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Yu Y, Wang T, Zhang Y, You J, Hu F, Zhang H. Recent Progress of Transition Metal Compounds as Electrocatalysts for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300109. [PMID: 37489551 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen has enormous commercial potential as a secondary energy source because of its high calorific value, clean combustion byproducts, and multiple production methods. Electrocatalytic water splitting is a viable alternative to the conventional methane steam reforming technique, as it operates under mild conditions, produces high-quality hydrogen, and has a sustainable production process that requires less energy. Electrocatalysts composed of precious metals like Pt, Au, Ru, and Ag are commonly used in the investigation of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Nevertheless, their limited availability and expensive cost restrict practical use. In contrast, electrocatalysts that do not contain precious metals are readily available, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and possess electrocatalytic performance equal to that of noble metals. However, considerable research effort must be devoted to create cost-effective and high-performing catalysts. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the reaction mechanism involved in electrocatalytic water splitting in both acidic and basic environments. Additionally, recent breakthroughs in catalysts for both the hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions are also discussed. The structure-activity relationship of the catalyst was deep-going discussed, together with the prospects of current obstacles and potential for electrocatalytic water splitting, aiming at provide valuable perspectives for the advancement of economical and efficient electrocatalysts on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongren Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - Junhua You
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - Fang Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - Hangzhou Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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2
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Zheng B, Wang J, Zhang L, Wang L. Coupling external and internal pressure for the structural transition of MIL-53(Cr). Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16371-16376. [PMID: 34734941 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have the ability to perform stimulated sudden volume contractions, and thus attract increasing attention for use in potential applications such as: actuators or sensors. Here, the structural transition of MIL-53(Cr) loaded with a high concentration of CH3OH (CH3OH) guest molecules, which cause internal pressure due to guest-guest interactions, was investigated. The pressure triggering the structural transition can be enhanced by high guest molecule loadings (1 CH3OH per unit cell (UC): 5 MPa, empty: 53 MPa, 7 CH3OH per UC: 90 MPa, and 8 CH3OH per UC: 280 MPa). The asymmetrical and small distortion of the organic-inorganic connections are the main microscopic characteristic of the structural transition of MIL-53(Cr) with a high CH3OH loading. The external pressure and the internal pressure, instead of the adsorption of the guest molecules, became dominant in the structural transition of MIL-53(Cr). Current studies showed that the high-pressure response of the flexible MOF structure may broaden the acceptable pressure range in future actuator or sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Jinlei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Lianli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
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3
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Vandenhaute S, Rogge SMJ, Van Speybroeck V. Large-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal New Insights Into the Phase Transition Mechanisms in MIL-53(Al). Front Chem 2021; 9:718920. [PMID: 34513797 PMCID: PMC8429608 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.718920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft porous crystals have the ability to undergo large structural transformations upon exposure to external stimuli while maintaining their long-range structural order, and the size of the crystal plays an important role in this flexible behavior. Computational modeling has the potential to unravel mechanistic details of these phase transitions, provided that the models are representative for experimental crystal sizes and allow for spatially disordered phenomena to occur. Here, we take a major step forward and enable simulations of metal-organic frameworks containing more than a million atoms. This is achieved by exploiting the massive parallelism of state-of-the-art GPUs using the OpenMM software package, for which we developed a new pressure control algorithm that allows for fully anisotropic unit cell fluctuations. As a proof of concept, we study the transition mechanism in MIL-53(Al) under various external pressures. In the lower pressure regime, a layer-by-layer mechanism is observed, while at higher pressures, the transition is initiated at discrete nucleation points and temporarily induces various domains in both the open and closed pore phases. The presented workflow opens the possibility to deduce transition mechanism diagrams for soft porous crystals in terms of the crystal size and the strength of the external stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vervoorts P, Keupp J, Schneemann A, Hobday CL, Daisenberger D, Fischer RA, Schmid R, Kieslich G. Configurational Entropy Driven High-Pressure Behaviour of a Flexible Metal-Organic Framework (MOF). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:787-793. [PMID: 32926541 PMCID: PMC7839482 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show large structural flexibility as a function of temperature or (gas)pressure variation, a fascinating property of high technological and scientific relevance. The targeted design of flexible MOFs demands control over the macroscopic thermodynamics as determined by microscopic chemical interactions and remains an open challenge. Herein we apply high-pressure powder X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations to gain insight into the microscopic chemical factors that determine the high-pressure macroscopic thermodynamics of two flexible pillared-layer MOFs. For the first time we identify configurational entropy that originates from side-chain modifications of the linker as the key factor determining the thermodynamics in a flexible MOF. The study shows that configurational entropy is an important yet largely overlooked parameter, providing an intriguing perspective of how to chemically access the underlying free energy landscape in MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Vervoorts
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485748GarchingGermany
| | - Julian Keupp
- Computational Materials ChemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Inorganic Chemistry ITechnical University DresdenBergstr. 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Claire L. Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of ChemistryThe University of EdinburghKings' Buildings West Mains RoadEdinburghEH9 3FDUK
| | - Dominik Daisenberger
- Diamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 ODEOxfordshireUK
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485748GarchingGermany
| | - Rochus Schmid
- Computational Materials ChemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Gregor Kieslich
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485748GarchingGermany
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5
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Vervoorts P, Keupp J, Schneemann A, Hobday CL, Daisenberger D, Fischer RA, Schmid R, Kieslich G. Configurational Entropy Driven High‐Pressure Behaviour of a Flexible Metal–Organic Framework (MOF). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Vervoorts
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Julian Keupp
- Computational Materials Chemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Inorganic Chemistry I Technical University Dresden Bergstr. 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Claire L. Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry The University of Edinburgh Kings' Buildings West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3FD UK
| | - Dominik Daisenberger
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 ODE Oxfordshire UK
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Rochus Schmid
- Computational Materials Chemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Gregor Kieslich
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
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Wharmby MT, Niekiel F, Benecke J, Waitschat S, Reinsch H, Daisenberger D, Stock N, Yot PG. Influence of Thermal and Mechanical Stimuli on the Behavior of Al-CAU-13 Metal-Organic Framework. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1698. [PMID: 32872371 PMCID: PMC7557782 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The response of the metal-organic framework aluminum-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate or Al-CAU-13 (CAU: Christian Albrecht University) to the application of thermal and mechanical stimuli was investigated using synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (SPXRD). Variable temperature in situ SPXRD data, over the range 80-500 K, revealed a complex evolution of the structure of the water guest containing Al-CAU-13H2O, the dehydration process from ca. 310 to 370 K, and also the evolution of the guest free Al-CAU-13 structure between ca. 370 and 500 K. Rietveld refinement allowed this complexity to be rationalized in the different regions of heating. The Berman thermal Equation of State was determined for the two structures (Al-CAU-13H2O and Al-CAU-13). Diamond anvil cell studies at elevated pressure (from ambient to up to ca. 11 GPa) revealed similarities in the structural responses on application of pressure and temperature. The ability of the pressure medium to penetrate the framework was also found to be important: non-penetrating silicone oil caused pressure induced amorphization, whereas penetrating helium showed no plastic deformation of the structure. Third-order Vinet equations of state were calculated and show Al-CAU-13H2O is a hard compound for a metal-organic framework material. The mechanical response of Al-CAU-13, with tetramethylpyrazine guests replacing water, was also investigated. Although the connectivity of the structure is the same, all the linkers have a linear e,e-conformation and the structure adopts a more open, wine-rack-like arrangement, which demonstrates negative linear compressibility (NLC) similar to Al-MIL-53 and a significantly softer mechanical response. The origin of this variation in behavior is attributed to the different linker conformation, demonstrating the influence of the S-shaped a,a-conformation on the response of the framework to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Wharmby
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Niekiel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (F.N.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (H.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Jannik Benecke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (F.N.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (H.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Steve Waitschat
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (F.N.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (H.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Helge Reinsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (F.N.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (H.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Dominik Daisenberger
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK;
| | - Norbert Stock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (F.N.); (J.B.); (S.W.); (H.R.); (N.S.)
| | - Pascal G. Yot
- ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Evans JD, Bon V, Senkovska I, Lee HC, Kaskel S. Four-dimensional metal-organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2690. [PMID: 32483346 PMCID: PMC7264271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognising timescale as an adjustable dimension in porous solids provides a new perspective to develop novel four-dimensional framework materials. The deliberate design of three-dimensional porous framework architectures is a developed field; however, the understanding of dynamics in open frameworks leaves a number of key questions unanswered: What factors determine the spatiotemporal evolution of deformable networks? Can we deliberately engineer the response of dynamic materials along a time-axis? How can we engineer energy barriers for the selective recognition of molecules? Answering these questions will require significant methodological development to understand structural dynamics across a range of time and length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Evans
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hui-Chun Lee
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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8
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Leubner S, Stäglich R, Franke J, Jacobsen J, Gosch J, Siegel R, Reinsch H, Maurin G, Senker J, Yot PG, Stock N. Solvent Impact on the Properties of Benchmark Metal-Organic Frameworks: Acetonitrile-Based Synthesis of CAU-10, Ce-UiO-66, and Al-MIL-53. Chemistry 2020; 26:3877-3883. [PMID: 31991507 PMCID: PMC7154691 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein is reported the utilization of acetonitrile as a new solvent for the synthesis of the three significantly different benchmark metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) CAU-10, Ce-UiO-66, and Al-MIL-53 of idealized composition [Al(OH)(ISO)], [Ce6 O4 (OH)4 (BDC)6 ], and [Al(OH)(BDC)], respectively (ISO2- : isophthalate, BDC2- : terephthalate). Its use allowed the synthesis of Ce-UiO-66 on a gram scale. While CAU-10 and Ce-UiO-66 exhibit properties similar to those reported elsewhere for these two materials, the obtained Al-MIL-53 shows no structural flexibility upon adsorption of hydrophilic or hydrophobic guest molecules such as water and xenon and is stabilized in its large-pore form over a broad temperature range (130-450 K). The stabilization of the large-pore form of Al-MIL-53 was attributed to a high percentage of noncoordinating -COOH groups as determined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The defective material shows an unusually high water uptake of 310 mg g-1 within the range of 0.45 to 0.65 p/p°. In spite of showing no breathing effect upon water adsorption it exhibits distinct mechanical properties. Thus, mercury intrusion porosimetry studies revealed that the solid can be reversibly forced to breathe by applying moderate pressures (≈60 MPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Leubner
- Department for Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of KielMax-Eyth Strasse 224118KielGermany
| | - Robert Stäglich
- Inorganic Chemistry IIIUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Julia Franke
- Department for Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of KielMax-Eyth Strasse 224118KielGermany
| | - Jannick Jacobsen
- Department for Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of KielMax-Eyth Strasse 224118KielGermany
| | - Jonas Gosch
- Department for Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of KielMax-Eyth Strasse 224118KielGermany
| | - Renée Siegel
- Inorganic Chemistry IIIUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Helge Reinsch
- Department for Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of KielMax-Eyth Strasse 224118KielGermany
| | - Guillaume Maurin
- Institut Charles Gerhard Montpellier (ICGM) UMR 5253Université de Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, CC 1505Place Eugène Bataillon43095Montpellier cedex 05France
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry IIIUniversity of BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Pascal G. Yot
- Institut Charles Gerhard Montpellier (ICGM) UMR 5253Université de Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, CC 1505Place Eugène Bataillon43095Montpellier cedex 05France
| | - Norbert Stock
- Department for Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of KielMax-Eyth Strasse 224118KielGermany
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Vervoorts P, Hobday CL, Ehrenreich MG, Daisenberger D, Kieslich G. The Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework ZIF-4 under Low Hydrostatic Pressures. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Vervoorts
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Claire L. Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; The University of Edinburgh, Kings' Buildings; West Mains Road EH9 3FD Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Ehrenreich
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Dominik Daisenberger
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House; Harwell Science and Innovation Campus; OX11 ODE Didcot Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Gregor Kieslich
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
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