1
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Andreas MP, Giessen TW. Cyclodipeptide oxidase is an enzyme filament. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3574. [PMID: 38678027 PMCID: PMC11055893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Modified cyclic dipeptides represent a widespread class of secondary metabolites with diverse pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor. Here, we report the structural characterization of the Streptomyces noursei enzyme AlbAB, a cyclodipeptide oxidase (CDO) carrying out α,β-dehydrogenations during the biosynthesis of the antibiotic albonoursin. We show that AlbAB is a megadalton heterooligomeric enzyme filament containing covalently bound flavin mononucleotide cofactors. We highlight that AlbAB filaments consist of alternating dimers of AlbA and AlbB and that enzyme activity is crucially dependent on filament formation. We show that AlbA-AlbB interactions are highly conserved suggesting that other CDO-like enzymes are likely enzyme filaments. As CDOs have been employed in the structural diversification of cyclic dipeptides, our results will be useful for future applications of CDOs in biocatalysis and chemoenzymatic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Andreas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tobias W Giessen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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2
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Zhang YH, Du HF, Liu YF, Cao F, Luo DQ, Wang CY. Novel anti-inflammatory diketopiperazine alkaloids from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium brasilianum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:194. [PMID: 38315417 PMCID: PMC10844341 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Diketopiperazine alkaloids have proven the most abundant heterocyclic alkaloids up to now, which usually process diverse scaffolds and rich biological activities. In our search for bioactive diketopiperazine alkaloids from marine-derived fungi, two novel diketopiperazine alkaloids, penipiperazine A (1) and its biogenetically related new metabolite (2), together with a known analogue neofipiperzine C (3), were obtained from the strain Penicillium brasilianum. Their planar structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, 13C NMR calculation, Marfey's, ECD, and ORD methods. Compound 1 featured a unique 6/5/6/6/5 indole-pyrazino-pyrazino-pyrrolo system, and its plausible biogenetic pathway was also proposed. Additionally, compounds 1-3 have been tested for their inflammatory activities. 1 and 2 significantly inhibited the release of NO and the expression of related pro-inflammatory cytokines on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, suggesting they could be attracting candidate for further development as anti-inflammatory agent. KEY POINTS: • A novel diketopiperazine alkaloid featuring a unique 6/5/6/6/5 indole-pyrazino-pyrazino-pyrrolo system was isolated from the marine fungus Penicillium brasilianum. • The structure of 1 was elucidated by detailed analysis of 2D NMR data, 13C NMR calculation, Marfey's, ECD, and ORD methods. • Compounds 1 and 2 significantly inhibited the release of NO and the expression of related pro-inflammatory cytokines on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hui-Fang Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yun-Feng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Du-Qiang Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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3
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Großkopf J, Plaza M, Kutta RJ, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Creating a Defined Chirality in Amino Acids and Cyclic Dipeptides by Photochemical Deracemization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313606. [PMID: 37793026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazines are cyclic dipeptides displaying a wide range of applications. Their enantioselective preparation has now been found possible from the respective racemates by a photochemical deracemization (53 examples, 74 % to quantitative yield, 71-99 % ee). A chiral benzophenone catalyst in concert with irradiation at λ=366 nm enables to establish the configuration at the stereogenic carbon atom C6 at will. If other stereogenic centers are present in the diketopiperazines they remain unaffected and a stereochemical editing is possible at a single position. Consecutive reactions, including the conversion into N-aryl or N-alkyl amino acids or the reduction to piperazines, occur without compromising the newly created stereogenic center. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the benzophenone catalyst processes one enantiomer of the 2,5-diketopiperazines preferentially and enables a reversible hydrogen atom transfer that is responsible for the deracemization process. The remarkably long lifetime of the protonated ketyl radical implies a yet unprecedented mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
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4
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Yao S, Zhang R, Wang J, Gu L, Hu Z, Zhang Y. A new diketopiperazine-type alkaloid from the endophytic fungus Penicillium expansum. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3716-3721. [PMID: 35848376 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2099391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A chemical investigation on an endophytic fungus Penicillium expansum isolated from the medicinal plant Plantago depressa Willd. (Plantaginaceae) afforded one new diketopiperazine-type alkaloid, namely penicimine A (1), as well as two known congeners (2 and 3). Their structures were elucidated by widespread spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compound 1 represented the first example of benzyl-containing diketopiperazine-type alkaloid bearing a methyl group attached at C-15 position. Compound 1 showed anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages with an IC50 value of 25.65 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Runge Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianghu Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengxi Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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5
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Andreas MP, Giessen TW. Cyclodipeptide oxidase is an enzyme filament. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559410. [PMID: 37808672 PMCID: PMC10557607 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Modified cyclic dipeptides represent a widespread class of secondary metabolites with diverse pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor. Here, we report the structural characterization of the Streptomyces noursei enzyme AlbAB, a cyclodipeptide oxidase (CDO) carrying out α,β-dehydrogenations during the biosynthesis of the antibiotic albonoursin. We show that AlbAB is a megadalton heterooligomeric enzyme filament containing covalently bound flavin mononucleotide cofactors. We highlight that AlbAB filaments consist of alternating dimers of AlbA and AlbB and that enzyme activity is crucially dependent on filament formation. We show that AlbA-AlbB interactions are highly conserved suggesting that all CDO-like enzymes are likely enzyme filaments. Our work represents the first structural characterization of a CDO. As CDOs have been employed in the structural diversification of cyclic dipeptides, our results will be useful for future applications of CDOs in biocatalysis and chemoenzymatic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Andreas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tobias W. Giessen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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6
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Deigin V, Linkova N, Volpina O. Advancement from Small Peptide Pharmaceuticals to Orally Active Piperazine-2,5-dion-Based Cyclopeptides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13534. [PMID: 37686336 PMCID: PMC10487935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral delivery of peptide pharmaceuticals has long been a fundamental challenge in drug development. A new chemical platform was designed based on branched piperazine-2,5-diones for creating orally available biologically active peptidomimetics. The platform includes a bio-carrier with "built-in" functionally active peptide fragments or bioactive molecules that are covalently attached via linkers. The developed platform allows for a small peptide to be taken with a particular biological activity and to be transformed into an orally stable compound displaying the same activity. Based on this approach, various peptidomimetics exhibiting hemostimulating, hemosuppressing, and adjuvant activity were prepared. In addition, new examples of a rare phenomenon when enantiomeric molecules demonstrate reciprocal biological activity are presented. Finally, the review summarizes the evolutionary approach of the short peptide pharmaceutical development from the immunocompetent organ separation to orally active cyclopeptides and peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Deigin
- The Laboratory of Synthetic Vaccines of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia;
| | - Natalia Linkova
- The Research Laboratory of the Development of Drug Delivery Systems, St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ligovskii Prospect, 2-4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia;
| | - Olga Volpina
- The Laboratory of Synthetic Vaccines of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia;
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7
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Walker KL, Loach RP, Movassaghi M. Total synthesis of complex 2,5-diketopiperazine alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2023; 90:159-206. [PMID: 37716796 PMCID: PMC10955524 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) motif is present in many biologically relevant, complex natural products. The cyclodipeptide substructure offers structural rigidity and stability to proteolysis that makes these compounds promising candidates for medical applications. Due to their fascinating molecular architecture, synthetic organic chemists have focused significant effort on the total synthesis of these compounds. This review covers many such efforts on the total synthesis of DKP containing complex alkaloid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Richard P Loach
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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8
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Stierle SA, Harken L, Li SM. Production of Diketopiperazine Derivatives by Pathway Engineering with Different Cyclodipeptide Synthases from Various Streptomyces Strains. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1804-1812. [PMID: 37183364 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodipeptides from fungi and bacteria are often modified by different tailoring enzymes. They display various biological and pharmacological activities, and some derivatives are used as drugs. In a previous study, we elucidated the function of the silent guatrypmethine gene cluster from Streptomyces cinnamoneus containing a cyclodipeptide synthase (CDPS) core gene gtmA and four genes gtmB-gtmE for tailoring enzymes. The latter are used in this study for the design of modified cyclodipeptides by genetic engineering. Addition of six different cyclodipeptides to the Streptomyces albus transformant harboring gtmB-gtmE led to the detection of different pathway products. Coexpression of five CDPS genes from four Streptomyces strains with gtmB-gtmE resulted in the formation of diketopiperazine derivatives, differing in their modification stages. Our results demonstrate the potential of rational gene combination to increase structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina A Stierle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lauritz Harken
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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9
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Ogilvie CE, Czekster CM. Cyclic dipeptides and the human microbiome: Opportunities and challenges. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117372. [PMID: 37343497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Research into the human microbiome has implicated its constituents in a variety of non-communicable diseases, with certain microbes found to promote health and others leading to dysbiosis and pathogenesis.Microbes communicate and coordinate their behaviour through the secretion of small molecules, such as cyclic dipeptides (CDPs), into their surrounding environment. CDPs are ubiquitous signalling molecules thatexhibit a wide range of biological activities, with particular relevance to human health due to their potential to act as microbiome modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Elizabeth Ogilvie
- School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
| | - Clarissa Melo Czekster
- School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
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10
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Li X, Xun T, Xu H, Pang X, Yang B, Wang J, Zhou X, Lin X, Tan S, Liu Y, Liao S. Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Activity of Novel 3,6-Diunsaturated 2,5-Diketopiperazines. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:325. [PMID: 37367651 DOI: 10.3390/md21060325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the marine natural products piperafizine B, XR334, and our previously reported compound 4m, fourteen novel 3,6-diunsaturated 2,5-diketopiperazine (2,5-DKP) derivatives (1, 2, 4-6, 8-16), together with two known ones (3 and 7), were designed and synthesized as anticancer agents against the A549 and Hela cell lines. The MTT assay results showed that the derivatives 6, 8-12, and 14 had moderate to good anticancer capacities, with IC50 values ranging from 0.7 to 8.9 μM. Among them, compound 11, with naphthalen-1-ylmethylene and 2-methoxybenzylidene functions at the 3 and 6 positions of 2,5-DKP ring, respectively, displayed good inhibitory activities toward both A549 (IC50 = 1.2 μM) and Hela (IC50 = 0.7 μM) cancer cells. It could also induce apoptosis and obviously block cell cycle progression in the G2/M phases in both cells at 1.0 μM. The electron-withdrawing functions might not be favorable for the derivatives with high anticancer activities. Additionally, compared to piperafizine B and XR334, these semi-N-alkylated derivatives have high liposolubilities (>1.0 mg mL-1). Compound 11 can be further developed, aiming at the discovery of a novel anticancer candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianrong Xun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Huayan Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuping Lin
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Suiyi Tan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shengrong Liao
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Deletti G, Green SD, Weber C, Patterson KN, Joshi SS, Khopade TM, Coban M, Veek-Wilson J, Caulfield TR, Viswanathan R, Lane AL. Unveiling an indole alkaloid diketopiperazine biosynthetic pathway that features a unique stereoisomerase and multifunctional methyltransferase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2558. [PMID: 37137876 PMCID: PMC10156859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2,5-diketopiperazines are a prominent class of bioactive molecules. The nocardioazines are actinomycete natural products that feature a pyrroloindoline diketopiperazine scaffold composed of two D-tryptophan residues functionalized by N- and C-methylation, prenylation, and diannulation. Here we identify and characterize the nocardioazine B biosynthetic pathway from marine Nocardiopsis sp. CMB-M0232 by using heterologous biotransformations, in vitro biochemical assays, and macromolecular modeling. Assembly of the cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp diketopiperazine precursor is catalyzed by a cyclodipeptide synthase. A separate genomic locus encodes tailoring of this precursor and includes an aspartate/glutamate racemase homolog as an unusual D/L isomerase acting upon diketopiperazine substrates, a phytoene synthase-like prenyltransferase as the catalyst of indole alkaloid diketopiperazine prenylation, and a rare dual function methyltransferase as the catalyst of both N- and C-methylation as the final steps of nocardioazine B biosynthesis. The biosynthetic paradigms revealed herein showcase Nature's molecular ingenuity and lay the foundation for diketopiperazine diversification via biocatalytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Deletti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sajan D Green
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Caleb Weber
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Kristen N Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Swapnil S Joshi
- Departments of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Tushar M Khopade
- Departments of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mathew Coban
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - James Veek-Wilson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rajesh Viswanathan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry & Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Amy L Lane
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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12
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Mascuch SJ, Demko A, Viulu S, Ginigini J, Soapi K, Jensen P, Kubanek J. Antibiotic Activity Altered by Competitive Interactions Between Two Coral Reef-Associated Bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:1226-1235. [PMID: 35460372 PMCID: PMC9588090 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbes produce natural products that mediate interactions with each other and with their environments, representing a potential source of antibiotics for human use. The biosynthesis of some antibiotics whose constitutive production otherwise remains low has been shown to be induced by competing microbes. Competition among macroorganism hosts may further influence the metabolic outputs of members of their microbiomes, especially near host surfaces where hosts and microbial symbionts come into close contact. At multiple field sites in Fiji, we collected matched samples of corals and algae that were freestanding or in physical contact with each other, cultivated bacteria from their surfaces, and explored growth-inhibitory activities of these bacteria against marine and human pathogens. In the course of the investigation, an interaction was discovered between two coral-associated actinomycetes in which an Agrococcus sp. interfered with the antibiotic output of a Streptomyces sp. Several diketopiperazines identified from the antibiotic-producing bacterium could not, on their own, account for the antibiotic activity indicating that other, as yet unidentified molecule(s) or molecular blends, possibly including diketopiperazines, are likely involved. This observation highlights the complex molecular dynamics at play among microbiome constituents. The mechanisms through which microbial interactions impact the biological activities of specialized metabolites deserve further attention considering the ecological and commercial importance of bacterial natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Mascuch
- Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alyssa Demko
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samson Viulu
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Joape Ginigini
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Katy Soapi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Paul Jensen
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia Kubanek
- Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, School of Biological Sciences and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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13
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Pacheco-Tapia R, Ortíz S, Jargeat P, Amasifuen C, Vansteelandt M, Haddad M. Exploration of the Production of Three Thiodiketopiperazines by an Endophytic Fungal Strain of Cophinforma mamane. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201087. [PMID: 36919620 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi possess a versatile metabolism which is related to their ability to live in diverse ecological niches. While culturing under laboratory conditions, their metabolism is mainly influenced by the culture media, time of incubation and other physicochemical factors. In this study, we focused on the production of 3 thiodiketopiperazines (TDKPs) botryosulfuranols A-C produced by an endophytic strain of Cophinforma mamane isolated from the leaves of Bixa orellana L collected in the Peruvian Amazon. We studied the time-course production of botryosulfuranols A-C during 28 days and evaluated the variations in the production of secondary metabolites, including the TDKPs, produced by C. mamane in response to different culture media, light versus dark conditions and different incubation times. We observed a short time-frame production of botryosulfuranol C while its production was significantly affected by the light conditions and nutrients of the culture media. Botryosulfuranols A and B showed a similar production pattern and a similar response to culturing conditions. Molecular networking allowed us to detect three compounds related to TDKPs that will be the focus of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Pacheco-Tapia
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, France
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Sergio Ortíz
- Therapeutic Innovation Laboratory UMR CNRS 7200, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patricia Jargeat
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, France
| | - Carlos Amasifuen
- Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología, Avenida La Molina 1981, Lima, 15024, Perú
- Present address: Epigénomique Fonctionnelle et Physiologie Moléculaire Du Diabète et Maladies Associées UMR 1283/8199, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Mohamed Haddad
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, France
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14
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Xu ZZ, Zhuang Z, Cai R, Lin GQ, She Z, Zhao Q, He QL. Hydroxylation with Unusual Stereoinversion Catalyzed by an Fe II /2-OG Dependent Oxidase and 3,6-Diene-2,5-diketopiperazine Formation in the Biosynthesis of Brevianamide K. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216989. [PMID: 36750406 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural products with the 3,6-diene-2,5-diketopiperazine core are widely distributed in nature; however, the biosynthetic mechanism of 3,6-diene-2,5-diketopiperazine in fungi remains to be further elucidated. Through heterologous expression and biochemical investigation of an FeII /2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxidase (AspE) and a heme-dependent P450 enzyme (AspF), we report that AspE, AspF and subsequent dehydration account for the formation of the 3,6-diene-2,5-diketopiperazine substructure of brevianamide K from Aspergillus sp. SK-28, a symbiotic fungus of mangrove plant Kandelia candel. More interestingly, in-depth investigation of the enzymatic mechanism showed that AspE promotes hydroxylation of brevianamide Q with unprecedented stereoinversion through hydrogen atom abstraction and water nucleophilic attack from the opposite face of the resultant iminium cation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Zheng Xu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zheng Zhuang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Runlin Cai
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing-Li He
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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15
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Li X, Xu J, Wang P, Ding W. Novel indole diketopiperazine stereoisomers from a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. Mycology 2023; 14:1-10. [PMID: 36816774 PMCID: PMC9930829 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2022.2069173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Four dimeric diketopiperazine stereoisomers (1-4) including two new ones (1-2) had been isolated from the culture broth of one marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. Z3, which was found in the gut of a marine isopod Ligia exotica. The planner structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined by combination of NMR, HRESIMS, electronic circular dichroism calculation, Marfey's method as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their cytotoxicity against the prostate cancer PC3 cell line was assayed by the MTT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jinzhong Xu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China,CONTACT Jinzhong Xu
| | - Pinmei Wang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wanjing Ding
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
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16
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Liu J, Li SM. Genomics-Guided Efficient Identification of 2,5-Diketopiperazine Derivatives from Actinobacteria. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200502. [PMID: 36098493 PMCID: PMC10092475 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites derived from microorganism constitute an important part of natural products. Mining of the microbial genomes revealed a large number of uncharacterized biosynthetic gene clusters, indicating their greater potential to synthetize specialized or secondary metabolites (SMs) than identified by classic fermentation and isolation approaches. Various bioinformatics tools have been developed to analyze and identify such gene clusters, thus accelerating significantly the mining process. Heterologous expression of an individual biosynthetic gene cluster has been proven as an efficient way to activate the genes and identify the encoded metabolites that cannot be detected under normal laboratory cultivation conditions. Herein, we describe a concept of genomics-guided approach by performing genome mining and heterologous expression to uncover novel CDPS-derived DKPs and functionally characterize novel tailoring enzymes embedded in the biosynthetic pathways. Recent works focused on the identification of the nucleobase-related and dimeric DKPs are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.,Current address: Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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17
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Liu J, Yang Y, Xie X, Li SM. A Streptomyces Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Catalyzes Regiospecific C2-Guaninylation for the Synthesis of Diverse Guanitrypmycin Analogs. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:94-102. [PMID: 36599087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of a cdps-p450 locus from Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-1521 led to the identification of guanitrypmycin D1, a new guaninylated diketopiperazine. The cytochrome P450 GutD1521 catalyzed the regiospecific transfer of guanine to C-2 of the indole ring of cyclo-(l-Trp-l-Tyr) via a C-C linkage and represents a new chemical transformation within this enzyme class. Furthermore, GutD1521 efficiently accepts several other tryptophan-containing cyclodipeptides or derivatives for regiospecific coupling with guanine, thus generating different guanitrypmycin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yiling Yang
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Jia J, Yao J, Kong J, Yu A, Wei J, Dong Y, Song R, Shan D, Zhong X, Lv F, Fan Q, She G. 2,5-Diketopiperazines: A Review of Source, Synthesis, Bioactivity, Structure, and MS Fragmentation. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1060-1085. [PMID: 35927899 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220801143650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,5-Diketopiperazines (DKPs), also called cyclic dipeptides, are the simplest peptide derivatives in nature that are formed by the condensation of two amino acids. They are an important category of bioactive substances with various structures. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the natural sources, synthetic processes, biological properties and MS fragmentation regularity of simple DKPs, in order to provide a reference for exploring future scientific and therapeutic potentials of these compounds. METHODS Pertinent information was collected and organized from several electronic scientific databases (e.g., Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Wanfang Data and Google Scholar), PhD and MS dissertations. There are 107 articles published from the early 20th century to 2021 that were reviewed in this work. RESULTS DKPs have been obtained from a broad range of natural resources, including fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals, and have been synthesized by chemical and biological methods. DKPs have various pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial, antithrombotic, neuron protective, analgesic, and other activities. Mass spectrometry is the most common method for the structural analysis of DKPs. DKPs can be quickly screened and identified by MS according to the mass spectrum fragmentation pattern. CONCLUSION As a category of relatively unexplored compounds, DKPs have been demonstrated to have various bioactivities, especially with antitumor and antibacterial activities. However, the existing research on DKPs is still in the early stage, and their application in drug development needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jianling Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiao Kong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Axiang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ruolan Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Dongjie Shan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Fang Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
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19
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Huber EM. Epipolythiodioxopiperazine-Based Natural Products: Building Blocks, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200341. [PMID: 35997236 PMCID: PMC10086836 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are fungal secondary metabolites that share a 2,5-diketopiperazine scaffold built from two amino acids and bridged by a sulfide moiety. Modifications of the core and the amino acid side chains, for example by methylations, acetylations, hydroxylations, prenylations, halogenations, cyclizations, and truncations create the structural diversity of ETPs and contribute to their biological activity. However, the key feature responsible for the bioactivities of ETPs is their sulfide moiety. Over the last years, combinations of genome mining, reverse genetics, metabolomics, biochemistry, and structural biology deciphered principles of ETP production. Sulfurization via glutathione and uncovering of the thiols followed by either oxidation or methylation crystallized as fundamental steps that impact expression of the biosynthesis cluster, toxicity and secretion of the metabolite as well as self-tolerance of the producer. This article showcases structure and activity of prototype ETPs such as gliotoxin and discusses the current knowledge on the biosynthesis routes of these exceptional natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Huber
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
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20
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Bispyrrolidinoindoline Epi(poly)thiodioxopiperazines (BPI-ETPs) and Simplified Mimetics: Structural Characterization, Bioactivities, and Total Synthesis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217585. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the 2,5-dioxopiperazine-containing natural products generated by “head-to-tail” cyclization of peptides, those derived from tryptophan allow further structural diversification due to the rich chemical reactivity of the indole heterocycle, which can generate tetracyclic fragments of hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole or pyrrolidinoindoline skeleton fused to the 2,5-dioxopiperazine. Even more complex are the dimeric bispyrrolidinoindoline epi(poly)thiodioxopiperazines (BPI-ETPs), since they feature transannular (poly)sulfide bridges connecting C3 and C6 of their 2,5-dioxopiperazine rings. Homo- and heterodimers composed of diastereomeric epi(poly)thiodioxopiperazines increase the complexity of the family. Furthermore, putative biogenetically generated downstream metabolites with C11 and C11’-hydroxylated cores, as well as deoxygenated and/or oxidized side chain counterparts, have also been described. The isolation of these complex polycyclic tryptophan-derived alkaloids from the classical sources, their structural characterization, the description of the relevant biological activities and putative biogenetic routes, and the synthetic efforts to generate and confirm their structures and also to prepare and further evaluate structurally simple analogs will be reported.
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21
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Sutherland E, Harding CJ, Czekster CM. Active site remodelling of a cyclodipeptide synthase redefines substrate scope. Commun Chem 2022; 5:101. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) generate a wide range of cyclic dipeptides using aminoacylated tRNAs as substrates. Histidine-containing cyclic dipeptides have important biological activities as anticancer and neuroprotective molecules. Out of the 120 experimentally validated CDPS members, only two are known to accept histidine as a substrate yielding cyclo(His-Phe) and cyclo(His-Pro) as products. It is not fully understood how CDPSs select their substrates, and we must rely on bioprospecting to find new enzymes and novel bioactive cyclic dipeptides. Here, we developed an in vitro system to generate an extensive library of molecules using canonical and non-canonical amino acids as substrates, expanding the chemical space of histidine-containing cyclic dipeptide analogues. To investigate substrate selection we determined the structure of a cyclo(His-Pro)-producing CDPS. Three consecutive generations harbouring single, double and triple residue substitutions elucidated the histidine selection mechanism. Moreover, substrate selection was redefined, yielding enzyme variants that became capable of utilising phenylalanine and leucine. Our work successfully engineered a CDPS to yield different products, paving the way to direct the promiscuity of these enzymes to produce molecules of our choosing.
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22
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Miller AZ, Jiménez-Morillo NT, Coutinho ML, Gazquez F, Palma V, Sauro F, Pereira MF, Rull F, Toulkeridis T, Caldeira AT, Forti P, Calaforra JM. Organic geochemistry and mineralogy suggest anthropogenic impact in speleothem chemistry from volcanic show caves of the Galapagos. iScience 2022; 25:104556. [PMID: 35789844 PMCID: PMC9250005 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The network of lava tubes is one of the most unexploited natural wonders of the Galapagos Islands. Here, we provide the first morphological, mineralogical, and biogeochemical assessment of speleothems from volcanic caves of the Galapagos to understand their structure, composition, and origin, as well as to identify organic molecules preserved in speleothems. Mineralogical analyses revealed that moonmilk and coralloid speleothems from Bellavista and Royal Palm Caves were composed of calcite, opal-A, and minor amounts of clay minerals. Extracellular polymeric substances, fossilized bacteria, silica microspheres, and cell imprints on siliceous minerals evidenced microbe-mineral interactions and biologically-mediated silica precipitation. Alternating depositional layers between siliceous and carbonate minerals and the detection of biomarkers of surface vegetation and anthropogenic stressors indicated environmental and anthropogenic changes (agriculture, human waste, and cave visits) on these unique underground resources. Stable isotope analysis and Py-GC/MS were key to robustly identify biomarkers, allowing for implementation of future protection policies. Speleothems from lava tubes of Galapagos are archives of anthropogenic stressors Moonmilk and coralloids are composed of calcite, opal-A, and clay minerals Microbe-mineral interactions promote mineral dissolution and precipitation Biomarkers of surface vegetation and anthropogenic impacts detected by Py-GC/MS
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Z. Miller
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Corresponding author
| | - Nicasio T. Jiménez-Morillo
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Fernando Gazquez
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Monitoring and Assessment of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Vera Palma
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Francesco Sauro
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environmental Geology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Fernando Rull
- CSIC-CAB Associated Unit ERICA, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Mineralogy and Crystallography, University of Valladolid, Boecillo, Spain
| | | | | | - Paolo Forti
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environmental Geology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - José M. Calaforra
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Andalusian Centre for the Monitoring and Assessment of Global Change (CAESCG), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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23
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Karakama S, Suzuki S, Kino K. One-pot synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazine with high titer and versatility using adenylation enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4469-4479. [PMID: 35687158 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazine (DKP) is a cyclic peptide composed of two amino acids and has been recently reported to exhibit various biological activities. DKPs have been synthesized using various methods. In chemical synthesis, a multi-step reaction requiring purification and racemization is problematic. Although enzymatic synthesis can overcome these problems, there has been no example of a general-purpose synthesis of DKPs with high titers. Therefore, we propose a chemoenzymatic method that can synthesize DKPs in a general-purpose manner with high efficiency under mild conditions. The adenylation domain of tyrocidine synthetase A (TycA-A) catalyzes the adenylation reaction of amino acids, and various amides can be synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction with any amine. On the other hand, DKPs can be produced via intramolecular cyclization reactions from dipeptide esters. Based on these observations, we expected a one-pot synthesis of DKPs via dipeptide ester synthesis by TycA-A and cyclization reactions. This method enabled the synthesis of more than 128 types of DKPs without racemization. Importantly, the intramolecular cyclization reaction proceeded largely depending on the pH. In particular, the cyclization reaction proceeded well in the pH range of 6.5-9.5. Based on these results, we constructed a bioreactor with pH-stat for purified enzyme reaction; cyclo(L-Trp-L-Pro) was produced at 4.07 mM by controlling the reaction pH over time using this reactor. The DKPs obtained using this method will provide deeper insights into their structures and functions in future studies. KEY POINTS: • Adenylation enzyme enabled one-pot synthesis of arbitrary 2,5-diketopiperazine. • Little or no racemization occurred during 2,5-diketopiperazine synthesis. • Bioreactor with pH-stat for purified enzymes improved the reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Karakama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shin Suzuki
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kuniki Kino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan. .,Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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24
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Zang Y, Yu M, Shi Z, Chen C, Liu J, Wang J, Zhu H, Zhang Y. Two pairs of undescribed enantiomers isolated from the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113140. [PMID: 35245524 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two pairs of undescribed enantiomers including a 2,5-diketopiperazine namely (±)-janthinolide G and a related analogue (±)-janthinolide H, were isolated from the crude extract of the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum together with five known compounds. Both two structures were determined by spectroscopic method and HRESIMS, whereas absolute stereochemistry was elucidated by using theoretical NMR calculation and ECD calculation. Janthinolide G is the first example of 2,5-diketopiperazine enantiomers with a cleavage diketopiperazine ring and comprises a terminal oxime group rarely seen in natural products. Biological screening of selected compounds found that 4 and 7 both exhibited weak α-glucosidase inhibitory effects, and a potential correlation was afforded by docking studies of α-glucosidase protein (PDB: 3TOP) and bioactive molecules. The plausible biosynthetic pathways of two unreported isolates are proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Center, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muyuan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hucheng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Liu J, Harken L, Yang Y, Xie X, Li SM. Widely Distributed Bifunctional Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Catalyze both Intramolecular C-C Bond Formation in cyclo-l-Tyr-l-Tyr and Its Coupling with Nucleobases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200377. [PMID: 35201649 PMCID: PMC9401060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring enzymes are important modification biocatalysts in natural product biosynthesis. We report herein six orthologous two‐gene clusters for mycocyclosin and guatyromycine biosynthesis. Expression of the cyclodipeptide synthase genes gymA1–gymA6 in Escherichia coli resulted in the formation of cyclo‐l‐Tyr‐l‐Tyr as the major product. Reconstruction of the biosynthetic pathways in Streptomyces albus and biochemical investigation proved that the cytochrome P450 enzymes GymB1–GymB6 act as both intramolecular oxidases and intermolecular nucleobase transferases. They catalyze not only the oxidative C−C coupling within cyclo‐l‐Tyr‐l‐Tyr, leading to mycocyclosin, but also its connection with guanine and hypoxanthine, and are thus responsible for the formation of tyrosine‐containing guatyromycines, instead of the reported tryptophan‐nucleobase adducts. Phylogenetic data suggest the presence of at least 47 GymB orthologues, indicating the occurrence of a widely distributed enzyme class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lauritz Harken
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yiling Yang
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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García-Domínguez P, Areal A, Alvarez R, de Lera AR. Chemical synthesis in competition with global genome mining and heterologous expression for the preparation of dimeric tryptophan-derived 2,5-dioxopiperazines. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1172-1225. [PMID: 35470828 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2021Within the 2,5-dioxopiperazines-containing natural products, those generated from tryptophan allow further structural diversification due to the rich chemical reactivity of the indole heterocycle. The great variety of natural products, ranging from simple dimeric bispyrrolidinoindoline dioxopiperazines and tryptophan-derived dioxopiperazine/pyrrolidinoindoline dioxopiperazine analogs to complex polycyclic downstream metabolites containing transannular connections between the subunits, will be covered. These natural products are constructed by Nature using hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) assembly lines. Mining of microbial genome sequences has more recently allowed the study of the metabolic routes and the discovery of their hidden biosynthetic potential. The competition (ideally, also the combined efforts) between their isolation from the cultures of the producing microorganisms after global genome mining and heterologous expression and the synthetic campaigns, has more recently allowed the successful generation and structural confirmation of these natural products. Their biological activities as well as their proposed biogenetic routes and computational studies on biogenesis will also be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Areal
- CINBIO and Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Purushotham M, Paul B. Iodinated Diketopiperazines: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Iodinated Analogues of Cyclo(L‐Tyrosine‐L‐Tyrosine) Peptides. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Purushotham
- Department of Chemistry Jnana Bharathi Campus Bangalore University Bangalore 560056 India
| | - Bishwajit Paul
- Department of Chemistry Jnana Bharathi Campus Bangalore University Bangalore 560056 India
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28
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Liu J, Harken L, Yang Y, Xie X, Li SM. Widely Distributed Bifunctional Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Catalyze both Intramolecular C‐C Bond Formation in cyclo‐l‐Tyr‐l‐Tyr and Its Coupling with Nucleobases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Philipps-Universitat Marburg Universitatsbibliothek: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Lauritz Harken
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Yiling Yang
- Philipps-Universitat Marburg Institut Pharm.Biol.Biotechnol. GERMANY
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Chemie GERMANY
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Robert-Koch-Str. 4 35037 Marburg GERMANY
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Mendes LL, Varejão JOS, de Souza JA, Carneiro JWDM, Valdo AKSM, Martins FT, Ferreira BW, Barreto RW, da Silva TI, Kohlhoff M, Pilau EJ, V Varejão EV. 2,5-Diketopiperazines via Intramolecular N-Alkylation of Ugi Adducts: A Contribution to the Synthesis, Density Functional Theory Study, X-ray Characterization, and Potential Herbicide Application. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1799-1809. [PMID: 35130436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the herbicidal potential of 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs), we applied a known protocol to produce a series of 2,5-DKPs through intramolecular N-alkylation of Ugi adducts. However, the method was not successful for the cyclization of adducts presenting aromatic rings with some substituents at the ortho position. Results from DFT calculations showed that the presence of voluminous groups at the ortho position of a benzene ring results in destabilization of the transition structure. Lower activation enthalpies for the SN2-type cyclization of Ugi adducts were obtained when bromine, instead of a chlorine anion, is the leaving group, indicating that the activation enthalpy for the cyclization step controls the formation of the 2,5-DKP. Some Ugi adducts and 2,5-DKPs formed crystals with suitable qualities for single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collection. Phytotoxic damage of some 2,5-DKPs on leaves of the weed Euphorbia heterophylla did not differ from those caused by the commercial herbicide diquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena L Mendes
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av PH Rolfs sn, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36.570-900, Brazil
| | - Jodieh O S Varejão
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av PH Rolfs sn, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36.570-900, Brazil
| | - José Antônio de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella, Bairro Ininga, Teresina, Piauí 64049-550, Brazil
| | - José Walkimar de M Carneiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Ana K S M Valdo
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av Esperança, sn, Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe T Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av Esperança, sn, Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno W Ferreira
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av PH Rolfs sn, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Robert W Barreto
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av PH Rolfs sn, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Toshik I da Silva
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av PH Rolfs sn, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Markus Kohlhoff
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Pilau
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Campus Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo V V Varejão
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av PH Rolfs sn, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36.570-900, Brazil
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30
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Harken L, Liu J, Kreuz O, Berger R, Li SM. Biosynthesis of Guatrypmethine C Implies Two Different Oxidases for exo Double Bond Installation at the Diketopiperazine Ring. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauritz Harken
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jing Liu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kreuz
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Berger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Lentzeacins A-E, New Bacterial-Derived 2,5- and 2,6-Disubstituted Pyrazines from a BGC-Rich Soil Bacterium Lentzea sp. GA3-008. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237197. [PMID: 34885778 PMCID: PMC8658869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazines (1,4-diazirines) are an important group of natural products that have tremendous monetary value in the food and fragrance industries and can exhibit a wide range of biological effects including antineoplastic, antidiabetic and antibiotic activities. As part of a project investigating the secondary metabolites present in understudied and chemically rich Actinomycetes, we isolated a series of six pyrazines from a soil-derived Lentzea sp. GA3-008, four of which are new. Here we describe the structures of lentzeacins A-E (1, 3, 5 and 6) along with two known analogues (2 and 4) and the porphyrin zincphyrin. The structures were determined by NMR spectroscopy and HR-ESI-MS. The suite of compounds present in Lentzea sp. includes 2,5-disubstituted pyrazines (compounds 2, 4, and 6) together with the new 2,6-disubstituted isomers (compounds 1, 3 and 5), a chemical class that is uncommon. We used long-read Nanopore sequencing to assemble a draft genome sequence of Lentzea sp. which revealed the presence of 40 biosynthetic gene clusters. Analysis of classical di-modular and single module non-ribosomal peptide synthase genes, and cyclic dipeptide synthases narrows down the possibilities for the biosynthesis of the pyrazines present in this strain.
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Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM. Untapped Potential of Marine-Associated Cladosporium Species: An Overview on Secondary Metabolites, Biotechnological Relevance, and Biological Activities. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:645. [PMID: 34822516 PMCID: PMC8622643 DOI: 10.3390/md19110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is an underexplored treasure that hosts huge biodiversity of microorganisms. Marine-derived fungi are a rich source of novel metabolites with unique structural features, bioactivities, and biotechnological applications. Marine-associated Cladosporium species have attracted considerable interest because of their ability to produce a wide array of metabolites, including alkaloids, macrolides, diketopiperazines, pyrones, tetralones, sterols, phenolics, terpenes, lactones, and tetramic acid derivatives that possess versatile bioactivities. Moreover, they produce diverse enzymes with biotechnological and industrial relevance. This review gives an overview on the Cladosporium species derived from marine habitats, including their metabolites and bioactivities, as well as the industrial and biotechnological potential of these species. In the current review, 286 compounds have been listed based on the reported data from 1998 until July 2021. Moreover, more than 175 references have been cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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33
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Wang S, Zhang H, Ruan C, Yi L, Deng L, Zeng K. Metschnikowia citriensis FL01 antagonize Geotrichum citri-aurantii in citrus fruit through key action of iron depletion. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109384. [PMID: 34517294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metschnikowia citriensis FL01 has great potential for biocontrol applications for its excellent biocontrol efficacy on postharvest diseases of citrus fruit, and the iron depletion by pulcherriminic acid (PA) and then formation of insoluble pigment pulcherrimin had been speculated as an important action mechanism. To identify the genes involved in pulcherrimin synthesis and reutilization in M. citriensis FL01, we de novo assembled the genome of M. citriensis FL01 based on long-read PacBio sequencing. The final assembled genome consisted of 12 contigs with a genome size of 25.74 Mb, G + C content of 49.16% and 9310 protein-coding genes. The genome-wide BLAST of the PUL genes of M. pulcherrima APC 1.2 showed that the four PUL genes were clustered and located on Contig 4 of M. citriensis FL01. In order to further clarify the role of pulcherrimin pigment on biocontrol of M. citriensis FL01, CRISPR/cas9 technology was used to knock out PUL2 gene that was responsible for PA synthesis and the pigmentless mutants with stable phenotype were obtained. The mutant strains of M. citriensis FL01 lost the ability to produce pulcherrimin pigment, and simultaneously lost the ability to inhibit the growth of Geotrichum citri-aurantii in vitro. Moreover, the biocontrol efficacy of pigmentless mutant strains against sour rot was about 80% lower than that of wild-type M. citriensis FL01. These results directly proved that the iron depletion was an important mechanism of M. citriensis FL01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Nanning Normal university, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Changqing Ruan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lanhua Yi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lili Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, 401331 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Bojarska J, Mieczkowski A, Ziora ZM, Skwarczynski M, Toth I, Shalash AO, Parang K, El-Mowafi SA, Mohammed EHM, Elnagdy S, AlKhazindar M, Wolf WM. Cyclic Dipeptides: The Biological and Structural Landscape with Special Focus on the Anti-Cancer Proline-Based Scaffold. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1515. [PMID: 34680148 PMCID: PMC8533947 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dipeptides, also know as diketopiperazines (DKP), the simplest cyclic forms of peptides widespread in nature, are unsurpassed in their structural and bio-functional diversity. DKPs, especially those containing proline, due to their unique features such as, inter alia, extra-rigid conformation, high resistance to enzyme degradation, increased cell permeability, and expandable ability to bind a diverse of targets with better affinity, have emerged in the last years as biologically pre-validated platforms for the drug discovery. Recent advances have revealed their enormous potential in the development of next-generation theranostics, smart delivery systems, and biomaterials. Here, we present an updated review on the biological and structural profile of these appealing biomolecules, with a particular emphasis on those with anticancer properties, since cancers are the main cause of death all over the world. Additionally, we provide a consideration on supramolecular structuring and synthons, based on the proline-based DKP privileged scaffold, for inspiration in the design of compound libraries in search of ideal ligands, innovative self-assembled nanomaterials, and bio-functional architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bojarska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zyta M. Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.M.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.M.Z.); (I.T.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ahmed O. Shalash
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Shaima A. El-Mowafi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Eman H. M. Mohammed
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Sherif Elnagdy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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Swain JA, Walker SR, Calvert MB, Brimble MA. The tryptophan connection: cyclic peptide natural products linked via the tryptophan side chain. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:410-443. [PMID: 34581375 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: from 1938 up to March 2021The electron-rich indole side chain of tryptophan is a versatile substrate for peptide modification. Upon the action of various cyclases, the tryptophan side chain may be linked to a nearby amino acid residue, opening the door to a diverse range of cyclic peptide natural products. These compounds exhibit a wide array of biological activity and possess fascinating molecular architectures, which have made them popular targets for total synthesis studies. This review examines the isolation and bioactivity of tryptophan-linked cyclic peptide natural products, along with a discussion of their first total synthesis, and biosynthesis where this has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Swain
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen R Walker
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew B Calvert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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36
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Jiang CX, Yu B, Miao YM, Ren H, Xu Q, Zhao C, Tian LL, Yu ZQ, Zhou PP, Wang X, Fang J, Zhang J, Zhang JZ, Wu QX. Indole Alkaloids from a Soil-Derived Clonostachys rosea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2468-2474. [PMID: 34427432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Clonorosins A (1) and B (2), two novel indole alkaloids featuring unprecedented 6/5/6/6/5 and 6/5/5 cores, together with seven known indole-linked 2,5-diketopiperazine alkaloids (3-9), were isolated from the soil-derived fungus Clonostachys rosea YRS-06. The new structures were proposed through HR-MS, NMR, and ECD spectroscopic data. They were established by comparing the calculated NMR, ECD, and specific rotation data with the experimental. To assist in determining the absolute configuration of the chiral carbon in the side chain of 2,5-diketopiperazine derivatives, flexible analogues 3i-3iv were synthesized and analyzed. 1 was active against Fusarium oxysporum with an MIC value of 50 μg/mL. 7 and 8 showed excellent activity against human HeLa and HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 0.12-0.60 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Mei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Quan-Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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37
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Wu C, Murugan SP, Wang Y, Pan H, Sun B, Lin Y, Fatimah S, Chang AHH, Chen C, Lee G. Synthesis of Indoline‐Fused 2,5‐Diketopiperazine Scaffolds
via
Ugi‐4CR in the Basic Mediated Tandem Consecutive Cyclization. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Yu Wu
- Department of Nursing Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology Hualien 970302 Taiwan
| | | | - Yu‐Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974301 Taiwan
| | - Hao‐Wei Pan
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974301 Taiwan
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974301 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ting Lin
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974301 Taiwan
| | - Siti Fatimah
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974301 Taiwan
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974301 Taiwan
| | - Chinpiao Chen
- Department of Nursing Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology Hualien 970302 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974301 Taiwan
| | - Gene‐Hsian Lee
- Instrumentation Center National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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Malit JJL, Liu W, Cheng A, Saha S, Liu LL, Qian PY. Global Genome Mining Reveals a Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Cyclization of Crownlike Cyclodipeptides with Neuroprotective Activity. Org Lett 2021; 23:6601-6605. [PMID: 33829800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted global genome mining of 162,672 bacterial genomes and identified 829 cyclodipeptide (CDP) biosynthesis gene clusters (BGC) containing a cytochrome P450 gene. Heterologous expression of BGC from Saccharopolyspora hirsuta DSM 44795 led to the identification of two novel crownlike CDPs, cyctetryptomycin A (4) and B (5), which possess unprecedented complex macrocycle and show neuroprotective activity. The two cytochrome P450s found in the BGC catalyze sequential reactions leading to the cyclization of diketopiperazine dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie James Limlingan Malit
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aifang Cheng
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Subhasish Saha
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovickýmlýn, Novohradská 237, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Ling-Li Liu
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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39
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Gao B, Yang B, Feng X, Li C. Recent advances in the biosynthesis strategies of nitrogen heterocyclic natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:139-162. [PMID: 34374396 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 to 2020Nitrogen heterocyclic natural products (NHNPs) are primary or secondary metabolites containing nitrogen heterocyclic (N-heterocyclic) skeletons. Due to the existence of the N-heterocyclic structure, NHNPs exhibit various bioactivities such as anticancer and antibacterial, which makes them widely used in medicines, pesticides, and food additives. However, the low content of these NHNPs in native organisms severely restricts their commercial application. Although a variety of NHNPs have been produced through extraction or chemical synthesis strategies, these methods suffer from several problems. The development of biotechnology provides new options for the production of NHNPs. This review introduces the recent progress of two strategies for the biosynthesis of NHNPs: enzymatic biosynthesis and microbial cell factory. In the enzymatic biosynthesis part, the recent progress in the mining of enzymes that synthesize N-heterocyclic skeletons (e.g., pyrrole, piperidine, diketopiperazine, and isoquinoline), the engineering of tailoring enzymes, and enzyme cascades constructed to synthesize NHNPs are discussed. In the microbial cell factory part, with tropane alkaloids (TAs) and tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) alkaloids as the representative compounds, the strategies of unraveling unknown natural biosynthesis pathways of NHNPs in plants are summarized, and various metabolic engineering strategies to enhance their production in microbes are introduced. Ultimately, future perspectives for accelerating the biosynthesis of NHNPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. and SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China and Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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40
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Structures and Biological Activities of Diketopiperazines from Marine Organisms: A Review. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080403. [PMID: 34436242 PMCID: PMC8398661 DOI: 10.3390/md19080403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diketopiperazines are potential structures with extensive biological functions, which have attracted much attention of natural product researchers for a long time. These compounds possess a stable six-membered ring, which is an important pharmacophore. The marine organisms have especially been proven to be a wide source for discovering diketopiperazine derivatives. In recent years, more and more interesting bioactive diketopiperazines had been found from various marine habitats. This review article is focused on the new 2,5-diketopiperazines derived from marine organisms (sponges and microorganisms) reported from the secondary half-year of 2014 to the first half of the year of 2021. We will comment their chemical structures, biological activities and sources. The objective is to assess the merit of these compounds for further study in the field of drug discovery.
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41
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Balachandra C, Padhi D, Govindaraju T. Cyclic Dipeptide: A Privileged Molecular Scaffold to Derive Structural Diversity and Functional Utility. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2558-2587. [PMID: 33938157 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) are the simplest form of cyclic peptides with a wide range of applications from therapeutics to biomaterials. CDP is a versatile molecular platform endowed with unique properties such as conformational rigidity, intermolecular interactions, structural diversification through chemical synthesis, bioavailability and biocompatibility. A variety of natural products with the CDP core exhibit anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. The inherent bioactivities have inspired the development of synthetic analogues as drug candidates and drug delivery systems. CDP plays a crucial role as conformation and molecular assembly directing core in the design of molecular receptors, peptidomimetics and fabrication of functional material architectures. In recent years, CDP has rapidly become a privileged scaffold for the design of advanced drug candidates, drug delivery agents, bioimaging, and biomaterials to mitigate numerous disease conditions. This review describes the structural diversification and multifarious biomedical applications of the CDP scaffold, discusses challenges, and provides future directions for the emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenikkayala Balachandra
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Dikshaa Padhi
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India
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42
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Scarel M, Marchesan S. Diketopiperazine Gels: New Horizons from the Self-Assembly of Cyclic Dipeptides. Molecules 2021; 26:3376. [PMID: 34204905 PMCID: PMC8199760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodipeptides (CDPs) or 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) can exert a variety of biological activities and display pronounced resistance against enzymatic hydrolysis as well as a propensity towards self-assembly into gels, relative to the linear-dipeptide counterparts. They have attracted great interest in a variety of fields spanning from functional materials to drug discovery. This concise review will analyze the latest advancements in their synthesis, self-assembly into gels, and their more innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarel
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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43
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Abstract
Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 000 known compounds. The majority of characterized terpenoids, which include some of the most well known, pharmaceutically relevant, and commercially valuable natural products, are produced by plants and fungi. Comparatively, terpenoids of bacterial origin are rare. This is counter-intuitive to the fact that recent microbial genomics revealed that almost all bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to create the C5 building blocks necessary for terpenoid biosynthesis. In this review, we catalogue terpenoids produced by bacteria. We collected 1062 natural products, consisting of both primary and secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families and 55 distinct subfamilies. To highlight the structural and chemical space of bacterial terpenoids, we discuss their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Although the bacterial terpenome is relatively small, it presents a fascinating dichotomy for future research. Similarities between bacterial and non-bacterial terpenoids and their biosynthetic pathways provides alternative model systems for detailed characterization while the abundance of novel skeletons, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivies presents new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Deciphering a Cyclodipeptide Synthase Pathway Encoding Prenylated Indole Alkaloids in Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02525-20. [PMID: 33741615 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02525-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) catalyze the formation of cyclodipeptides using aminoacylated tRNAs as the substrates and have great potential in the production of diverse 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs). Genome mining of Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii NRRL B-24963 revealed a two-gene locus, saz, encoding CDPS SazA and a unique fused enzyme (SazB) harboring two domains: phytoene synthase-like prenyltransferase (PT) and methyltransferase (MT). Heterologous expression of the saz gene(s) in Streptomyces albus J1074 led to the production of four prenylated indole alkaloids, among which streptoazines A to C (compounds 3 to 5) are new compounds. Expression of different gene combinations showed that the SazA catalyzes the formation of cyclo(l-Trp-l-Trp) (cWW; compound 1), followed by consecutive prenylation and methylation by SazB. Biochemical assays demonstrated that SazB is a bifunctional enzyme, catalyzing sequential C-3/C-3' prenylation(s) by SazB-PT and N-1/N-1' methylation(s) by SazB-MT. Of note, the substrate selectivity of SazB-PT and SazB-MT was probed, revealing the stringent specificity of SazB-PT but relative flexibility of SazB-MT.IMPORTANCE Natural products with a 2,5-diketopiperazine (2,5-DKP) skeleton have long sparked interest in drug discovery and development. Recent advances in microbial genome sequencing have revealed that the potential of cyclodipeptide synthase (CDPS)-dependent pathways encoding new 2,5-DKPs are underexplored. In this study, we report the genome mining of a new CDPS-encoding two-gene operon and activation of this cryptic gene cluster through heterologous expression, leading to the discovery of four indole 2,5-DKP alkaloids. The cyclo(l-Trp-l-Trp) (cWW)-synthesizing CDPS SazA and the unusual prenyltransferase (PT)-methyltransferase (MT) fused enzyme SazB were characterized. Our results expand the repertoire of CDPSs and associated tailoring enzymes, setting the stage for accessing diverse prenylated alkaloids using synthetic biology strategies.
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45
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Liu J, Xie X, Li SM. Increasing cytochrome P450 enzyme diversity by identification of two distinct cyclodipeptide dimerases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:11042-11045. [PMID: 32808942 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome mining revealed the presence of two cdps-p450 operons in Saccharopolyspora antimicrobica. Heterologous expression, biochemical characterisation and structure elucidation proved that the two P450 enzymes catalyse distinct regio- and stereospecific dimerizations of cyclo-(l-Trp-l-Trp), which significantly expands the repertoire of diketopiperazine-tailoring enzymes. TtpB1 connects the monomers via C3-C3', both from the opposite side of H-11/H-11', while TtpB2 is characterised as the first P450 to mainly catalyse the unusual linkage between N1' and C3 from the H-11 side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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46
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Canu N, Moutiez M, Belin P, Gondry M. Cyclodipeptide synthases: a promising biotechnological tool for the synthesis of diverse 2,5-diketopiperazines. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 37:312-321. [PMID: 31435633 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00036d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Up to mid-2019 Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) catalyse the formation of cyclodipeptides using aminoacylated-tRNA as substrates. The recent characterization of large sets of CDPSs has revealed that they can produce highly diverse products, and therefore have great potential for use in the production of different 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs). Sequence similarity networks (SSNs) are presented as a new, efficient way of classifying CDPSs by specificity and identifying new CDPS likely to display novel specificities. Several strategies for further increasing the diversity accessible with these enzymes are discussed here, including the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids by CDPSs and use of the remarkable diversity of 2,5-DKP-tailoring enzymes discovered in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Canu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Mireille Moutiez
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Pascal Belin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
| | - Muriel Gondry
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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47
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Harken L, Li SM. Modifications of diketopiperazines assembled by cyclodipeptide synthases with cytochrome P 450 enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2277-2285. [PMID: 33625545 PMCID: PMC7954767 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazines are the smallest cyclic peptides comprising two amino acids connected via two peptide bonds. They can be biosynthesized in nature by two different enzyme families, either by nonribosomal peptide synthetases or by cyclodipeptide synthases. Due to the stable scaffold of the diketopiperazine ring, they can serve as precursors for further modifications by different tailoring enzymes, such as methyltransferases, prenyltransferases, oxidoreductases like cyclodipeptide oxidases, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent monooxygenases and cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to the formation of intriguing secondary metabolites. Among them, cyclodipeptide synthase-associated P450s attracted recently significant attention, since they are able to catalyse a broader variety of astonishing reactions than just oxidation by insertion of an oxygen. The P450-catalysed reactions include hydroxylation at a tertiary carbon, aromatisation of the diketopiperazine ring, intramolecular and intermolecular carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bond formation of cyclodipeptides and nucleobase transfer reactions. Elucidation of the crystal structures of three P450s as cyclodipeptide dimerases provides a structural basis for understanding the reaction mechanism and generating new enzymes by protein engineering. This review summarises recent publications on cyclodipeptide modifications by P450s.Key Points• Intriguing reactions catalysed by cyclodipeptide synthase-associated cytochrome P450s• Homo- and heterodimerisation of diketopiperazines• Coupling of guanine and hypoxanthine with diketopiperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauritz Harken
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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48
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Chen Y, Tao K, Ji W, Makam P, Rencus-Lazar S, Gazit E. Self-Assembly of Cyclic Dipeptides: Platforms for Functional Materials. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:688-697. [PMID: 32048950 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200212123542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembled functional materials comprised of cyclic dipeptide building blocks have excellent prospects for biotechnology applications due to their exceptional structural rigidity, morphological flexibility, ease of preparation and modification. Although the pharmacological uses of many natural cyclic dipeptides have been studied in detail, relatively little is reported on the engineering of these supramolecular architectures for the fabrication of functional materials. In this review, we discuss the progress in the design, synthesis, and characterization of cyclic dipeptide supramolecular nanomaterials over the past few decades, highlighting applications in biotechnology and optoelectronics engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Pandeeswar Makam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Dekimpe S, Masschelein J. Beyond peptide bond formation: the versatile role of condensation domains in natural product biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1910-1937. [DOI: 10.1039/d0np00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Condensation domains perform highly diverse functions during natural product biosynthesis and are capable of generating remarkable chemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Dekimpe
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery & Engineering
- Department of Biology
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Joleen Masschelein
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery & Engineering
- Department of Biology
- KU Leuven
- Leuven
- Belgium
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50
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Hüttel W, Müller M. Regio- and stereoselective intermolecular phenol coupling enzymes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:1011-1043. [PMID: 33196733 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00010h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2005 to 2020Phenol coupling is a key reaction in the biosynthesis of important biopolymers such as lignin and melanin and of a plethora of biarylic secondary metabolites. The reaction usually leads to several different regioisomeric products due to the delocalization of a radical in the reaction intermediates. If axial chirality is involved, stereoisomeric products are obtained provided no external factor influences the selectivity. Hence, in non-enzymatic organic synthesis it is notoriously difficult to control the selectivity of the reaction, in particular if the coupling is intermolecular. From biosynthesis, it is known that especially fungi, plants, and bacteria produce biarylic compounds regio- and stereoselectively. Nonetheless, the involved enzymes long evaded discovery. First progress was made in the late 1990s; however, the breakthrough came only with the genomic era and, in particular, in the last few years the number of relevant publications has dramatically increased. The discoveries reviewed in this article reveal a remarkable diversity of enzymes that catalyze oxidative intermolecular phenol coupling, including various classes of laccases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and heme peroxidases. Particularly in the case of laccases, the catalytic systems are often complex and additional proteins, substrates, or reaction conditions have a strong influence on activity and regio- and atroposelectivity. Although the field of (selective) enzymatic phenol coupling is still in its infancy, the diversity of enzymes identified recently could make it easier to select suitable candidates for biotechnological development and to approach this challenging reaction through biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hüttel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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