, compared with the CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, and GRT and GFR did this relatively better than GSM, GLF, and GSD. This study provides a theoretical basis for further study on different parts of ginseng.

Anti-Inflammation Effect of Small Molecule Oligopeptides Prepared from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in Rats

The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng oligopeptides (GOPs). For the anti-inflammatory activity, dextran-induced paw edema and granuloma models were used in Sprague-Dawley rats (180–200 g, 12 weeks old, n = 10). Rats were treated orally with GOPs (0, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for prophylaxis. In the granuloma model, the levels of NO, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin IL-β, and interleukin IL-10 in serum were evaluated. In addition, in the edema model, the level of TNF-α, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), and the platelet activating factor (RAF) in paw tissue were detected. PCR assessed the effect of GOPs on the expression of MAPK and NF-κB. The results showed that oral administration of GOPs inhibited inflammation caused by cotton pellet and dextran. GOPs significantly inhibited the edema formation via MAPK and NF-κB. These findings suggested that GOPs have a beneficial effect on acute and chronic inflammation, and the mechanism possibly mediated by inhibiting gene expression involved in inflammation and downregulating inflammatory mediators.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Oligopeptides Protect Against Binge Drinking-Induced Liver Damage through Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) is an edible and traditional medicinal herb, which is reported to have a wide range of biological activity and pharmaceutical properties. There were more studies on ginsenoside and polysaccharides, but fewer on ginseng oligopeptides (GOPs), which are small molecule oligopeptides extracted from ginseng. The present study was designed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of ginseng oligopeptide (GOPs) on binge drinking-induced alcohol damage in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10), rats in normal control group and alcohol model group was administered distilled water; rats in four GOPs intervention groups (at a dose of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 g/kg of body weight, respectively) were administered GOPs once a day for 30 days. Experiment rats were intragastrically administered ethanol at a one-time dose of 7 g/kg of body weight after 30 days. The liver injury was measured through traditional liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, expression of oxidative stress markers, and histopathological examination. We found that the GOPs treatment could significantly improve serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, plasma lipopolysaccharide, and inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as the oxidative stress markers that were altered by alcohol. Moreover, GOPs treatment inhibited the protein expression of toll-like receptor 4, and repressed the inhibitor kappa Bα and nuclear factor-κB p65 in the liver. These findings suggested that GOPs have a significant protective effect on binge drinking-induced liver injury, and the mechanism possibly mediated by the partial inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-toll-like receptor 4-nuclear factor-κB p65 signaling in the liver.

Ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng modulate T cell function via the regulation of NF-AT-mediated IL-2 production

Korean red ginseng is a traditional health food frequently used to prevent or treat various diseases worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities of eleven compounds (1-11) isolated from Korean red ginseng, focusing on T cell function. First, the effects of the eleven compounds were studied on the regulation of IL-2, a potent T cell growth factor. Compounds 5, 7, and 9 significantly increased IL-2 secretion in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin (Io)-induced EL-4 T cells. Next, we examined the effects of compounds 5, 7, and 9 on the regulation of transcription factors related to IL-2 production in T cells. Compound 9 significantly increased the PMA/Io-induced promoter activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) in EL-4 T cells, but did not have any significant effects on the promoters of NF- κB. These results suggest that compound 9 activates T cell function via the regulation of NF-AT-mediated IL-2 production.

Effect of the biocontrol bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the rhizosphere in ginseng plantings

Panax ginseng is an important medicinal herb due to its ability to strengthen the human immune system. However, due to the increasing needs of ginseng in medicine, the continuous cropping of ginseng has become more common and has resulted in increased problems with fungal decay. Thus, chemical fungicides are commonly used in ginseng plantings, which have caused fungicide residue problems. As an alternative control measure, biocontrol bacteria can be used to manage fungal pathogens. Additionally, these bacteria are environmentally friendly and can also improve stress tolerance in plants. In this study, an antifungal bacterial strain, TB6, that possesses ACC deaminase activity was isolated from the rhizosphere of ginseng plants. This strain was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. TB6 was applied to 2-year-old ginseng seedlings for a 2-year period, and its impact on the soil rhizosphere was evaluated. The results revealed that strain TB6 decreased fungal abundance and diversity; improved urease, catalase, and phosphatase activities; and decreased the cellulase activity of the rhizosphere soil. In addition, strain TB6 also promoted root growth and increased the fresh weight of ginseng roots, in addition to increasing polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities. These results may have practical implications for the use of biocontrol bacteria in ginseng plantings.

Effect of Low Molecular Weight Oligopeptides Isolated from Sea Cucumber on Diabetic Wound Healing in db/db Mice

Impaired wound healing is a major clinical problem in patients with diabetes and is the leading cause of lower limb amputation. This study is aimed to observe the effects of small molecule oligopeptides isolated from sea cucumber (SCCOPs) on the wound healing process in diabetic mice. Ninety db/db male mice were divided into five groups, including the model control group, whey protein group (0.50 g/kg) and three SCCOPs dose groups (0.25 g/kg, 0.50 g/kg and 1.00 g/kg). Additionally, 18 db/m male mice were used as normal control group. After full-thickness incisions on the dorsum, mice in SCCOPs-treated groups were intragastrically administered SCCOPs, while others were administered vehicle or whey protein. Mice were sacrificed on days 4, 7 and 14. The wound healing condition, inflammatory response, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, oxidative stress and nutritional status were evaluated. A pathological report showed increased vascularisation, collagen deposition and epithelialisation in SCCOPs-treated groups. SCCOPs-treated mice showed decreased C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, and increased IL-10, stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), nitric oxide (NO), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PA) and transferrin (TRF) levels and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. All parameters were significant (p < 0.05) in comparison to model control group. These results suggest that treatment with SCCOPs can promote significant wound healing in diabetic mice.

Anti-fatigue effects of small-molecule oligopeptides isolated from Panax quinquefolium L. in mice

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) was reported to have extensive biological activities and pharmaceutical properties.

Metabolome and gut microbiota variation with long-term intake of Panax ginseng extracts on rats

In this study, untargeted GC-TOFMS metabolomic analysis of serum, cecum and ileum intestinal contents was conducted to understand the effect of the long-term intake of Ginseng extracts.

Protective Effect of Panax notoginseng Root Water Extract against Influenza A Virus Infection by Enhancing Antiviral Interferon-Mediated Immune Responses and Natural Killer Cell Activity

Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by the influenza A virus, which causes economic losses and social disruption mainly by increasing hospitalization and mortality rates among the elderly and people with chronic diseases. Influenza vaccines are the most effective means of preventing seasonal influenza, but can be completely ineffective if there is an antigenic mismatch between the seasonal vaccine virus and the virus circulating in the community. In addition, influenza viruses resistant to antiviral drugs are emerging worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new vaccines and antiviral drugs against these viruses. In this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo analyses of the antiviral effect of Panax notoginseng root (PNR), which is used as an herbal medicine and nutritional supplement in Korea and China. We confirmed that PNR significantly prevented influenza virus infection in a concentration-dependent manner in mouse macrophages. In addition, PNR pretreatment inhibited viral protein (PB1, PB2, HA, NA, M1, PA, M2, and NP) and viral mRNA (NS1, HA, PB2, PA, NP, M1, and M2) expression. PNR pretreatment also increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6] and interferon (IFN)-beta and the phosphorylation of type-I IFN-related proteins (TANK-binding kinase 1, STAT1, and IRF3) in vitro. In mice exposed to the influenza A H1N1 virus, PNR treatment decreased mortality by 90% and prevented weight loss (by approximately 10%) compared with the findings in untreated animals. In addition, splenocytes from PNR-administered mice displayed significantly enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity against YAC-1 cells. Taking these findings together, PNR stimulates an antiviral response in murine macrophages and mice that protects against viral infection, which may be attributable to its ability to stimulate NK cell activity. Further investigations are needed to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of PNR and its components against influenza virus A infection.