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Kushwaha R, Upadhyay A, Peters S, Yadav AK, Mishra A, Bera A, Sadhukhan T, Banerjee S. Visible and Red Light-Triggered Anticancer Profile of a Ferrocene-Re(I)-Tricarbonyl Conjugate: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38814099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
We have red-shifted the light absorbance property of a Re(I)-tricarbonyl complex via distant conjugation of a ferrocene moiety and developed a novel complex ReFctp, [Re(Fctp)(CO)3Cl], where Fctp = 4'-ferrocenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine. ReFctp showed green to red light absorption ability and blue emission, indicating its potential for photodynamic therapy (PDT) application. The conjugation of ferrocene introduced ferrocene-based transitions, which lie at a higher wavelength within the PDT therapeutic window. The time-dependent density functional theory and excited state calculations revealed an efficient intersystem crossing for ReFctp, which is helpful for PDT. ReFctp elicited both PDT type I and type II pathways for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and facilitated NADH (1,4-dihydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) oxidation upon exposure to visible light. Importantly, ReFctp showed effective penetration through the layers of clinically relevant 3D multicellular tumor spheroids and localized primarily in mitochondria (Pearson's correlation coefficient, PCC = 0.65) of A549 cancer cells. ReFctp produced more than 20 times higher phototoxicity (IC50 ∼1.5 μM) by inducing ROS generation and altering mitochondrial membrane potential in A549 cancer cells than the nonferrocene analogue Retp, [Re(CO)3(tp)Cl], where tp = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine. ReFctp induced apoptotic mode of cell death with a notable photocytotoxicity index (PI, PI = IC50dark/IC50light) and selectivity index (SI, SI = normal cell's IC50dark/cancer cell's IC50light) in the range of 25-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Silda Peters
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Arya Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Deka B, Sarkar T, Bhattacharyya A, Butcher RJ, Banerjee S, Deka S, Saikia KK, Hussain A. Synthesis, characterization, and cancer cell-selective cytotoxicity of mixed-ligand cobalt(III) complexes of 8-hydroxyquinolines and phenanthroline bases. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4952-4961. [PMID: 38275106 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes exhibiting selective toxicity towards a broad range of cancer types are highly desirable as potential anticancer agents. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity studies of six new mixed-ligand cobalt(III) complexes of general formula [Co(B)2(L)](ClO4)2 (1-6), where B is a N,N-donor phenanthroline base, namely, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in 1, 2), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq in 3, 4), and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz in 5, 6), and L is the monoanion of 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ in 1, 3, 5) and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (CQ in 2, 4, 6). The X-ray single crystal structures of complexes 1 and 2 as PF6- salts revealed a distorted octahedral CoN5O coordination environment. Complexes demonstrated good stability in an aqueous buffer medium and in the presence of ascorbic acid as a reductant. Cytotoxicity studies using a panel of nine cancer cell lines showed that complex 6, with the dppz and CQ ligands, was significantly toxic against most cancer cell types, yielding IC50 values in the range of 2 to 14 μM. Complexes 1, 3, and 5, containing the HQ ligand, displayed lower toxicity compared to their CQ counterparts. The phenanthroline complexes demonstrated marginal toxicity towards the tested cell lines, while the dpq complexes exhibited moderate toxicity. Interestingly, all complexes demonstrated negligible toxicity towards normal HEK-293 kidney cells (IC50 > 100 μM). The observed cytotoxicity of the complexes correlated well with their lipophilicities (dppz > dpq > phen). The cytotoxicity of complex 6 was comparable to that of the clinical drug cisplatin under similar conditions. Notably, neither the HQ nor the CQ ligands alone demonstrated noticeable toxicity against any of the tested cell lines. The Annexin-V-FITC and DCFDA assays revealed that the cell death mechanism induced by the complexes involved apoptosis, which could be attributed to the metal-assisted generation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, the dppz complex 6, with its remarkable cytotoxicity against a broad range of cancer cells and negligible toxicity toward normal cells, holds significant potential for cancer chemotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banashree Deka
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India.
| | - Tukki Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India.
| | - Arnab Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ray J Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW 20059, USA.
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP 221005, India.
| | - Sasanka Deka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110024, India.
| | - Kandarpa K Saikia
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India.
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Das N, Bora B, Upadhyay A, Das D, Bera A, Goswami TK. Cu(II) flavonoids as potential photochemotherapeutic agents. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3316-3329. [PMID: 38260975 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids, naturally derived polyphenolic compounds, have received significant attention due to their remarkable biochemical properties that offer substantial health benefits to humans. In this work, a series of six Cu(II) flavonoid complexes of the formulation [Cu(L1)(L2)](ClO4) where L1 is 3-hydroxy flavone (HF1, 1 and 4), 4-fluoro-3-hydroxy flavone (HF2, 2 and 5), and 2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxy flavone (HF3, 3 and 6); L2 is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1-3) and 2-(anthracen-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (aip, 4-6) were successfully synthesized, fully characterized and also evaluated for their in vitro photo-triggered cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure of complex 2 shows square pyramidal geometry around the Cu(II) center. The complexes 1-6 showed quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetric responses for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple at ∼-0.230 V with a very large ΔEp value of ∼350-480 mV against the Ag/AgCl reference electrode in DMF-0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) at a scan rate of 50 mV s-1. The complexes were found to have considerable binding propensity for human serum albumin (HSA) and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA). The complexes displayed remarkable dose-dependent photocytotoxicity in visible light (400-700 nm) in both A549 (human lung cancer) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines while remaining significantly less toxic in darkness. They were found to be much less toxic to HPL1D (immortalized human peripheral lung epithelial) normal cells compared to A549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Upon exposure to visible light, they generate reactive oxygen species, which are thought to be the main contributors to the death of cancer cells. In the presence of visible light, the complexes predominantly elicit an apoptotic mode of cell death. Complex 6 preferentially localizes in the mitochondria of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namisha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
| | - Bidisha Bora
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Dhananjay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Tridib K Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
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Todorov LT, Kostova IP. Coumarin-transition metal complexes with biological activity: current trends and perspectives. Front Chem 2024; 12:1342772. [PMID: 38410816 PMCID: PMC10895002 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1342772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) presents the fundamental structure of an enormous class of biologically active compounds of natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic origin. Extensive efforts are continually being put into the research and development of coumarin derivatives with medicinal properties by the broad scientific community. Transition metal coordination compounds with potential biological activity are a "hot topic" in the modern search for novel drugs. Complexation with transition metals can enhance the physiological effect of a molecule, modify its safety profile, and even imbue it with novel attributes of interest in the fields of medicine and pharmacy. The present review aims to inform the reader of the latest developments in the search for coumarin transition metal complexes with biological activity, their potential applications, and structure-activity relationships, where such can be elucidated. Each section of the present review addresses a certain kind of biological activity (antiproliferative, antioxidant, antimicrobial, etc.), explores the most recent discoveries in the field, and, at the same time, tries to offer useful perspectives for potential future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lozan T. Todorov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University–Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Sarkar T, Sahoo S, Neekhra S, Paul M, Biswas S, Babu BN, Srivastava R, Hussain A. A dipyridophenazine Ni(II) dithiolene complex as a dual-acting cancer phototherapy agent activatable within the phototherapeutic window. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115816. [PMID: 37717381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) within the phototherapeutic window (600-900 nm) can lead to significantly enhanced therapeutic outcomes, surpassing the efficacy observed with PDT or PTT alone in cancer phototherapy. Herein, we report a novel small-molecule mixed-ligand Ni(II)-dithiolene complex (Ni-TDD) with a dipyridophenazine ligand, demonstrating potent red-light PDT and significant near-infrared (NIR) light mild-temperature PTT activity against cancer cells and 3D multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTSs). The four-coordinate square planar complex exhibited a moderately intense absorption band (ε ∼ 3700 M-1cm-1) centered around 900 nm and demonstrated excellent dark and photostability in an aqueous phase. Ni-TDD induced a potent red-light (600-720 nm) PDT effect on HeLa cancer cells (IC50 = 1.8 μM, photo irritation factor = 44), triggering apoptotic cell death through efficient singlet oxygen generation. Ni-TDD showed a significant intercalative binding affinity towards double-helical calf thymus DNA, resulting in a binding constant (Kb) ∼ 106 M-1. The complex induced mild hyperthermia and exerted a significant mild-temperature PTT effect on MDA-MB-231 cancer cells upon irradiation with 808 nm NIR light. Simultaneous irradiation of Ni-TDD-treated HeLa MCTSs with red and NIR light led to a remarkable synergistic inhibition of growth, exceeding the effects of individual irradiation, through the generation of singlet oxygen and mild hyperthermia. Ni-TDD displayed minimal toxicity towards non-cancerous HPL1D and L929 cells, even at high micromolar concentrations. This is the first report of a Ni(II) complex demonstrating red-light PDT activity and the first example of a first-row transition metal complex exhibiting combined PDT and PTT effects within the clinically relevant phototherapeutic window. Our findings pave the way for designing and developing metal-dithiolene complexes as dual-acting cancer phototherapy agents using long wavelength light for treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tukki Sarkar
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Somarupa Sahoo
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Suditi Neekhra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Milan Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad, 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad, 500078, Telangana, India.
| | - Bathini Nagendra Babu
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India.
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Mandal A, Rai R, Saha S, Kushwaha R, Wei L, Gogoi H, Mandal AA, Yadav AK, Huang H, Dutta A, Dhar P, Banerjee S. Polypyridyl-based Co(III) complexes of vitamin B 6 Schiff base for photoactivated antibacterial therapy. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17562-17572. [PMID: 37965840 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, five novel polypyridyl-based Co(III) complexes of Schiff bases, viz., [Co(dpa)(L1)]Cl (1), [Co(dpa)(L2)]Cl (2), [Co(L3)(L2)]Cl (3), [Co(L3)(L1)]Cl (4), and [Co(L4)(L1)]Cl (5), where dpa (dipicolylamine) = bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; H2L1 = (E)-2-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)phenol; H2L2 = (E)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(((2-hydroxyphenyl)imino)methyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol; L3 = 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (ph-tpy); and L4 = 4'-ferrocenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Fc-tpy), were synthesized and characterized. Complexes 1, 3, and 4 were structurally characterized by single-crystal XRD, indicating an octahedral CoIIIN4O2 coordination core. The absorption bands of these complexes were observed in the visible range with a λmax at ∼430-485 nm. Complex 5 displayed an extra absorption band near 545 nm because of a ferrocene moiety. These absorptions in the visible region reflect the potential of the complexes to act as visible-light antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) agents. All of these complexes showed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated antibacterial effects against S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria) upon low-energy visible light (0.5 J cm-2, 400-700 nm) exposure. Additionally, 1-5 did not show any toxicity toward A549 (Human Lung adenocarcinoma) cells, reflecting their selective bacteria-killing abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
| | - Rohit Rai
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India 221005.
| | - Sukanta Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
| | - Li Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Hemonta Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
| | - Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
| | - Huayi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Prodyut Dhar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India 221005.
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Li QY, Cheng S, Ye Z, Huang T, Yang F, Lin YM, Gong L. Visible light-triggered selective C(sp 2)-H/C(sp 3)-H coupling of benzenes with aliphatic hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6366. [PMID: 37821440 PMCID: PMC10567795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct and selective coupling of benzenes with aliphatic hydrocarbons is a promising strategy for C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation using readily available starting materials, yet it remains a significant challenge. In this study, we have developed a simplified photochemical system that incorporates catalytic amounts of iron(III) halides as multifunctional reagents and air as a green oxidant to address this synthetic problem. Under mild conditions, the reaction between a strong C(sp2)-H bond and a robust C(sp3)-H bond has been achieved, affording a broad range of cross-coupling products with high yields and commendable chemo-, site-selectivity. The iron halide acts as a multifunctional reagent that responds to visible light, initiates C-centered radicals, induces single-electron oxidation to carbocations, and participates in a subsequent Friedel-Crafts-type process. The gradual release of radical species and carbocation intermediates appears to be critical for achieving desirable reactivity and selectivity. This eco-friendly, cost-efficient approach offers access to various building blocks from abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks, and demonstrates the potential of iron halides in sustainable synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Shiyan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ziqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Fuxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, China.
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8
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Sahoo S, Pathak S, Kumar A, Nandi D, Chakravarty AR. Lysosome directed red light photodynamic therapy using glycosylated iron-(III) conjugates of boron-dipyrromethene. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112226. [PMID: 37105008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the drawbacks associated with chemotherapeutic and porphyrin-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents, the use of BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) scaffold has gained prominence in designing a new generation of photosensitizers-cum-cellular imaging agents. However, their poor cell permeability and limited solubility in aqueous medium inhibits the in-vitro application of their organic form. This necessitates the development of metal-BODIPY conjugates with improved physiological stability and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. We have designed two iron(III)-BODIPY conjugates, [Fe(L1/2)(L3)Cl] derived from benzyl-dipicolylamine and its glycosylated analogue along with a BODIPY-tagged catecholate. The complexes showed intense absorption bands (ε ∼ 55,000 M-1 cm-1) and demonstrated apoptotic PDT activity upon red-light irradiation (30 J/cm2, 600-720 nm). The complex with singlet oxygen quantum yield value of ∼0.34 gave sub-micromolar IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value (∼0.08 μM) in both HeLa and H1299 cancer cells with a photocytotoxicity index value of >1200. Both the complexes were found to have significantly lower cytotoxic effects in non-cancerous HPL1D (human peripheral lung epithelial) cells. Singlet oxygen was determined to be the prime reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for cell damage from pUC19 DNA photo-cleavage studies, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran and SOSG (Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green) assays. Cellular imaging studies showed excellent fluorescence from complex 2 within 4 h, with localization in lysosomes. Significant drug accumulation into the core of 3D multicellular tumor spheroids was observed within 8 h from intense in-vitro emission. The complexes exemplify iron-based targeted PDT agents and show promising results as potential transition metal-based drugs for ROS mediated red light photocytotoxicity with low dosage requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somarupa Sahoo
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sanmoy Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Akhil R Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India.
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9
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Fan Y, Wu Y, Hou J, Wang P, Peng X, Ge G. Coumarin-based near-infrared fluorogenic probes: Recent advances, challenges and future perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Photo-chemical aspects of iron complexes exhibiting photo-activated chemotherapy (PACT). J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112055. [PMID: 36335746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iron is the trace element of natural selection by the biological systems due to its versatile coordination chemistry, and is recently explored for medicinal and diagnostic applications. Photo-activated states of iron complexes exhibiting substitution, dissociation, isomerization reactions, intramolecular redox reactions or energy transfer to other molecules have attracted the attention across the globe for the potent applications in photo-chemotherapy. There is a significant advancement on the development of iron-based complexes for photochemotherapeutic applications. Here in we reviewed the photo-activated states and photochemistry of iron complexes, and recent advances made in the area of photochemotherapy of iron complexes relevant to the photochemistry of iron complexes.
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Li SZ, Li WD, Yan YB, Zhang Y, Dong WK. Investigations of stable penta- and hexa-coordinate polynuclear Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes derived from a single-armed salamo-based ligand. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2159396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Wen-Da Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yi-Bin Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Wen-Kui Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
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12
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Li SZ, Tong L, Li X, Dong WK. New insight into two penta-coordinated multinuclear copper(II) single-armed salamo-based complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Qu Y, Wang X, Pei Z, Pei Y. Cancer-Mitochondria Dual-Targeting Glycol/Ferrocenium-Based Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Synergistic Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100548. [PMID: 34719875 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A cancer-mitochondria dual-targeting nanoparticle based on lactose and ferrocenium derivatives conjugated polydopamine (PDA@Lac/Fc/Hyp) was constructed, which exhibited cancer-targeting and mitochondria-targeting ability deriving from lactose and ferrocenium derivatives due to the specific carbohydrate-protein interaction and cationic species properties, respectively. Moreover, PDA@Lac/Fc/Hyp showed great biocompatibility and phototherapeutic efficiency. This work displays a good example of constructing cancer-mitochondria dual-targeting nanoparticle for synergistic phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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Xu J, Wang J, Ye J, Jiao J, Liu Z, Zhao C, Li B, Fu Y. Metal-Coordinated Supramolecular Self-Assemblies for Cancer Theranostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101101. [PMID: 34145984 PMCID: PMC8373122 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-coordinated supramolecular nanoassemblies have recently attracted extensive attention as materials for cancer theranostics. Owing to their unique physicochemical properties, metal-coordinated supramolecular self-assemblies can bridge the boundary between traditional inorganic and organic materials. By tailoring the structural components of the metal ions and binding ligands, numerous multifunctional theranostic nanomedicines can be constructed. Metal-coordinated supramolecular nanoassemblies can modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME), thus facilitating the development of TME-responsive nanomedicines. More importantly, TME-responsive organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials can be constructed in vivo by exploiting the metal-coordinated self-assembly of a variety of functional ligands, which is a promising strategy for enhancing the tumor accumulation of theranostic molecules. In this review, recent advancements in the design and fabrication of metal-coordinated supramolecular nanomedicines for cancer theranostics are highlighted. These supramolecular compounds are classified according to the order in which the coordinated metal ions appear in the periodic table. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of metal-coordinated supramolecular self-assemblies for both technical advances and clinical translation are discussed. In particular, the superiority of TME-responsive nanomedicines for in vivo coordinated self-assembly is elaborated, with an emphasis on strategies that enhance the accumulation of functional components in tumors for an ideal theranostic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiating Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040P. R. China
| | - Jin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040P. R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040P. R. China
| | - Chunjian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040P. R. China
| | - Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant EcologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040P. R. China
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15
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Pal M, Ramu V, Musib D, Kunwar A, Biswas A, Roy M. Iron(III) Complex-Functionalized Gold Nanocomposite as a Strategic Tool for Targeted Photochemotherapy in Red Light. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6283-6297. [PMID: 33887143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complexes exhibiting photoredox chemistry and photoactivated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at their ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) bands have emerged as potential strategic tools for photoactivated chemotherapy. Herein, the synthesis, in-depth characterization, photochemical assays, and remarkable red light-induced photocytotoxicities in adenocarcinomic human immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells of iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex of molecular formula, [Fe(L1)(L2)] (1), where L1 is bis(3,5 di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)glycine and L2 is 5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)-N-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yl)pentanamide, and the gold nanocomposite functionalized with complex 1 (1-AuNPs) are reported. There was a significant red shift in the UV-visible absorption band on functionalization of complex 1 to the gold nanoparticles (λmax: 573 nm, 1; λmax: 660 nm, 1-AuNPs), rendering the nanocomposite an ideal candidate for photochemotherapeutic applications. The notable findings in our present studies are (i) the remarkable cytotoxicity of the nanocomposite (1-AuNPs) to A549 (IC50: 0.006 μM) and HaCaT (IC50: 0.0075 μM) cells in red light (600-720 nm, 30 J/cm2) while almost nontoxic (IC50 > 500 μg/mL, 0.053 μM) in the dark, (ii) the nontoxicity of 1-AuNPs to normal human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) or human peripheral lung epithelial (HPL1D) cells (IC50 > 500 μg/mL, 0.053 μM) both in the dark and red light signifying the target-specific anticancer activity of the nanocomposite, (iii) localization of 1-AuNPs in mitochondria and partly nucleus, (iv) remarkable red light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS: 1O2, •OH) in vitro, (v) disruption of the mitochondrial membrane due to enhanced oxidative stress, and (vi) caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis. A similar cytotoxic profile of complex 1 was another key finding of our studies. Overall, our current investigations show a new red light-absorbing iron(III)-phenolate/carboxylate complex-functionalized gold nanocomposite (1-AuNPs) as the emerging next-generation iron-based photochemotherapeutic agent for targeted cancer treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Vanitha Ramu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhaba Atomic Research Center, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Arunima Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal West 795004, India
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16
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Sarkar T, Kumar A, Sahoo S, Hussain A. Mixed-Ligand Cobalt(III) Complexes of a Naturally Occurring Coumarin and Phenanthroline Bases as Mitochondria-Targeted Dual-Purpose Photochemotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6649-6662. [PMID: 33855849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bioessential nature of cobalt and the rich photochemistry of its coordination complexes can be exploited to develop potential next-generation photochemotherapeutics. A series of six novel mixed-ligand cobalt(III) complexes of the formulation [Co(B)2(L)]ClO4 (1-6), where B is an N,N-donor phenanthroline base, namely, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in 1 and 4), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq in 2 and 5), and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz in 3 and 6), and L is an O,O-donor dianionic ligand derived from catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene, cat2-, in 1-3) or esculetin (6,7-dihydoxycoumarin, esc2-, in 4-6), have been prepared and characterized, and their light-triggered cytotoxicity has been studied in cancer cells. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures of complexes 1 (as PF6- salt, 1a) and 2 show distorted octahedral geometries around the cobalt(III) center formed by the set of N4O2 donor atoms. The low-spin and 1:1 electrolytic complexes 1-6 display a d-d transition around 700 nm. Complexes 4-6 with a coordinated esc2- ligand additionally display a π → π* intraligand transition centered at 403 nm. Complexes 4-6 possessing a naturally occurring and photoactive esc2- ligand show high visible-light-triggered cytotoxicity against HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells, yielding remarkably low micromolar IC50 values while being much less toxic under dark conditions. Control complexes 1-3 possessing the photoinactive cat2- ligand show significantly less cytotoxicity either in the presence of light or in the dark. The complex-induced cell death is apoptotic in nature caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species via a type 1 photoredox pathway. Fluorescence microscopy of HeLa cells treated with complex 6 reveals mitochondrial localization of the complex. A significant decrease in the dark toxicity of free esculetin and dppz base is observed upon coordination to cobalt(III). Complexes bind to calf-thymus DNA with significant affinity, but 6 binds with the greatest affinity. Complex 6 efficiently photocleaves supercoiled DNA to its nicked circular form when irradiated with visible light via a photoredox type 1 pathway involving hydroxyl radicals (HO•). Thus, complex 6 showing remarkable visible-light-triggered cytotoxicity but negligible toxicity in the dark is a good candidate for cancer photochemotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tukki Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Somarupa Sahoo
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
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17
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Deokar RG, Barooah N, Barik A. Interaction of esculetin with aluminium ion by spectroscopic studies and isothermal titration calorimetry: a probable molecule for chelation therapy. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6163-6170. [PMID: 33502292 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1877820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of aluminium has made significant impact in our life by virtue of its attractive properties. The lack of essentiality of aluminium in biosphere indicated that its accumulation above certain level is undesirous. Esculetin (6,7-dihydroxy coumarin) is an excellent aluminium ion chelator and the chelation interaction was studied by exploiting the absorption and fluorescence behavior of esculetin. In presence of aluminium ion, the absorption band of esculetin was shifted from 350 to 380 nm suggesting the possibility of complex formation. The fluorescence intensity of esculetin at 466 nm was significantly quenched in presence of aluminium ion. The fluorescence quenching was interpreted in terms of chelation-quenched fluorescence (CHQF) mechanism where the strong Lewis acid character of aluminium ion accepts electrons from the chelating catechol moiety of the excited esculetin. From the absorption and fluorescence changes the association constant was estimated in the order of 105 M-1. The association constant was further evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and there was close agreement to that of obtained from spectroscopic studies. Form ITC studies, the binding enthalpy and binding entropy were estimated as -20.6 kcal/mol and -46.7 cal/mol/K respectively. The complex was less toxic compared to the individual complexing agents when studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Considering the present investigation, esculetin can be a probable molecule for chelation therapy where rapid complex formation ability of esculetin will help to reduce the aluminium accumulation through chelation and water soluble nature of the complex will help for faster elimination from the system.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali G Deokar
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.,Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Nilotpal Barooah
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Atanu Barik
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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18
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Carneiro A, Matos MJ, Uriarte E, Santana L. Trending Topics on Coumarin and Its Derivatives in 2020. Molecules 2021; 26:501. [PMID: 33477785 PMCID: PMC7832358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are naturally occurring molecules with a versatile range of activities. Their structural and physicochemical characteristics make them a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Many research articles and reviews compile information on this important family of compounds. In this overview, the most recent research papers and reviews from 2020 are organized and analyzed, and a discussion on these data is included. Multiple electronic databases were scanned, including SciFinder, Mendeley, and PubMed, the latter being the main source of information. Particular attention was paid to the potential of coumarins as an important scaffold in drug design, as well as fluorescent probes for decaging of prodrugs, metal detection, and diagnostic purposes. Herein we do an analysis of the trending topics related to coumarin and its derivatives in the broad field of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Carneiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.J.M.); (E.U.)
| | - Maria João Matos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.J.M.); (E.U.)
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.J.M.); (E.U.)
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912 Santiago, Chile
| | - Lourdes Santana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.J.M.); (E.U.)
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19
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Bouché M, Hognon C, Grandemange S, Monari A, Gros PC. Recent advances in iron-complexes as drug candidates for cancer therapy: reactivity, mechanism of action and metabolites. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11451-11466. [PMID: 32776052 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we discuss iron-complexes as drug candidates that are promising alternatives to conventional platinum-based chemotherapies owing to their broad range of reactivities and to the targeting of different biological systems. Breakthroughs in the comprehension of iron complexes' structure-activity relationship contributed to the clarification of their metabolization pathways, sub-cellular localization and influence on iron homeostasis, while enlightening the primary molecular targets of theses likely multi-target metallodrugs. Both the antiproliferative activity and elevated safety index observed among the family of iron complexes showed encouraging results as per their therapeutic potential and selectivity also with the aim of reducing chemotherapy side-effects, and facilitated more pre-clinical investigations. The purpose of this perspective is to summarize the recent advances that contributed in unveiling the intricate relationships between the structural modifications on iron-complexes and their reactivity, cellular trafficking and global mechanisms of action to broaden their use as anticancer drugs and advance to clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bouché
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM UMR 7053, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Cécilia Hognon
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Antonio Monari
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Philippe C Gros
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM UMR 7053, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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