1
|
Zuurveld M, Ayechu-Muruzabal V, Folkerts G, Garssen J, van‘t Land B, Willemsen LEM. Specific Human Milk Oligosaccharides Differentially Promote Th1 and Regulatory Responses in a CpG-Activated Epithelial/Immune Cell Coculture. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020263. [PMID: 36830632 PMCID: PMC9953370 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper early life immune development creates a basis for a healthy and resilient immune system, which balances immune tolerance and activation. Deviations in neonatal immune maturation can have life-long effects, such as development of allergic diseases. Evidence suggests that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) possess immunomodulatory properties essential for neonatal immune maturation. To understand the immunomodulatory properties of enzymatic or bacterial produced HMOS, the effects of five HMOS (2'FL, 3FL, 3'SL, 6'SL and LNnT), present in human milk have been studied. A PBMC immune model, the IEC barrier model and IEC/PBMC transwell coculture models were used, representing critical steps in mucosal immune development. HMOS were applied to IEC cocultured with activated PBMC. In the presence of CpG, 2'FL and 3FL enhanced IFNγ (p < 0.01), IL10 (p < 0.0001) and galectin-9 (p < 0.001) secretion when added to IEC; 2'FL and 3FL decreased Th2 cell development while 3FL enhanced Treg polarization (p < 0.05). IEC were required for this 3FL mediated Treg polarization, which was not explained by epithelial-derived galectin-9, TGFβ nor retinoic acid secretion. The most pronounced immunomodulatory effects, linking to enhanced type 1 and regulatory mediator secretion, were observed for 2'FL and 3FL. Future studies are needed to further understand the complex interplay between HMO and early life mucosal immune development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (L.E.M.W.)
| | - Veronica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Belinda van‘t Land
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (L.E.M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Calatayud M, Duysburgh C, Van den Abbeele P, Franckenstein D, Kuchina-Koch A, Marzorati M. Long-Term Lactulose Administration Improves Dysbiosis Induced by Antibiotic and C. difficile in the PathoGut TM SHIME Model. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1464. [PMID: 36358119 PMCID: PMC9686563 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and an important nosocomial infection with different severity degrees. Disruption of the gut microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotics creates a proper environment for C. difficile colonization, proliferation, and clinical disease onset. Restoration of the gut microbial ecosystem through prebiotic interventions can constitute an effective complementary treatment of CDI. Using an adapted simulator of the human gut microbial ecosystem, the PathoGutTM SHIME, the effect of different long-term and repeated dose lactulose treatments was tested on C. difficile germination and growth in antibiotic-induced dysbiotic gut microbiota environments. The results showed that lactulose reduced the growth of viable C. difficile cells following clindamycin treatment, shifted the antibiotic-induced dysbiotic microbial community, and stimulated the production of health-promoting metabolites (especially butyrate). Recovery of the gut microenvironment by long-term lactulose administration following CDI was also linked to lactate production, decrease in pH and modulation of bile salt metabolism. At a structural level, lactulose showed a significant bifidogenic potential and restored key commensal members of the gut ecosystem such as Lactobacillaceae, Veillonellaceae and Lachnospiraceae. These results support further human intervention studies aiming to validate the in vitro beneficial effects of lactulose on gut microbiome recovery during antibiotic exposure and CDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calatayud
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Massimo Marzorati
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ayechu-Muruzabal V, van de Kaa M, Mukherjee R, Garssen J, Stahl B, Pieters RJ, van’t Land B, Kraneveld AD, Willemsen LEM. Modulation of the Epithelial-Immune Cell Crosstalk and Related Galectin Secretion by DP3-5 Galacto-Oligosaccharides and β-3′Galactosyllactose. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030384. [PMID: 35327576 PMCID: PMC8945669 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) were shown to support mucosal immune development by enhancing regulatory-type Th1 immune polarization induced by synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (TLR9 agonist mimicking a bacterial DNA trigger). Epithelial-derived galectin-9 was associated with these immunomodulatory effects. We aimed to identify the most active fractions within GOS based on the degree of polymerization (DP), and to study the immunomodulatory capacities of DP3-sized β-3′galactosyllactose (β-3′GL) using a transwell co-culture model of human intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IEC were apically exposed to different DP fractions of GOS or β-3′GL in the presence of CpG, and basolaterally co-cultured with αCD3/CD28-activated PBMC, washed, and incubated in fresh medium for IEC-derived galectin analysis. Only DP3-5 in the presence of CpG enhanced galectin-9 secretion. DP3-sized β-3′GL promoted a regulatory-type Th1 response by increasing IFNγ and IL-10 or galectin-9 concentrations as compared to CpG alone. In addition, IEC-derived galectin-3, -4, and -9 secretion was increased by β-3′GL when combined with CpG. Therefore, the GOS DP3-5 and most effectively DP3-sized β-3′GL supported the immunomodulatory properties induced by CpG by enhancing epithelial-derived galectin secretion, which, in turn, could support mucosal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Melanie van de Kaa
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Reshmi Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
| | - Belinda van’t Land
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Center for Translational Immunology, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Fan Q, Cai H, Deng J, Ming F, Li J, Zeng M, Ma M, Zhao P, Liang Q, Jia J, Zhang S, Zhang L. Identification of RBP4 from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) / silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and effects of CpG ODN on RBP4 expression under A. hydrophila challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:476-488. [PMID: 32209398 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is known as a highly conserved adipokine for immune activation. Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) is the most common zoonotic pathogen in aquaculture, which causes serious economic losses to aquaculture, especially to bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, H. nobilis) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, H. molitrix). Recent studies along with our previous findings have shown that synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) can play a good role in aquatic animals against infection. In order to clarify the relationship between CpG ODN and RBP4 under A. hydrophila infection, firstly, full-length RBP4 cDNAs from H. nobilis and H. molitrix were cloned. And characteristics of RBP4, including sequence and structure, tissue distribution and genetic evolution were analyzed. In addition, mRNA expression levels of RBP4, cytokine, toll-like receptors (TLRs), morbidity and survival rates of H. nobilis and H. molitrix were observed post CpG ODN immunization or following challenge. The results indicated that hn/hm_RBP4 (RBP4 genes obtained from H. nobilis and H. molitrix) had the highest homology with Megalobrama amblycephala. Distribution data showed that the expression level of hn_RBP4 mRNA was higher than that of hm_RBP4. After CpG ODN immunization followed by A.hydrophila challenge, significantly higher survival was observed in both carps, together with up-regulated RBP4 expression. Meanwhile, hn/hm_IL-1β level was relatively flat (and decreased), hn/hm_IFN-γ, hn/hm_TLR4 and hn/hm_TLR9 levels increased significantly, but hn/hm_STRA6 showed no significant change, compared with control. Moreover, CpG ODN immunization could induce stronger immune protective responses (higher IFN-γ/gentle IL-1β level and lower morbidity/higher survival rate) against A. hydrophila in H. nobilis, along with higher RBP4 level, when compared with that in H. molitrix. These results demonstrated that RBP4 was well involved in the immune protection of CpG ODN. Based on the results, we speculated that in the case of A. hydrophila infection, TLR9 signaling pathway was activated by CpG ODN. Subsequently, CpG ODN up-regulated RBP4, and RBP4 activated TLR4 signaling pathway. Then TLR4 and TLR9 synergistically improved the anti-infection responses. Our findings have good significance for improving resistance to pathogen infection in freshwater fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jinbo Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Feiping Ming
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Miaopeng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Peijing Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qianyi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Junhao Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Linghua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai H, Wei J, Shen H, Li J, Fan Q, Zhao Z, Deng J, Ming F, Zeng M, Ma M, Zhao P, Liang Q, Jia J, Zhang S, Zhang L. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression profiles of Annexin family (ANXA1~A6) in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and ANX regulation by CpG ODN responding to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:609-630. [PMID: 32088284 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, many previous reports have emphasized that Annexins (ANX) family played an important role in immune responses. Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila), the most common zoonotic pathogenic bacteria of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), can cause serious economic loss, especially to yellow catfish with high economic value. In our previous work, we demonstrated that synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) owned powerful immunostimulatory activity. However, the relationship among Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Annexins (Pf_ANX), CpG ODN and A. hydrophila is unknown. Therefore, we cloned Pf_ANX1-6 genes and analyzed its sequences, structures, genetic evolution, post-translation modifications (PTMs), Ca2+ ion binding sites and tissue distribution to reveal the relevance. In addition, we investigated the responses of ANXA1-6 and cytokines in intestine and spleen as well as morbidity/survival rate of fish post CpG ODN immunization and/or A. hydrophila infection. The results showed that compared with challenge alone (challenge-CK) group, the CpG immunization following challenge (CpG-challenge) group displayed relatively flat IL-1β level throughout in both organs. Meanwhile, the expression of IFN-γ and morbidity/survival rate of fish in CpG-challenge group showed a great improvement compared with the challenge-CK group. Our results indicated that CpG ODN could improve morbidity/survival by up-regulating Pf_ANXA 1, 2 and 5 in the intestine and spleen to ameliorate inflammatory responses and promote anti-infective responses. Our findings offer some important insights into ANX related to the immunity of fish infection and lay a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of fish infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jiatian Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Haokun Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Zengjue Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jinbo Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Feiping Ming
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Miaopeng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Peijing Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qianyi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Junhao Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Linghua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Xiao Y, Gao W, Pan J, Zhao Q, Zhang Z. Gymnemic acid alleviates inflammation and insulin resistance via PPARδ- and NFκB-mediated pathways in db/db mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:5853-5862. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01419e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GA ameliorates obesity-induced inflammation and IR via PPARδ- and NFκB-mediated signaling in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of db/db mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Yao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Wenge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Jiahui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Zesheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| |
Collapse
|