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Bai F, Jia Y, Li J, Wu Z, Li L, Song L. Paraquat induces different programmed cell death patterns in Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella luteoviridis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114429. [PMID: 36516625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although programmed cell death (PCD) has been reported in phytoplankton, knowledge of the characterization of the PCD pathway and cascade process in different phytoplankton species is still limited. In this study, PCD progression in cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and green algae Chlorella luteoviridis by paraquat-induced oxidative stress was monitored. The results showed that paraquat-induced PCD in the two species belonged to the caspase-dependent pathway. Dose- and time-dependent PCD characteristics in the two strains under paraquat included the increase in caspase-like activity, DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation. However, the signaling pathway and cascade events of PCD in M. aeruginosa and C. luteoviridis differed. In M. aeruginosa, the free Ca2+ concentration was rapidly increased at 8 h, followed by a significant elevation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level at 24 h, and eventual cell death. In C. luteoviridis, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, revealed by the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential at 1 h and increase in the ROS level and caspase-like activity at 8 h, might contribute to cell death. In addition, the dynamics of ROS levels and metacaspase activity were synchronized, suggesting that paraquat-triggered PCD was ROS-mediated in both M. aeruginosa and C. luteoviridis. These results provide insights into PCD patterns in prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic green algae under similar stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhongxing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Liu S, Liu Y, Zhang J. Proteomic mechanisms for the regulation of growth, photosynthetic activity and nitrogen fixation in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 exposed to three antibiotic contaminants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112753. [PMID: 34500384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influences of three frequently detected antibiotics in surface waters, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole, on the growth, photosynthetic activity, nitrogen-fixing capacity and proteomic expression profiles of Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, through a 15-day exposure test at environmentally relevant exposure doses of 50-200 ng/L. Cyanobacterial growth was stimulated by 100 ng/L and 200 ng/L of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole as well as 50-200 ng/L of tetracycline. The nitrogenase synthesis ability in each cyanobacterial cell was stimulated by 50-200 ng/L of ciprofloxacin while inhibited by 100 ng/L and 200 ng/L of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. At the exposure dose of 100 ng/L for each antibiotic, the variation of total nitrogen in the culture medium indicated that the nitrogen-fixing capacity of Nostoc sp. was determined by total nitrogenase concentration calculated by cell density × nitrogenase synthesis ability. Therefore, ciprofloxacin enhanced nitrogen fixation through the stimulation of both cyanobacterial growth and nitrogenase synthesis, while tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole enhanced nitrogen fixation merely through growth stimulation. At the exposure dose of 100 ng/L, only two downregulated proteins, a phosphonate ABC transporter and a methionine aminopeptidase, as well as one upregulated protein, the phenylalanine-tRNA ligase alpha subunit, were commonly shared by three antibiotic-treated groups. Ciprofloxacin upregulated proteins related to nitrogen fixation, carbon catabolism and biosynthesis, but downregulated photosynthesis-related proteins. In contrast, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole increased the photosynthetic activity of Nostoc sp. through upregulating photosynthesis-related proteins, but downregulated proteins related to nitrogen fixation, carbon catabolism and biosynthesis. The resistance of Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 to three target antibiotics were related with the responses of RNA synthesis regulatory proteins. Stimulation of cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation by antibiotic contaminants could aggravate eutrophication in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaitong Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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Almeida AC, Gomes T, Lomba JAB, Lillicrap A. Specific toxicity of azithromycin to the freshwater microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112553. [PMID: 34325198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are produced to inflict a specific physiological response in organisms. However, as only partially metabolized after administration, these types of compounds can also originate harmful side effects to non-target organisms. Additionally, there is still a lack of knowledge on the toxicological effects of legacy pharmaceuticals such as the antibiotic azithromycin. This macrolide occurs at high concentrations in the aquatic environment and can constitute a threat to aquatic organisms that are at the basis of the aquatic food chain, namely microalgae. This study established a high-throughput methodology to study the toxicity of azithromycin to the freshwater microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Flow cytometry and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry were used as screening tools. General toxicity was shown by effects in growth rate, cell size, cell complexity, cell viability and cell cycle. More specific outcomes were indicated by the analysis of mitochondrial and cytoplasmatic membrane potentials, DNA content, formation of ROS and LPO, natural pigments content and photosystem II performance. The specific mode of action (MoA) of azithromycin to crucial components of microalgae cells was revealed. Azithromycin had a negative impact on the regulation of energy dissipation at the PSII centers, along with an insufficient protection by the regulatory mechanisms leading to photodamage. The blockage of photosynthetic electrons led to ROS formation and consequent oxidative damage, affecting membranes and DNA. Overall, the used methodology exhibited its high potential for detecting the toxic MoA of compounds in microalgae and should be considered for future risk assessment of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Almeida
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway.
| | - Tânia Gomes
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
| | | | - Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
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Nava AR, Mauricio N, Sanca AJ, Domínguez DC. Evidence of Calcium Signaling and Modulation of the LmrS Multidrug Resistant Efflux Pump Activity by Ca 2 + Ions in S. aureus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573388. [PMID: 33193178 PMCID: PMC7642317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a pivotal role in eukaryote cell signaling and regulate many physiological functions. Although a similar role for Ca2+ in prokaryotes has been difficult to demonstrate, there is increasing evidence for Ca2+ as a cell regulator in bacteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate Ca2+ signaling and the effect of Ca2+ on the Staphylococcus aureus multidrug resistant efflux pump LmrS. We hypothesized that antibiotics act by increasing Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn enhance the efflux activity of LmrS. These Ca2+ transients were measured by luminometry in response to various antibiotics by using the photoprotein aequorin reconstituted within live bacterial cells. Efflux associated with LmrS was measured by the increase in fluorescence due to the loss of ethidium bromide (EtBr) from both S. aureus cells and from E. coli cells in which the lmrs gene of S. aureus was expressed. We found that addition of antibiotics to cells generated unique cytosolic Ca2+ transients and that addition of CaCl2 to cells enhanced EtBr efflux whereas addition of Ca2+ chelators or efflux pump inhibitors significantly decreased EtBr efflux from cells. We conclude that antibiotics induce a Ca2+ mediated response through transients in cytosolic Ca2+, which then stimulates LmrS efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Nava
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Mauricio
- Biology Department, El Paso Community College, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Angel J Sanca
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Delfina C Domínguez
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Clinical Laboratory Science Program/Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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González-Pleiter M, Cirés S, Wörmer L, Agha R, Pulido-Reyes G, Martín-Betancor K, Rico A, Leganés F, Quesada A, Fernández-Piñas F. Ecotoxicity assessment of microcystins from freshwater samples using a bioluminescent cyanobacterial bioassay. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124966. [PMID: 31726608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The hepatotoxic cyanotoxins microcystins (MCs) are emerging contaminants naturally produced by cyanobacteria. Yet their ecological role remains unsolved, previous research suggests that MCs have allelopathic effects on competing photosynthetic microorganisms, even eliciting toxic effects on other freshwater cyanobacteria. In this context, the bioluminescent recombinant cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120 CPB4337 (hereinafter Anabaena) was exposed to extracts of MCs. These were obtained from eight natural samples from freshwater reservoirs that contained MCs with a concentration range of 0.04-11.9 μg MCs L-1. MCs extracts included the three most common MCs variants (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR) in different proportions (MC-LR: 100-0%; MC-RR: 100-0%; MC-YR: 14.2-0%). The Anabaena bioassay based on bioluminescence inhibition has been successfully used to test the toxicity of many emerging contaminants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) but never for cyanotoxins prior to this study. Exposure of Anabaena to MCs extracts induced a decrease in its bioluminescence with effective concentration decreasing bioluminescence by 50% ranging from 0.4 to 50.5 μg MC L-1 in the different samples. Bioluminescence responses suggested an interaction between MCs variants which was analyzed via the Additive Index method (AI), indicating an antagonistic effect (AI < 0) of MC-LR and MC-RR present in the samples. Additionally, MC extracts exposure triggered an increase of intracellular free Ca2+ in Anabaena. In short, this study supports the use of the Anabaena bioassay as a sensitive tool to assess the presence of MCs at environmentally relevant concentrations and opens interesting avenues regarding the interactions between MCs variants and the possible implication of Ca2+ in the mode of action of MCs towards cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Pleiter
- Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Samuel Cirés
- Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lars Wörmer
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ramsy Agha
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, Berlin, 12587, Germany
| | - Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Keila Martín-Betancor
- Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Quesada
- Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Li S, Ju H, Zhang J, Chen P, Ji M, Ren J, Zhao S. Occurrence and distribution of selected antibiotics in the surface waters and ecological risk assessment based on the theory of natural disaster. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:28384-28400. [PMID: 31376122 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With increasing population growth and resource depletion, ecological health is a hotspot and urgent topic. Our study investigated the occurrence and distribution of five antibiotics, i.e., metronidazole (MET), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), ciprofloxacin (CFX), norfloxacin (NFX), and enrofloxacin (EFX), in the surface water from Erlong Lake, China. With the seasonal and spatial variations of antibiotics, this study developed an interdisciplinary approach for the ecological risk of antibiotics considering the natural, human, and socioeconomic elements of watershed based on the risk theory of natural disaster. This approach integrates the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis tool, natural disaster theory, "driving force"-"pressure"-"state"-"impact"-"response" (DPSIR) model, and ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators in terms of various environmental factors, representing a new ecological risk paradigm for environmental managers or decision-makers to identify environmental change. A total of 69 samples were collected in wet, dry, and normal seasons from 2017 to 2018, and laboratory analyses revealed that four antibiotics (MET, SMZ, CFX, and NFX) were widely detected in the lake. The mean concentrations decreased in the order of MET (1041.7 ng L-1) > SMZ (771.4 ng L-1) > CFX (646.4 ng L-1) > NFX (179.0 ng L-1) > EFX (15.3 ng L-1), with their levels in natural surface waters higher than those in other studies. Antibiotic concentrations were higher in dry seasons than in other seasons, and the concentrations were strongly correlated with EC (electrical conductivity), pH, DOC (dissolved organic carbon), and TP (total phosphorus) according to redundancy analysis (RDA). Significant seasonal variations were found in CFX and EFX (ANOVA, p < 0.001). For the whole watershed, the ecological extremely and heavily vulnerable levels were concentrated in the central and northwest regions of the watershed, i.e., Changling county and Lishu county. Hence, the ecological distributions of extreme risk and heavy risk posed by the five selected antibiotics were assessed by using the mixture hazard quotient methods and DPSIR model which were also located in these counties in different seasons. The antibiotic results of ecosystem risk assessment can support decision-makers in identifying and prioritizing the necessary taking of specific measures and different risk attitudes to preserve the quality of ecological health for a city or multiple counties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Li
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Hanyu Ju
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
- Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Tourism and Geography Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China.
| | - Meichen Ji
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jianhua Ren
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Shuyun Zhao
- Tallinn University of Technology, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
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Machado MD, Soares EV. Impact of erythromycin on a non-target organism: Cellular effects on the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:179-186. [PMID: 30682620 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing and indiscriminate use of antibiotics is the origin of their introduction in aquatic systems through domestic and livestock effluents. The occurrence of erythromycin (ERY), a macrolide antibiotic, in water bodies raises serious concerns about its potential toxic effect in aquatic biota (non-target organisms), particularly in microalgae, the first organisms in contact with aquatic contaminants. This study aimed to evaluate the possible toxic effects of ERY on relevant cell targets of the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Algal cells incubated with significant environmental ERY concentrations presented disturbance of the photosynthetic apparatus (increased algal autofluorescence and reduction of chlorophyll a content) and mitochondrial function (hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane). These perturbations can apparently be attributed to the similarity of the translational machinery of these organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) with the prokaryotic cells. P. subcapitata cells treated with ERY showed a modification of metabolic activity (increased esterase activity) and redox state (alteration of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione content) and an increased biovolume. ERY induced an algistatic effect: reduction of growth rate without loss of cell viability (plasma membrane integrity). The present study shows that chronic exposure (72 h), at low (μg L-1) ERY concentrations (within the range of concentrations detected in surface and ground waters), induce disturbances in the physiological state of the alga P. subcapitata. Additionally, this work alerts to the possible negative impact of the uncontrolled use of ERY on the aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D Machado
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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