1
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Chiaradia V, Pensa E, Machado TO, Dove AP. Improving the Performance of Photoactive Terpene-Based Resin Formulations for Light-Based Additive Manufacturing. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:6904-6912. [PMID: 38725455 PMCID: PMC11077580 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c08191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Photocurable liquid formulations have been a key research focus for the preparation of mechanically robust and thermally stable networks. However, the development of renewable resins to replace petroleum-based commodities presents a great challenge in the field. From this perspective, we disclose the design of photoactive resins based on terpenes and itaconic acid, both potentially naturally sourced, to prepare photosets with adjustable thermomechanical properties. Biobased perillyl itaconate (PerIt) was synthesized from renewable perillyl alcohol and itaconic anhydride via a scalable solvent-free method. Photoirradiation of PerIt in the presence of a multiarm thiol and photoinitiator led to the formation of networks over a range of compositions. Addition of nonmodified terpenes (perillyl alcohol, linalool, or limonene) as reactive diluents allowed for more facile preparation of photocured networks. Photosets within a wide range of properties were accessed, and these could be adjusted by varying diluent type and thiol stoichiometry. The resins showed rapid photocuring kinetics and the ability to form either brittle or elastic materials, with Young's modulus and strain at break ranging from 3.6 to 358 MPa and 15 to 367%, respectively, depending on the chemical composition of the resin. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) were influenced by thioether content, with temperatures ranging from 5 to 43 °C, and all photosets displayed good thermal resistance with Td,5% > 190 °C. Selected formulations containing PerIt and limonene demonstrated suitability for additive manufacturing technologies and high-resolution objects were printed via digital light processing (DLP). Overall, this work presents a simple and straightforward route to prepare renewable resins for rapid prototyping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Chiaradia
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Pensa
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Thiago O. Machado
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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2
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Yang J, An X, Lu B, Cao H, Cheng Z, Tong X, Liu H, Ni Y. Lignin: A multi-faceted role/function in 3D printing inks. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131364. [PMID: 38583844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
3D printing technology demonstrates significant potential for the rapid fabrication of tailored geometric structures. Nevertheless, the prevalent use of fossil-derived compositions in printable inks within the realm of 3D printing results in considerable environmental pollution and ecological consequences. Lignin, the second most abundant biomass source on earth, possesses attributes such as cost-effectiveness, renewability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Enriched with active functional groups including hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and methyl, coupled with its rigid aromatic ring structure and inherent anti-oxidative and thermoplastic properties, lignin emerges as a promising candidate for formulating printable inks. This comprehensive review presents the utilization of lignin, either in conjunction with functional materials or through the modification of lignin derivatives, as the primary constituent (≥50 wt%) for formulating printable inks across photo-curing-based (SLA/DLP) and extrusion-based (DIW/FDM) printing technologies. Furthermore, lignin as an additive with multi-faceted roles/functions in 3D printing inks is explored. The effects of lignin on the properties of printing inks and printed objects are evaluated. Finally, this review outlines future perspectives, emphasizing key obstacles and potential opportunities for facilitating the high-value utilization of lignin in the realm of 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Xingye An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Bin Lu
- Zhejiang Jingxing Paper Co., Ltd., No. 1, Jingxing Industry Zone, Jingxing First Road, Caoqiao Street, Pinghu, Zhejiang Province 314214, PR China
| | - Haibing Cao
- Zhejiang Jingxing Paper Co., Ltd., No. 1, Jingxing Industry Zone, Jingxing First Road, Caoqiao Street, Pinghu, Zhejiang Province 314214, PR China
| | - Zhengbai Cheng
- Zhejiang Jingxing Paper Co., Ltd., No. 1, Jingxing Industry Zone, Jingxing First Road, Caoqiao Street, Pinghu, Zhejiang Province 314214, PR China
| | - Xin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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3
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Wan Z, Zhang H, Niu M, Guo Y, Li H. Recent advances in lignin-based 3D printing materials: A mini-review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126660. [PMID: 37660847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
With the growing global population and rapid economic development, the demand for energy and raw materials is increasing, and the supply of fossil resources as the main source of energy and raw materials has reached a critical juncture. However, our overexploitation and overconsumption of fossil resources have led to serious problems, including environmental pollution, climate change, and ecosystem destruction. In the face of these challenges, we must recognize the negative impacts of the shortage of fossil resources and actively seek sustainable alternative sources of energy and resources to protect our environment and sustainable development in the future. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, an additive manufacturing technology, has been used in many fields to manufacture complex and high-precision products. While traditional manufacturing processes typically produce large amounts of waste and emissions that are harmful to the environment, 3D printing is much more energy efficient compared to traditional manufacturing methods, which helps to lower energy costs and reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources. The development of low-carbon and environmentally friendly 3D printing materials can help to reduce carbon emissions and environmental pollution and realize the goal of sustainable development. Lignin, as the second largest renewable green biomass resource after cellulose, has great potential for manufacturing low-carbon and environmentally friendly 3D printing materials. This review presents some recent studies on the applications of lignin and its derivatives in photo-curing 3D printing, including the preparation and performance of lignin-based photosensitive prepolymers, lignin-based reactive diluents, lignin-based photo-initiators, and lignin-based additive. This review also provides recent studies on the preparation and performance of lignin-based thermoplastic polymer for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing. Finally, the future challenges and industrialization prospects of lignin-based 3D printing materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyuanye Wan
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Meihong Niu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Haiming Li
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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4
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Hevilla V, Sonseca Á, Fernández-García M. Straightforward Enzymatic Methacrylation of Poly(Glycerol Adipate) for Potential Applications as UV Curing Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3050. [PMID: 37514438 PMCID: PMC10383392 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic one-pot synthesis procedures in a one-step and two-step monomers addition were developed to obtain poly(glycerol adipate) macromers with methacrylate end-functional groups under the presence of 1 and 3 wt% of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). Glycerol, divinyl adipate, and vinyl methacrylate were enzymatically reacted (vinyl methacrylate was either present from the beginning in the monomers solution or slowly dropped after 6 h of reaction) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 40 °C over 48 h. Macromers with a methacrylate end groups fraction of ≈52% in a simple one-pot one-step procedure were obtained with molecular weights (Mn) of ≈7500-7900 g/mol. The obtained products under the one-pot one-step and two steps synthesis procedures carried out using 1 and 3 wt% of a CALB enzymatic catalyst were profusely characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), MALDI-TOF MS, and SEC. The methacrylate functional macromers obtained with the different procedures and 1 wt% of CALB were combined with an Irgacure® 369 initiator to undergo homopolymerization under UV irradiation for 10 and 30 min, in order to test their potential to obtain amorphous networks within minutes with similar properties to those typically obtained by complex acrylation/methacrylation procedures, which need multiple purification steps and harsh reagents such as acyl chlorides. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that it has been demonstrated that the obtention of methacrylate-functional predominantly linear macromers based on poly(glycerol adipate) is able to be UV crosslinked in a simple one-step procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hevilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Águeda Sonseca
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Shapiro AJ, O'Dea RM, Li SC, Ajah JC, Bass GF, Epps TH. Engineering Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities for Lignocellulosic Biorefineries: Leveraging Biobased Polymer Production. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:109-140. [PMID: 37040783 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternative polymer feedstocks are highly desirable to address environmental, social, and security concerns associated with petrochemical-based materials. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has emerged as one critical feedstock in this regard because it is an abundant and ubiquitous renewable resource. LCB can be deconstructed to generate valuable fuels, chemicals, and small molecules/oligomers that are amenable to modification and polymerization. However, the diversity of LCB complicates the evaluation of biorefinery concepts in areas including process scale-up, production outputs, plant economics, and life-cycle management. We discuss aspects of current LCB biorefinery research with a focus on the major process stages, including feedstock selection, fractionation/deconstruction, and characterization, along with product purification, functionalization, and polymerization to manufacture valuable macromolecular materials. We highlight opportunities to valorize underutilized and complex feedstocks, leverage advanced characterization techniques to predict and manage biorefinery outputs, and increase the fraction of biomass converted into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Shapiro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Robert M O'Dea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Sonia C Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Jamael C Ajah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Garrett F Bass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; , , , , ,
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Research in Soft Matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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6
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Stouten J, Schnelting GHM, Hul J, Sijstermans N, Janssen K, Darikwa T, Ye C, Loos K, Voet VSD, Bernaerts KV. Biobased Photopolymer Resin for 3D Printing Containing Dynamic Imine Bonds for Fast Reprocessability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37220092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Acrylic photopolymer resins are widely used in stereolithographic 3D printing. However, the growing demand for such thermosetting resins is weighing on global issues such as waste management and fossil fuel consumption. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for reactive components that are biobased and enable recyclability of the resulting thermoset products. In this work, the synthesis of a photo-cross-linkable molecule containing dynamic imine bonds based on biobased vanillin and dimer fatty diamine is described. Using the biobased building blocks, formulations containing reactive diluent and a photoinitiator were prepared. The mixtures could be rapidly cross-linked under UV light, yielding vitrimers. Using digital light processing, 3D-printed parts were prepared, which were rigid, thermally stable, and reprocessed within 5 min at elevated temperature and pressure. The addition of a building block containing a higher concentration of imine bonds accelerated the stress relaxation and improved the mechanical rigidity of the vitrimers. This work will contribute to the development of biobased and recyclable 3D-printed resins to facilitate the transition to a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Stouten
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Geraldine H M Schnelting
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerzy Hul
- Liqcreate, Texasdreef 7, 3665 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Sijstermans
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Kylian Janssen
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Tinashe Darikwa
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Chongnan Ye
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent S D Voet
- Professorship Circular Plastics, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, van Schaikweg 94, 7811 KL Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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7
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Hevilla V, Sonseca Á, Echeverría C, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Fernández-García M. Photocured Poly(Mannitol Sebacate) with Functional Methacrylic Monomer: Analysis of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061561. [PMID: 36987340 PMCID: PMC10054831 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we described the formation of polymeric networks with potential antimicrobial character based on an acrylate oligomer, poly(mannitol sebacate) (PMS), and an enzymatically synthesized methacrylic monomer with thiazole groups (MTA). Networks with different content of MTA were prepared, and further physico-chemically characterized by microhardness, water contact angle measurements, and differential scanning calorimetry. Monomer incorporation into the networks and subsequent quaternization to provide thiazolium moieties affected the mechanical behavior and the surface wettability of the networks. Moreover, the introduction of permanent cationic charges in the network surface could give antimicrobial activity to them. Therefore, the antibacterial behavior and the hemotoxicity were analyzed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and red blood cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hevilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Águeda Sonseca
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Coro Echeverría
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Bhanushali H, Mestry S, Mhaske ST. Castor oil‐based
UV
‐curable polyurethane acrylate resins for digital light processing (
DLP
)
3D
printing technology. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haresh Bhanushali
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Siddhesh Mestry
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - S. T. Mhaske
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
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9
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Kuenstler AS, Hernandez JJ, Trujillo-Lemon M, Osterbaan A, Bowman CN. Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Tough, Fully Recyclable Thermosets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11111-11121. [PMID: 36795439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To advance the capabilities of additive manufacturing, novel resin formulations are needed that produce high-fidelity parts with desired mechanical properties that are also amenable to recycling. In this work, a thiol-ene-based system incorporating semicrystallinity and dynamic thioester bonds within polymer networks is presented. It is shown that these materials have ultimate toughness values >16 MJ cm-3, comparable to high-performance literature precedents. Significantly, the treatment of these networks with excess thiols facilitates thiol-thioester exchange that degrades polymerized networks into functional oligomers. These oligomers are shown to be amenable to repolymerization into constructs with varying thermomechanical properties, including elastomeric networks that recover their shape fully from >100% strain. Using a commercial stereolithographic printer, these resin formulations are printed into functional objects including both stiff (E ∼ 10-100 MPa) and soft (E ∼ 1-10 MPa) lattice structures. Finally, it is shown that the incorporation of both dynamic chemistry and crystallinity further enables advancement in the properties and characteristics of printed parts, including attributes such as self-healing and shape-memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S Kuenstler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Juan J Hernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marianela Trujillo-Lemon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alexander Osterbaan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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10
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Hevilla V, Sonseca A, Echeverría C, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Fernández-García M. Photocuring of aliphatic-lineal poly(glycerol adipate) with a monomer bearing thiazolium groups as a promising approach for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Latest Trends in Sustainable Polymeric Food Packaging Films. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010168. [PMID: 36613384 PMCID: PMC9818434 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food packaging is the best way to protect food while it moves along the entire supply chain to the consumer. However, conventional food packaging poses some problems related to food wastage and excessive plastic production. Considering this, the aim of this work was to examine recent findings related to bio-based alternative food packaging films by means of conventional methodologies and additive manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing (3D-P), with potential to replace conventional petroleum-based food packaging. Based on the findings, progress in the development of bio-based packaging films, biopolymer-based feedstocks for 3D-P, and innovative food packaging materials produced by this technology was identified. However, the lack of studies suggests that 3D-P has not been well-explored in this field. Nonetheless, it is probable that in the future this technology will be more widely employed in the food packaging field, which could lead to a reduction in plastic production as well as safer food consumption.
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12
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Yang S, Chen T, Bu Z, Tuo X, Gong Y, Guo J. Thermal responsive photopolymerization
3D
printed shape memory polymers enhanced by heat transfer media. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuochen Yang
- School of Textile and Material Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Tingjun Chen
- School of Textile and Material Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Zesen Bu
- School of Textile and Material Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohang Tuo
- School of Textile and Material Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Gong
- School of Textile and Material Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Textile and Material Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian People's Republic of China
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13
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TG-FTIR-QMS analysis of more environmentally friendly poly(geranyl methacrylate)-co-poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) copolymers. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Smith PT, Altin G, Millik SC, Narupai B, Sietz C, Park JO, Nelson A. Methacrylated Bovine Serum Albumin and Tannic Acid Composite Materials for Three-Dimensional Printing Tough and Mechanically Functional Parts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21418-21425. [PMID: 35471016 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nature uses proteins as building blocks to create three-dimensional (3D) structural components (like spiderwebs and tissue) that are recycled within a closed loop. Furthermore, it is difficult to replicate the mechanical properties of these 3D architectures within synthetic systems. In the absence of biological machinery, protein-based materials can be difficult to process and can have a limited range of mechanical properties. Herein, we present an additive manufacturing workflow to fabricate tough, protein-based composite hydrogels and bioplastics with a range of mechanical properties. Briefly, methacrylated bovine-serum-albumin-based aqueous resins were 3D-printed using a commercial vat photopolymerization system. The printed structures were then treated with tannic acid to introduce additional non-covalent interactions and form tough hydrogels. The hydrogel material could be sutured and withstand mechanical load, even after immersion in water for 24 h. Additionally, a denaturing thermal cure could be used to virtually eliminate rehydration of the material and form a bioplastic. To highlight the functionality of this material, a bioplastic screw was 3D-printed and driven into wood without damage to the screw. Moreover, the 3D-printed constructs enzymatically degraded up to 85% after 30 days in pepsin solution. Thus, these protein-based 3D-printed constructs show great potential for biomedical devices that degrade in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gokce Altin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - S Cem Millik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Benjaporn Narupai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Cameron Sietz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - James O Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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15
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Wu Y, Simpson MC, Jin J. 3D Printing of Thiol‐Yne Photoresins through Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
| | - M. Cather Simpson
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Department of Physics The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Photon Factory The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
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16
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17
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Haque FM, Ishibashi JSA, Lidston CAL, Shao H, Bates FS, Chang AB, Coates GW, Cramer CJ, Dauenhauer PJ, Dichtel WR, Ellison CJ, Gormong EA, Hamachi LS, Hoye TR, Jin M, Kalow JA, Kim HJ, Kumar G, LaSalle CJ, Liffland S, Lipinski BM, Pang Y, Parveen R, Peng X, Popowski Y, Prebihalo EA, Reddi Y, Reineke TM, Sheppard DT, Swartz JL, Tolman WB, Vlaisavljevich B, Wissinger J, Xu S, Hillmyer MA. Defining the Macromolecules of Tomorrow through Synergistic Sustainable Polymer Research. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6322-6373. [PMID: 35133803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming how plastics are made, unmade, and remade through innovative research and diverse partnerships that together foster environmental stewardship is critically important to a sustainable future. Designing, preparing, and implementing polymers derived from renewable resources for a wide range of advanced applications that promote future economic development, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability are all central to these efforts. In this Chemical Reviews contribution, we take a comprehensive, integrated approach to summarize important and impactful contributions to this broad research arena. The Review highlights signature accomplishments across a broad research portfolio and is organized into four wide-ranging research themes that address the topic in a comprehensive manner: Feedstocks, Polymerization Processes and Techniques, Intended Use, and End of Use. We emphasize those successes that benefitted from collaborative engagements across disciplinary lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farihah M Haque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jacob S A Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Claire A L Lidston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801, United States
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alice B Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul J Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher J Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ethan A Gormong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas R Hoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mengyuan Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hee Joong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J LaSalle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Stephanie Liffland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bryce M Lipinski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1801, United States
| | - Yutong Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Riffat Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Xiayu Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yanay Popowski
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Emily A Prebihalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yernaidu Reddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daylan T Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeremy L Swartz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William B Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Jane Wissinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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O’Dea RM, Pranda PA, Luo Y, Amitrano A, Ebikade EO, Gottlieb ER, Ajao O, Benali M, Vlachos DG, Ierapetritou M, Epps TH. Ambient-pressure lignin valorization to high-performance polymers by intensified reductive catalytic deconstruction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj7523. [PMID: 35044829 PMCID: PMC8769544 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemocatalytic lignin valorization strategies are critical for a sustainable bioeconomy, as lignin, especially technical lignin, is one of the most available and underutilized aromatic feedstocks. Here, we provide the first report of an intensified reactive distillation–reductive catalytic deconstruction (RD-RCD) process to concurrently deconstruct technical lignins from diverse sources and purify the aromatic products at ambient pressure. We demonstrate the utility of RD-RCD bio-oils in high-performance additive manufacturing via stereolithography 3D printing and highlight its economic advantages over a conventional reductive catalytic fractionation/RCD process. As an example, our RD-RCD reduces the cost of producing a biobased pressure-sensitive adhesive from softwood Kraft lignin by up to 60% in comparison to the high-pressure RCD approach. Last, a facile screening method was developed to predict deconstruction yields using easy-to-obtain thermal decomposition data. This work presents an integrated lignin valorization approach for upgrading existing lignin streams toward the realization of economically viable biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. O’Dea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Paula A. Pranda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Yuqing Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Alice Amitrano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Elvis O. Ebikade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Eric R. Gottlieb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Olumoye Ajao
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S6, Canada
| | - Marzouk Benali
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S6, Canada
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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19
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Ohno R, Sugane K, Shibata M. Thermal and mechanical properties of polymer networks prepared by the thiol-ene reaction of a vanillin/acetone condensate and its related compounds. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Morales-Cerrada R, Molina-Gutierrez S, Lacroix-Desmazes P, Caillol S. Eugenol, a Promising Building Block for Biobased Polymers with Cutting-Edge Properties. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3625-3648. [PMID: 34464094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biobased materials, derived from biomass building blocks, are essential in the pursuit of sustainable materials. Eugenol, a natural phenol obtained from clove oil, but also from lignin depolymerization, possesses a chemical structure that allows its easy modification to obtain a broad and versatile platform of biobased monomers. In this Perspective, an overview of the variety of reactions that have been executed on the allylic double bond, phenol hydroxyl group, aromatic ring, and methoxy group is given, focusing our attention on those to obtain monomers suitable for different polymerization reactions. Furthermore, possible applications and perspectives on the eugenol-derived materials are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34000, France
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21
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Superior Properties through Feedstock Development for Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Biobased Feedstocks. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174843. [PMID: 34500932 PMCID: PMC8432656 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (Vat AM) technologies have found niche industrial use being able to produce personalized parts in moderate quantity. However, Vat AM lacks in its ability to produce parts of satisfactory thermal and mechanical properties for structural applications. The purpose of this investigation was to develop high-performance resins with glass transition temperatures (Tg) above 200 °C for Vat AM, evaluate the properties of the produced thermosets and establish a structure–property relationship of the thermosets produced. Herein, we have developed SLA-type resins that feature bio-derived monomer hesperetin trimethacrylate (HTM) synthesized from the flavonone hesperetin. Diluents 4-acryloyl morpholine, styrene, 4-methyl styrene and 4-tert butylstyrene (tbutylsty) were photocured with HTM as the monomer and all produced thermosets with Tg values above 200 °C. Investigations of suitable crosslinkers urethane dimethacrylate, the vinyl ester CN 151 and Ebecryl 4859 (Eb4859) showed that each crosslinker displayed different benefits when formulated with HTM as the monomer and tbutylSty as the diluent (HTM:crosslinker:tbutylSty with mass ratio 2:1:2). The crosslinker CN 151 produced the thermoset of greatest onset of thermal decomposition temperature (T0) of 352 °C. Eb4859 produced the thermoset of highest tensile strength, 19 ± 7 MPa, amongst the set of varied crosslinkers. The formulation featuring UDM (HTM:UDM:tbutysty) offered ease of processing and was seemingly the easiest to print. Investigations of reactive diluent showed that styrene produced the thermoset of the highest extent of cure and the overall highest tensile strength, 25 ± 5 MPa, while tbutylSty produced the thermoset with the greatest Tan-δ Tg, 231 °C. HTM was synthesized, formulated with diluents, crosslinkers and initiators. The HTM resins were then 3D printed to produce thermosets of Tg values greater than 200 °C. The polymer properties were evaluated and a structure–reactivity relationship was discussed.
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22
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Hamachi LS, Rau DA, Arrington CB, Sheppard DT, Fortman DJ, Long TE, Williams CB, Dichtel WR. Dissociative Carbamate Exchange Anneals 3D Printed Acrylates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38680-38687. [PMID: 34369767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Relative to other additive manufacturing modalities, vat photopolymerization (VP) offers designers superior surface finish, feature resolution, and throughput. However, poor interlayer network formation can limit a VP-printed part's tensile strength along the build axis. We demonstrate that the incorporation of carbamate bonds capable of undergoing dissociative exchange reactions provides improved interlayer network formation in VP-printed urethane acrylate polymers. In the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst, the exchange of these carbamate bonds enables rapid stress relaxation with an activation energy of 133 kJ/mol, consistent with a dissociative bond exchange process. Annealed XY tensile samples containing a catalyst demonstrate a 25% decrease in Young's modulus, attributed to statistical changes in network topology, while samples without a catalyst show no observable effect. Annealed ZX tensile samples printed with layers perpendicular to tensile load demonstrate an increase in elongation at break, indicative of self-healing. The strain at break for samples containing a catalyst increases from 33.9 to 56.0% after annealing but decreases from 48.1 to 32.1% after annealing in samples without a catalyst. This thermally activated bond exchange process improves the performance of VP-printed materials via self-healing across layers and provides a means to change Young's modulus after printing. Thus, the incorporation of carbamate bonds and appropriate catalysts in the VP-printing process provides a robust platform for enhancing material properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Daniel A Rau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Clay B Arrington
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Daylan T Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David J Fortman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Timothy E Long
- School of Molecular Sciences, Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Christopher B Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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23
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Xu Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Xue S. Radical Photopolymerization Using 1,4-Dihydropyrrolo[3,2- b]pyrrole Derivatives Prepared via One-Pot Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20902-20911. [PMID: 34423198 PMCID: PMC8374902 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radical photopolymerization has attracted significant attention for manufacturing products with complicated structures. Herein, the synthesized 1,4-bis(4-bromophenyl)-2,5-bis(4-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyrrole[3,2-b]pyrrole (PyBN) is found to show varying photoactivity upon irradiation at different wavelengths. PyBN affords two main absorption bands, and its maximum absorption peak is at 462 nm, attributing to its strong intramolecular charge transfer property based on the donor-acceptor structure. It efficiently photoinitiates the radical photopolymerization of different (meth)acrylate materials under 365 and 395 nm LED irradiation. The highest double bond conversion of 99.86% is achieved for these materials. Under 470 nm LED, PyBN does not show molecular structure change from photolysis results as a result of intramolecular charge transfer. Therefore, PyBN shows wavelength-selective photoactivity with potential application in dual-wavelength volumetric additive manufacturing. A unique solid product is successfully fabricated using a 365 nm LED with co-irradiation of a 470 nm LED. Additionally, PyBN incorporating camphorquinone (CQ) as a two-component visible light photoinitiator system is investigated under 470 nm LED irradiation. As PyBN has a charge transfer activity at 470 nm, the combination with CQ exhibits a good synergistic interaction. Besides nitro-based PyBN, a methyl-based PyBC was prepared as a reference compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of
Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of
Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuguang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of
Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of
Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, Department of Applied Chemistry,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Weigel N, Männel MJ, Thiele J. Flexible Materials for High-Resolution 3D Printing of Microfluidic Devices with Integrated Droplet Size Regulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31086-31101. [PMID: 34176257 PMCID: PMC8267847 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We develop resins for high-resolution additive manufacturing of flexible micromaterials via projection microstereolithography (PμSL) screening formulations made from monomer 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, the cross-linkers Ebecryl 8413, tri(propyleneglycol) diacrylate or 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, the photoabsorber Sudan 1, and the photoinitiator diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide. PμSL-printed polymer micromaterials made from this resin library are characterized regarding achievable layer thickness depending on UV exposure energy, and for mechanical as well as optical properties. The best-candidate resin from this screening approach allows for 3D-printing transparent microchannels with a minimum cross section of approximately 35 × 46 μm2, which exhibit proper solvent resistance against water, isopropanol, ethanol, n-hexane, and HFE-7500. The mechanical properties are predestined for 3D-printing microfluidic devices with integrated functional units that require high material flexibility. Exemplarily, we design flexible microchannels for on-demand regulation of microdroplet sizes in microemulsion formation. Our two outlines of integrated droplet regulators operate by injecting defined volumes of air, which deform the droplet-forming microchannel cross-junction, and change the droplet size therein. With this study, we expand the library of functional resins for PμSL printing toward flexible materials with micrometer resolution and provide the basis for further exploration of these materials, e.g., as microstructured cell-culturing substrates with defined mechanics.
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25
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Tessanan W, Daniel P, Phinyocheep P. Development of Photosensitive Natural Rubber as a Mechanical Modifier for Ultraviolet-Curable Resin Applied in Digital Light Processing-Based Three-Dimensional Printing Technology. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14838-14847. [PMID: 34151065 PMCID: PMC8209821 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR), a natural product from the Hevea brasiliensis tree, has been developed as a photosensitive mechanical modifier utilized in lithography-based three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Here, we transformed NR to photosensitive NR (PNR) by incorporating acrylate groups via chemical modifications. The acrylated NR was blended with a commercial resin (CR) at various rubber contents (0 to 3 wt %) by a simple mixing approach. The blended resin was solidified to pattern the desired specimen using a digital light processing-based 3D printer. The effect of PNR contents on mechanical properties and thermal performance of the printed specimen compared to the neat CR was studied in this work. A printed sample containing 1.5 wt % PNR can increase the elongation ability and impact strength by approximately 59 and 116%, respectively, compared to the neat CR. The microstructure of the printed objects shows a heterogeneous surface consisting of dispersed rubber droplets and a continuous CR matrix. Two glass transition temperatures belonging to the rubber phase and the resin matrix can be observed. The thermal decomposition of the printed part decreased slightly with the elevation in the rubber content. Consequently, the synthesized photosensitive natural rubber could be used as a toughness modifier employed in ultraviolet-curable resin for the light-based 3D printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Tessanan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Philippe Daniel
- Institut
des Molécules et des Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR CNRS
6283, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Le Mans Université, Bd O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, Cedex 09, France
| | - Pranee Phinyocheep
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University, Rama VI Road, Payathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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26
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Ebers LS, Arya A, Bowland CC, Glasser WG, Chmely SC, Naskar AK, Laborie MP. 3D printing of lignin: Challenges, opportunities and roads onward. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23431. [PMID: 33974275 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, and as a resource recently becoming more available in separated and purified form on an industrial scale due to the development of new isolation technologies, lignin has a key role to play in transitioning our material industry towards sustainability. Additive manufacturing (AM), the most efficient-material processing technology to date, has likewise made great strides to promote sustainable industrial solutions to our needs in engineered products. Bringing lignin research to AM has prompted the emergence of the nascent "lignin 3D printing" field. This review presents the recent state of art of this promising field and highlights its challenges and opportunities. Following a review of the industrial availability, molecular attributes, and associated properties of technical lignins, we review R&D efforts at implementing lignin systems in extrusion-based and stereolithography (SLA) printing technologies. Doing so underlines the adage of lignin research that "all lignins are not created equal," and stresses the opportunity nested in this chemical diversity created mostly by differences in isolation conditions to molecularly select and tune the attributes of technical lignin systems towards desirable properties, be it by modification or polymer blending. Considering the AM design process in its entirety, we finally propose onward routes to bring the full potential to this emerging field. We hope that this review can help promote the unique value and overdue industrial role of lignin in sustainable engineered materials and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-S Ebers
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Br., Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Br., Germany
| | - Aditi Arya
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C C Bowland
- Carbon and Composites Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - W G Glasser
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - S C Chmely
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A K Naskar
- Carbon and Composites Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - M-P Laborie
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Br., Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Br., Germany
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27
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Pezzana L, Malmström E, Johansson M, Sangermano M. UV-Curable Bio-Based Polymers Derived from Industrial Pulp and Paper Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091530. [PMID: 34068798 PMCID: PMC8126230 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based monomers represent the future market for polymer chemistry, since the political economics of different states promote green ventures toward more sustainable materials and processes. Industrial pulp and paper processing represent a large market that could advance the use of by-products to avoid waste production and reduce pollution. Lignin represents the most available side product that can be used to produce a bio-based monomer. This review is concentrated on the possibility of using bio-based monomer derivates from pulp and the paper industry for UV-curing processing. UV-curing represents the new frontier for thermoset production, allowing a fast reaction cure, less energy demand, and the elimination of solvent. The growing demand for new monomers increases research in the environmental field to substitute for petroleum-based products. This review provides an overview of the main monomers and relative families of compounds derived from industrial processes that are suitable for UV-curing. Particular focus is given to the developments reached in the last few years concerning lignin, rosin and terpenes and the related possible applications of these in UV-curing chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pezzana
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Eva Malmström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Johansson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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28
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Ouhichi R, Bougarech A, Kluge M, Pérocheau Arnaud S, Abid S, Abid M, Robert T. Camphoric acid as renewable cyclic building block for bio-based UV-curing polyhexylene itaconate. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Danish M, Vijay Anirudh P, Karunakaran C, Rajamohan V, Mathew AT, Koziol K, Thakur VK, Kannan C, Balan ASS. 4D
printed stereolithography printed
plant‐based
sustainable polymers: Preliminary investigation and optimization. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Danish
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India
| | - P. Vijay Anirudh
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, College of Engineering Anna University Chennai India
| | - C. Karunakaran
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India
| | - Vasudevan Rajamohan
- Centre for Innovative Manufacturing Research Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India
| | - Arun Tom Mathew
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India
| | - Krzysztof Koziol
- Enhanced Composites and Structures Centre Cranfield University Cranfield UK
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre Scotland's Rural College Edinburgh UK
| | - C. Kannan
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India
| | - A. S. S. Balan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering NITK Surathkal Mangalore India
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30
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Barkane A, Platnieks O, Jurinovs M, Kasetaite S, Ostrauskaite J, Gaidukovs S, Habibi Y. UV-Light Curing of 3D Printing Inks from Vegetable Oils for Stereolithography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1195. [PMID: 33917193 PMCID: PMC8068002 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical resins for UV-assisted additive manufacturing (AM) are prepared from petroleum-based materials and therefore do not contribute to the growing AM industry trend of converting to sustainable bio-based materials. To satisfy society and industry's demand for sustainability, renewable feedstocks must be explored; unfortunately, there are not many options that are applicable to photopolymerization. Nevertheless, some vegetable oils can be modified to be suitable for UV-assisted AM technologies. In this work, extended study, through FTIR and photorheology measurements, of the UV-curing of epoxidized acrylate from soybean oil (AESO)-based formulations has been performed to better understand the photopolymerization process. The study demonstrates that the addition of appropriate functional comonomers like trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and the adjusting of the concentration of photoinitiator from 1% to 7% decrease the needed UV-irradiation time by up to 25%. Under optimized conditions, the optimal curing time was about 4 s, leading to a double bond conversion rate (DBC%) up to 80% and higher crosslinking density determined by the Flory-Rehner empirical approach. Thermal and mechanical properties were also investigated via TGA and DMA measurements that showed significant improvements of mechanical performances for all formulations. The properties were improved further upon the addition of the reactive diluents. After the thorough investigations, the prepared vegetable oil-based resin ink formulations containing reactive diluents were deemed suitable inks for UV-assisted AM, giving their appropriate viscosity. The validation was done by printing different objects with complex structures using a laser based stereolithography apparatus (SLA) printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Barkane
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Maksims Jurinovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Sigita Kasetaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (J.O.)
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (J.O.)
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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31
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Exceptional Mechanical Properties and Heat Resistance of Photocurable Bismaleimide Ink for 3D Printing. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071708. [PMID: 33808454 PMCID: PMC8037760 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitive resins used in three-dimensional (3D) printing are characterized by high forming precision and fast processing speed; however, they often possess poor mechanical properties and heat resistance. In this study, we report a photocurable bismaleimide ink with excellent comprehensive performance for stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing. First, the main chain of bismaleimide with an amino group (BDM) was synthesized, and then, the glycidyl methacrylate was grafted to the amino group to obtain the bismaleimide oligomer with an unsaturated double bond. The oligomers were combined with reaction diluents and photo-initiators to form photocurable inks that can be used for SLA 3D printing. The viscosity and curing behavior of the inks were studied, and the mechanical properties and heat resistance were tested. The tensile strength of 3D-printed samples based on BDM inks could reach 72.6 MPa (166% of that of commercial inks), glass transition temperature could reach 155 °C (205% of that of commercial inks), and energy storage modulus was 3625 MPa at 35 °C (327% of that of commercial inks). The maximum values of T-5%, T-50%, and Tmax of the 3D samples printed by BDM inks reached 351.5, 449.6, and 451.9 °C, respectively. These photocured BDM inks can be used to produce complex structural components and models with excellent mechanical and thermal properties, such as car parts, building models, and pipes.
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32
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Podgórski M, Huang S, Bowman CN. Additive Manufacture of Dynamic Thiol-ene Networks Incorporating Anhydride-Derived Reversible Thioester Links. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12789-12796. [PMID: 33356106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A photoprintable dynamic thiol-ene resin was developed based on commercially available anhydride, thiol, and ene monomers. The dynamic chemistry chosen for this study relied on the thermal reversibility of the in situ generated thioester-anhydride links. The resin's rheological and curing properties were optimized to enable 3D printing using the masked stereolithography (MSLA) technique. To achieve a desirable depth of cure of 200 μm, a combination of radical photoinitiator (BAPO) and inhibitor (pyrogallol) were used at a weight ratio of 0.5 to 0.05, resulting in more than 90% thiol-ene conversion within 12 s curing time. In a series of stress relaxation and creep experiments, the dynamic reversible exchange was characterized and yielded rapid exchange rates ranging from minutes to seconds at temperatures of 80-140 °C. Little to no exchange was observed at temperatures below 60 °C. Various 3D geometries were 3D printed, and the printed objects were shown to be reconfigurable above 80 °C and depolymerizable at or above 120 °C. By deactivation of the exchange catalyst (DMAP), the stimuli responsiveness was demonstrated to be erasable, allowing for a significant shift in the actuation threshold. These highly enabling features of the dynamic chemistry open up new possibilities in the field of shape memory and 4D printable functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 5, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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33
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Merckle D, Constant E, Cartwright Z, Weems AC. Ring Opening Copolymerization of Four-Dimensional Printed Shape Memory Polyester Photopolymers Using Digital Light Processing. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Merckle
- Translational Biosciences Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Eric Constant
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Zachary Cartwright
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Andrew C Weems
- Translational Biosciences Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Russ College of Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Health College of Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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34
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Lorandi F, Lathwal S, Martinez MR, Dadashi-Silab S, Szczepaniak G, Cuthbert J. Reflection on the Matyjaszewski Lab Webinar Series and the Rise of Webinars in Polymer Chemistry. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:54-59. [PMID: 35548988 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Webinar series are helping our community of polymer scientists to stay engaged and connected, despite the cancellation of in-person meetings and the periodic closure of laboratories to contain the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. The sustainable and inclusive character of these virtual events make them valuable learning and networking opportunities. As organizers of the Matyjaszewski Lab Webinar Series, we share herein our experience, highlighting the benefits of virtual meetings and providing a short guide for webinar organizers. Researchers, particularly young scientists, are encouraged to organize such virtual events to broaden their skills and strengthen their professional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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35
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Yee DW, Greer JR. Three‐dimensional
chemical reactors:
in situ
materials synthesis to advance vat photopolymerization. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl W. Yee
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Julia R. Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
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36
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Abstract
This review examines recent strategies, challenges, and future opportunities in preparing high-performance polymeric materials from lignin and its derivable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett F. Bass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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37
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Cell-Laden Gelatin Methacryloyl Bioink for the Fabrication of Z-Stacked Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123027. [PMID: 33348811 PMCID: PMC7767119 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel-based scaffolds have been widely used to fabricate artificial tissues capable of replacing tissues and organs. However, several challenges inherent in fabricating tissues of large size and complex morphology using such scaffolds while ensuring cell viability remain. To address this problem, we synthesized gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) based bioink with cells for fabricating a scaffold with superior characteristics. The bioink was grafted onto a Z-stacking bioprinter that maintained the cells at physiological temperature during the printing process, without exerting any physical pressure on the cells. Various parameters, such as the bioink composition and light exposure time, were optimized. The printing accuracy of the scaffolds was evaluated using photorheological studies. The internal morphology of the scaffolds at different time points was analyzed using electron microscopy. The Z-stacked scaffolds were fabricated using high-speed printing, with the conditions optimized to achieve high model reproducibility. Stable adhesion and high proliferation of cells encapsulated within the scaffold were confirmed. We introduced various strategies to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of Z-stack GelMA bioprinting while ensuring that the scaffolds facilitated cell adhesion, encapsulation, and proliferation. Our results demonstrate the potential of the present method for various applications in tissue engineering.
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38
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Voet VSD, Guit J, Loos K. Sustainable Photopolymers in 3D Printing: A Review on Biobased, Biodegradable, and Recyclable Alternatives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000475. [PMID: 33205556 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global market for 3D printing materials has grown exponentially in the last decade. Today, photopolymers claim almost half of the material sales worldwide. The lack of sustainable resins, applicable in vat photopolymerization that can compete with commercial materials, however, limits the widespread adoption of this technology. The development of "green" alternatives is of great importance in order to reduce the environmental impact of additive manufacturing. This paper reviews the recent evolutions in the field of sustainable photopolymers for 3D printing. It highlights the synthesis and application of biobased resin components, such as photocurable monomers and oligomers, as well as reinforcing agents derived from natural resources. In addition, the design of biologically degradable and recyclable thermoset products in vat photopolymerization is discussed. Together, those strategies will promote the accurate and waste-free production of a new generation of 3D materials for a sustainable plastics economy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S D Voet
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Van Schaikweg 94, Emmen, 7811 KL, The Netherlands
| | - Jarno Guit
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Van Schaikweg 94, Emmen, 7811 KL, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, 9747, The Netherlands
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39
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Sanay B, Strehmel B, Strehmel V. Photoinitiated polymerization of methacrylates comprising phenyl moieties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berran Sanay
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences Krefeld Germany
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences Krefeld Germany
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences Krefeld Germany
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40
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Lebedevaite M, Talacka V, Ostrauskaite J. High biorenewable content acrylate photocurable resins for
DLP 3D
printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Migle Lebedevaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology Kaunas University of Technology Kaunas Lithuania
| | | | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology Kaunas University of Technology Kaunas Lithuania
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41
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Zhang J, Shang Q, Hu Y, Zhang F, Huang J, Lu J, Cheng J, Liu C, Hu L, Miao H, Chen Y, Huang T, Zhou Y. High-biobased-content UV-curable oligomers derived from tung oil and citric acid: Microwave-assisted synthesis and properties. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Shigemune T, Marumo T, Tsuchiya N, Nonaka T, Takahara S. Photo Amphoteric Compound Generators for Environmentally-friendly Materials. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2020. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.33.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shigemune
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
| | - Takuya Marumo
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
| | - Nanaho Tsuchiya
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
| | - Takafumi Nonaka
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
| | - Shigeru Takahara
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University
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43
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Skliutas E, Lebedevaite M, Kasetaite S, Rekštytė S, Lileikis S, Ostrauskaite J, Malinauskas M. A Bio-Based Resin for a Multi-Scale Optical 3D Printing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9758. [PMID: 32546754 PMCID: PMC7297778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials obtained from renewable sources are emerging to replace the starting materials of petroleum-derived plastics. They offer easy processing, fulfill technological, functional and durability requirements at the same time ensuring increased bio-compatibility, recycling, and eventually lower cost. On the other hand, optical 3D printing (O3DP) is a rapid prototyping tool (and an additive manufacturing technique) being developed as a choice for efficient and low waste production method, yet currently associated with mainly petroleum-derived resins. Here we employ a single bio-based resin derived from soy beans, suitable for O3DP in the scales from nano- to macro-dimensions, which can be processed even without the addition of photoinitiator. The approach is validated using both state-of-the art laser nanolithography setup as well as a widespread table-top 3D printer - sub-micrometer accuracy 3D objects are fabricated reproducibly. Additionally, chess-like figures are made in an industrial line commercially delivering small batch production services. Such concept is believed to make a breakthrough in rapid prototyping by switching the focus of O3DP to bio-based resins instead of being restricted to conventional petroleum-derived photopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvinas Skliutas
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Migle Lebedevaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Kasetaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sima Rekštytė
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Lileikis
- 3D Creative Ltd., Mokslininku St. 2a, Vilnius, LT-08412, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mangirdas Malinauskas
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania.
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44
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Cui Y, Yang J, Lei D, Su J. 3D Printing of a Dual-Curing Resin with Cationic Curable Vegetable Oil. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cui
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Junlai Yang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dehua Lei
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Su
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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45
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Narupai B, Nelson A. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Macromolecular Materials for Additive Manufacturing. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:627-638. [PMID: 35648567 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has drawn tremendous attention as a versatile platform for the on-demand fabrication of objects with excellent spatial control of chemical compositions and complex architectures. The development of materials that are specifically designed for AM is highly desirable for a variety of applications ranging from personal healthcare, tissue engineering, biomedical devices, self-folding origami structures, and soft robotics. Polymeric macromolecules have received increasing attention due to a wide variety of materials, the versatility for novel chemistries, and the ability to tune chemical composition and architecture. This Viewpoint highlights the development of polymeric materials for direct-ink writing and vat photopolymerization for 3D printing applications. Recent chemical innovations and polymer architectures are overviewed, which also includes recent developments in responsive and adaptive objects from AM. Polymers for biological interface and sustainability in AM are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjaporn Narupai
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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O’Dea RM, Willie JA, Epps TH. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Current Challenges and Future Opportunities. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:476-493. [PMID: 35648496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable polymers from lignocellulosic biomass have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of commercial plastics while also offering significant performance and cost benefits relative to petrochemical-derived macromolecules. However, most currently available biobased polymers are hampered by insufficient thermomechanical properties, low economic feasibility (e.g., high relative cost), and reduced scalability in comparison to petroleum-based incumbents. Future biobased materials must overcome these limitations to be competitive in the marketplace. Additionally, sustainability challenges at the beginning and end of the polymer lifecycle need to be addressed using green chemistry practices and improved end-of-life waste management strategies. This viewpoint provides an overview of recent developments that can mitigate many concerns with present materials and discusses key aspects of next-generation, biobased polymers derived from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. O’Dea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jordan A. Willie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Vanillin Acrylate-Based Resins for Optical 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020397. [PMID: 32050639 PMCID: PMC7077679 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of biobased systems as photocurable resins for optical 3D printing has attracted great attention in recent years; therefore, novel vanillin acrylate-based resins were designed and investigated. Cross-linked polymers were prepared by radical photopolymerization of vanillin derivatives (vanillin dimethacrylate and vanillin diacrylate) using ethyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphinate as photoinitiator. The changes of rheological properties were examined during the curing with ultraviolet/visible irradiation to detect the influences of solvent, photoinitiator, and vanillin derivative on cross-linking rate and network formation. Vanillin diacrylate-based polymers had higher values of yield of insoluble fraction, thermal stability, and better mechanical properties in comparison to vanillin dimethacrylate-based polymers. Moreover, the vanillin diacrylate polymer film showed a significant antimicrobial effect, only a bit weaker than that of chitosan film. Thermal and mechanical properties of vanillin acrylate-based polymers were comparable with those of commercial petroleum-derived materials used in optical 3D printing. Also, vanillin diacrylate proved to be well-suited for optical printing as was demonstrated by employing direct laser writing 3D lithography and microtransfer molding techniques.
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Nejadebrahim A, Ebrahimi M, Allonas X, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Ley C, Métral B. A new safranin based three-component photoinitiating system for high resolution and low shrinkage printed parts via digital light processing. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39709-39720. [PMID: 35541386 PMCID: PMC9076221 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing has attracted the interest of researchers in industry and academia because of its outstanding features. In this study, a new three-component photoinitiating system (PIS) consisting of safranin O (SFH+), thiol derivatives and diphenyl iodonium salt was used for the free radical photopolymerization of a diacrylate monomer (SR349) in DLP 3D printing. The photoinitiating characteristics of this PIS were evaluated and advantageously compared to those of a conventional PI (TPO) by using RT-FTIR. It is shown that the proposed PIS could be used as an efficient PIS for free radical photopolymerization. In addition, the resolution and shrinkage of printed parts in the presence of this three-component PIS were measured and compared to those printed using TPO as a photoinitiator. The resolution of printed parts was determined by using SEM and profilometry techniques. In addition, photorheometry was used to evaluate the linear shrinkage of samples. Moreover, the initiating mechanism of the three-component PIS was studied by using laser flash photolysis (LFP). A photocyclic mechanism was outlined for the three-component PIS which demonstrated this mechanism would be very beneficial for DLP 3D printing. The resolution and shrinkage of DLP 3D printed parts improve remarkably when SFH+/RSH/IOD+ is used as a photoinitiating system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Nejadebrahim
- Polymer and Color Engineering Dept., Amirkabir University of Technology 424 Hafez Ave. Tehran Iran
| | - Morteza Ebrahimi
- Polymer and Color Engineering Dept., Amirkabir University of Technology 424 Hafez Ave. Tehran Iran
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Molecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratory of Molecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Christian Ley
- Laboratory of Molecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Boris Métral
- Laboratory of Molecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
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Smith PT, Narupai B, Tsui JH, Millik SC, Shafranek RT, Kim DH, Nelson A. Additive Manufacturing of Bovine Serum Albumin-Based Hydrogels and Bioplastics. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:484-492. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Benjaporn Narupai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Tsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - S. Cem Millik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ryan T. Shafranek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Wu Y, Fei M, Qiu R, Liu W, Qiu J. A Review on Styrene Substitutes in Thermosets and Their Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111815. [PMID: 31694245 PMCID: PMC6918274 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, tremendous interest and technological development have been poured into thermosets and their composites. The thermosets and composites with unsaturated double bonds curing system are especially concerned due to their versatility. To further exploit such resins, reactive diluents (RDs) with unsaturated sites are usually incorporated to improve their processability and mechanical properties. Traditional RD, styrene, is a toxic volatile organic compound and one of the anticipated carcinogens warned by the National Institute of Health, USA. Most efforts have been conducted on reducing the usage of styrene in the production of thermosets and their composites, while very few works have systematically summarized these literatures. Herein, recent developments regarding styrene substitutes in thermosets and their composites are reviewed. Potential styrene alternatives, such as vinyl derivatives of benzene and (methyl)acrylates are discussed in details. Emphasis is focused on the strategies on developing novel RD monomers through grafting unsaturated functional groups on renewable feedstocks such as carbohydrates, lignin, and fatty acids. This review also highlights the development and characteristics of RD monomers and their influence on processability and mechanical performance of the resulting thermosets and composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Wu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Y.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Mingen Fei
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Y.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Renhui Qiu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Y.W.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.Q.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-591-8370-7685 (R.Q. & W.L.)
| | - Wendi Liu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Y.W.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.Q.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-591-8370-7685 (R.Q. & W.L.)
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 015-0055, Japan;
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