1
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De Jesus DFF, De Freitas ALD, De Oliveira IM, De Almeida LC, Bastos RW, Spadari CDC, Melo ASDA, Santos DDA, Costa-Lotufo LV, Reis FCG, Rodrigues ML, Stefani HA, Ishida K. Organoselenium Has a Potent Fungicidal Effect on Cryptococcus neoformans and Inhibits the Virulence Factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0075922. [PMID: 36815840 PMCID: PMC10019174 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00759-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis therapy is often limited by toxicity problems, antifungal tolerance, and high costs. Studies approaching chalcogen compounds, especially those containing selenium, have shown promising antifungal activity against pathogenic species. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal potential of organoselenium compounds against Cryptococcus neoformans. The lead compound LQA_78 had an inhibitory effect on C. neoformans planktonic cells and dispersed cells from mature biofilms at similar concentrations. The fungal growth inhibition led to an increase in budding cells arrested in the G2/M phase, but the compound did not significantly affect structural cell wall components or chitinase activity, an enzyme that regulates the dynamics of the cell wall. The compound also inhibited titan cell (Tc) and enlarged capsule yeast (NcC) growth and reduced the body diameter and capsule thickness associated with increased capsular permeability of both virulent morphotypes. LQA_78 also reduced fungal melanization through laccase activity inhibition. The fungicidal activity was observed at higher concentrations (16 to 64 μg/mL) and may be associated with augmented plasma membrane permeability, ROS production, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. While LQA_78 is a nonhemolytic compound, its cytotoxic effects were cell type dependent, exhibiting no toxicity on Galleria mellonella larvae at a dose ≤46.5 mg/kg. LQA_78 treatment of larvae infected with C. neoformans effectively reduced the fungal burden and inhibited virulent morphotype formation. To conclude, LQA_78 displays fungicidal action and inhibits virulence factors of C. neoformans. Our results highlight the potential use of LQA_78 as a lead molecule for developing novel pharmaceuticals for treating cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Wesley Bastos
- Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel de Assis Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia C. G. Reis
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Brazil
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Brazil
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly Ishida
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Zhu C, Nurko M, Day CS, Lukesh JC. Arylselenyl Radical-Mediated Cyclization of N-(2-Alkynyl)anilines: Access to 3-Selenylquinolines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8390-8395. [PMID: 35731899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and novel approach to accessing 3-selenylquinolines from diaryl diselenides and acyclic, selenium-free substrates is described. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the combination of CuCl2 and air affords an appropriate environment for producing arylselenyl radicals that initiate the cascade cyclization of N-(2-alkynyl)anilines, forming key Se-C and C-C bonds in a single step. Using this chemistry, a wide variety of 3-selenylquinolines were produced in moderate to excellent yield under mild conditions, highlighting the versatility and usefulness of this new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Max Nurko
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Cynthia S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
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3
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Shaaban S, El-Lateef HMA, Khalaf MM, Gouda M, Youssef I. One-Pot Multicomponent Polymerization, Metal-, and Non-Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Organoselenium Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112208. [PMID: 35683881 PMCID: PMC9182861 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The one-pot multicomponent synthetic strategy of organoselenium compounds represents an alternative and robust protocol to the conventional multistep methods. During the last decade, a potential advance has been made in this domain. This review discusses the latest advances in the polymerization, metal, and metal-free one-pot multicomponent synthesis of organoselenium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Shaaban
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.E.-L.); (M.M.K.); (M.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Division, College of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 11432, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (I.Y.)
| | - Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.E.-L.); (M.M.K.); (M.G.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Mai M. Khalaf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.E.-L.); (M.M.K.); (M.G.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.E.-L.); (M.M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Ibrahim Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Division, College of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 11432, Egypt
- Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Neuroradiology and Neuro-Intervention Section, Department of Radiology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (I.Y.)
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4
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de Fátima Â, Fernandes SA, Ferreira de Paiva W, de Freitas Rego Y. The Povarov Reaction: A Versatile Method to Synthesize Tetrahydroquinolines, Quinolines and Julolidines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1794-8355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe multicomponent Povarov reaction represents a powerful approach for the construction of substances containing N-heterocyclic frameworks. By using the Povarov reaction, in addition to accessing tetrahydroquinolines, quinolines and julolidines in a single step, it is possible to form the following new bonds: two Csp
3–Csp
3 and one Csp
3–Nsp
3, two Csp
2–Csp
2 and one Csp
2–Nsp
2, and four Csp
3–Csp
3 and two Csp
3–Nsp
1, respectively. This short review discusses the main features of the Povarov reaction, including its mechanism, the reaction scope by employing different catalysts and substrates, as well as stereoselective versions.1 Introduction2 Mechanism of the Povarov Reaction3 Tetrahydroquinolines4 Quinolines5 Julolidines6 Concluding Remarks
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo de Fátima
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
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5
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Tang Q, Yuan M, Duan J, Xu K, Li R, Xie M, Kong S, He X, Shang Y. Metal‐Free Cascade Annulation Approach for Modular Assembly of Alkynyl/Benzoyl Functionalized Quinolines. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Keke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Ruxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Mengqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
| | - Xinwei He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 P. R. China
| | - Yongjia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base) College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 P. R. China
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6
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Mohajer F, Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Poormohammad N. Copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions: an overview. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6885-6925. [PMID: 35423221 PMCID: PMC8695108 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10575a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sonogashira reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of a vinyl or aryl halide with a terminal alkyne to form a C-C bond. In its original form, the Sonogashira reaction is performed with a palladium species as a catalyst while co-catalyzed by a copper species and a phosphine or amine. The reaction is conducted under mild conditions, i.e., room temperature, aqueous solutions, and the presence of mild bases. Undeniably, the Sonogashira reaction is among the most competent and efficient reactions widely used in organic synthesis. This named reaction has proved useful in many organic synthesis areas, including the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, heterocycles, natural products, organic compounds, complex molecules having biological activities, nanomaterials, and many more materials that we use in our daily lives. The presence of transition metals as a catalyst was indeed essential in the Sonogashira reaction. However, recently, the reaction has been successfully conducted without copper as a co-catalyst and phosphines or amines as bases. In this critical review, we have focused on developments in the Sonogashira reaction successfully performed in the absence of copper complexes, phosphines or amines, which could be of particular advantage in implementing green chemistry principles and making the reactions more achievable from an economic viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
| | - Majid M Heravi
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
| | - Nargess Poormohammad
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
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7
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Chakraborty B, Kar A, Chanda R, Jana U. Application of the Povarov Reaction in Biaryls under Iron Catalysis for the General Synthesis of Dibenzo[ a, c]Acridines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9281-9289. [PMID: 32588630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A modified Povarov reaction involving 2'-alkynylbiaryl-2-carbaldehydes and aryl amines with tandem oxidation was performed using catalytic FeCl3. The outcome was an efficient general synthesis of dibenzo[a,c]acridines with moderate to high yields. This method offers simplicity in the preparation of substrates, diverse substrate scope, and high atom economy. The generality of the protocol was verified by synthesizing a tribenzo[a,c,h]acridine derivative. Photophysical properties of the synthesized compounds were also studied. The compounds absorb UV light typically in the range 230-330 nm and emit in the visible range of 400-420 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baitan Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupsa Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Umasish Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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8
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Costa CA, Lopes RM, Ferraz LS, Esteves GN, Di Iorio JF, Souza AA, de Oliveira IM, Manarin F, Judice WA, Stefani HA, Rodrigues T. Cytotoxicity of 4-substituted quinoline derivatives: Anticancer and antileishmanial potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Darbem MP, Esteves HA, Oliveira IM, Pimenta DC, Stefani HA. Palladium‐Catalyzed Thio‐ and Selenocarbonylation of 2‐Iodoglycals. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Darbem
- Departamento de Farmácia Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São Paulo São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Henrique A. Esteves
- Departamento de Farmácia Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São Paulo São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Isadora M. Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São Paulo São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | | | - Hélio A. Stefani
- Departamento de Farmácia Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São Paulo São Paulo, SP – Brazil
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10
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Tripodi GL, Correra TC, Angolini CFF, Ferreira BRV, Maître P, Eberlin MN, Roithová J. The Intermediates in Lewis Acid Catalysis with Lanthanide Triflates. European J Org Chem 2019; 2019:3560-3566. [PMID: 31680777 PMCID: PMC6813638 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide triflates are effective Lewis acid catalysts in reactions involving carbonyl compounds due to their high oxophilicity and water stability. Despite the growing interest, the identity of the catalytic species formed in lanthanide catalysed reactions is still unknown. We have therefore used mass spectrometry and ion spectroscopy to intercept and characterize the intermediates in a reaction catalysed by ytterbium and dysprosium triflates. We were able to identify a number of lanthanide intermediates formed in a simple condensation reaction between a C‐acid and an aldehyde. Results show correlation between the reactivity of lanthanide complexes and their charge state and suggest that the triply charged complexes play a key role in lanthanide catalysed reactions. Spectroscopic data of the gaseous ions accompanied by theoretical calculations reveal that the difference between catalytic efficiencies of ytterbium and dysprosium ions can be explained by their different electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L Tripodi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thiago C Correra
- Departament of Organic Chemistry Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo 05508-000 São Paulo-SP Brazil
| | - Célio F F Angolini
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences Federal University of ABC (UFABC) 09210-580 Santo André -SP Brazil
| | - Bruno R V Ferreira
- Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais Campus Salinas 39560-000 Salinas-MG Brazil
| | - Philippe Maître
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, URM8000, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry State University of Campinas 13084-971 Campinas-SP Brazil.,School of Engeneering Mackenzie Presbiterian University 01302907 São Paulo-SP Brazil
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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11
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de Oliveira IM, Esteves CHA, Darbem MP, Pimenta DC, Zukerman‐Schpector J, Ferreira AG, Stefani HA, Manarin F. Iron (III)‐Promoted Synthesis of Substituted 4
H
‐Chalcogenochromenes and Chemoselective Functionalization. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora M. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São Paulo São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - C. Henrique A. Esteves
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Mariana P. Darbem
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio G. Ferreira
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos, SP – Brazil
| | - Hélio A. Stefani
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências FarmacêuticasUniversidade de São Paulo, SP – Brazil
| | - Flavia Manarin
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas – CECEUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Toledo, PR – Brazil
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12
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de Oliveira IM, Darbem MP, Esteves CHA, Pimenta DC, Zukerman-Schpector J, Stefani HA, Manarin F. Ytterbium-catalyzed formal [4+2] cycloaddition: Synthesis of chalcogen-quinolines 3-unsubstituted. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Samanta PK, Banerjee R, Richards RM, Biswas P. Mesoporous silica supported ytterbium as catalyst for synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles and 2-substituted benzimidazoles. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Kumar Samanta
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur; Howrah 711 103 West Bengal India
| | - Rumeli Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur; Howrah 711 103 West Bengal India
| | - Ryan M. Richards
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Papu Biswas
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur; Howrah 711 103 West Bengal India
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14
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de Oliveira IM, Pimenta DC, Zukerman-Schpector J, Stefani HA, Manarin F. Copper(i)/succinic acid cooperatively catalyzed one-pot synthesis of organoselenium-propargylamines via A3-coupling. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01543k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selenium propargylamines were synthesized via an A3-coupling approach using piperidine, p-methoxybenzaldehyde, and trimethylsilyl selenium–acetylene, catalyzed by copper(i) chloride and succinic acid as an additive, in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora M. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Daniel C. Pimenta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica
- Instituto Butantan
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | | | - Hélio A. Stefani
- Departamento de Farmácia
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Flávia Manarin
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas- CECE
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná
- Toledo
- Brazil
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