Pnictogens in medicinal chemistry: evolution from erstwhile drugs to emerging layered photonic nanomedicine

Integration of active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine with nano-delivery systems for tumor immunotherapy

Tumor immune escape presents a significant challenge in cancer treatment, characterized by the upregulation of immune inhibitory molecules and dysfunction of immune cells. Tumor immunotherapy seeks to restore normal anti-tumor immune responses to control and eliminate tumors effectively. The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) demonstrate a variety of anti-tumor activities and mechanisms, including the modulation of immune cell functions and inhibiting tumor-related suppressive factors, thereby potentially enhancing anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, nano-delivery systems function as efficient carriers to enhance the bioavailability and targeted delivery of TCM active ingredients, augmenting therapeutic efficacy. This review comprehensively analyzes the impact of TCM active ingredients on the immune system and explores the synergistic application of nano-delivery systems in combination with TCM active ingredients for enhancing tumor immunotherapy.

Advances in photoactivated carbon-based nanostructured materials for targeted cancer therapy

In this review, we explore key innovations in photoactivated therapeutic programming of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), focusing on their diverse nanostructural configurations and their exceptional photothermal, photochemical, and photoacoustic properties. These attributes position CBNs as remarkable phototherapeutic agents, capable of addressing critical challenges in targeted cancer therapy through their precision, multifunctionality, and adaptability to specific therapeutic modalities. We will explore their diverse derivatives, and the role of chemical augmentation and site-specific surface functionalisation, which are pivotal in optimising the targeting and efficacy of phototherapeutic interventions. The biological and physical relevance of this ever-growing library of nanomaterials in targeted phototherapy will be thoroughly explored. Dynamic photo-triggering of the underlying molecular mechanisms of action e.g., energy conversion modalities lie at the heart of these therapeutic innovations. We will further discuss the tunability and programming of these carriers and structure-function alterations at specific therapeutic wavelengths. The application space of phototherapies is thoroughly mapped exploring the three primary approaches of photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and photochemical internalisation as well as emerging techniques and promising multimodal approaches that combine two or more of these processes. The specificity of the target tissue site and the approach under study forms another critical focus area of this review, with an emphasis on three types of cancer-breast cancer, lung cancer, and gliomas-that have demonstrated some of the most promising outcomes from photomedicine. We also provide a perspective on in vitro and in vivo validation and preclinical testing of CBNs for phototherapeutic applications. Finally, we reflect on the potential of CBNs to revolutionise targeted cancer therapy through data-driven materials design and integration with computational tools for biophysical performance optimisation. The exciting integration of machine learning into nanoparticle research and phototherapy has potential to fundamentally transform the landscape of nanomedicine. These techniques ranging from supervised learning algorithms such as random forests and support vector machines to more advanced neural networks and deep learning, can enable unprecedented precision in predicting, optimising, and tailoring the properties of nanoparticles for targeted applications. The transformative impact of photoactivated CBNs in advancing cancer treatment, paves the way for their clinical application and widespread adoption in personalised photomedicine. We conclude with a section on the current challenges facing the reproducibility, manufacturing throughput, and biocompatibility of these nanostructured materials including their long-term effects in trials and degradation profiles in biological systems as evaluated in vitro and in vivo.

Application of Nanomaterials in Early Imaging and Advanced Treatment of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a serious disease that poses a significant threat to the global population. In this review, we analyze the development of AS from multiple perspectives, aiming to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. We also focus on imaging techniques and therapeutic approaches, highlighting the crucial role of nanomaterials in both imaging and therapy for AS. By leveraging their compatibility and targeting capabilities, nanomaterials can be integrated with traditional medical imaging and therapeutic agents to achieve targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and precise localization and imaging of atherosclerotic plaques.

Applications of Antimony in Catalysis

Antimony is a fifth-period element in the nitrogen family, a silver-white metalloid with weak conductivity and thermal conductivity. It is stable at room temperature and does not react easily with oxygen and water in the air. Natural minerals are found in the form of sulfides. Current research and applications are mostly concentrated on material modification, utilizing the properties of antimony in traditional chemical industries, helping alloys improve their flame retardancy, stability, increasing semiconductor performance, etc. For example, to enhance the electronic conductivity, after coating or embedding antimony or its derivatives in thin layers in photonic nanomaterials, the performance of the original material in photoelectrochemical catalysis can be effectively increased, thereby expanding the efficiency of oxidation-reduction reactions accounting for the degradation of organic matter in wastewater. However, the catalytic reaction between the derivatives of antimony and organic compounds beside the material is less studied, and the mechanism of the studies in organic synthesis is relatively unclear. The reported organic synthesis related to antimony is mainly in the form of Lewis acid catalysts or dual-metal catalytic systems combined with other metals. This Review will focus on the application of antimony in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and other organic syntheses in the past 10 years.

Periodic Table of Immunomodulatory Elements and Derived Two-Dimensional Biomaterials

Periodic table of chemical elements serves as the foundation of material chemistry, impacting human health in many different ways. It contributes to the creation, growth, and manipulation of functional metallic, ceramic, metalloid, polymeric, and carbon-based materials on and near an atomic scale. Recent nanotechnology advancements have revolutionized the field of biomedical engineering to tackle longstanding clinical challenges. The use of nano-biomaterials has gained traction in medicine, specifically in the areas of nano-immunoengineering to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been found to possess high bioactive surface area and compatibility with human and mammalian cells at controlled doses. Furthermore, these biomaterials have intrinsic immunomodulatory properties, which is crucial for their application in immuno-nanomedicine. While significant progress has been made in understanding their bioactivity and biocompatibility, the exact immunomodulatory responses and mechanisms of these materials are still being explored. Current work outlines an innovative "immunomodulatory periodic table of elements" beyond the periodic table of life, medicine, and microbial genomics and comprehensively reviews the role of each element in designing immunoengineered 2D biomaterials in a group-wise manner. It recapitulates the most recent advances in immunomodulatory nanomaterials, paving the way for the development of new mono, hybrid, composite, and hetero-structured biomaterials.

Highly BBB-permeable nanomedicine reverses neuroapoptosis and neuroinflammation to treat Alzheimer's disease

The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing globally due to population aging. However, effective clinical treatment strategies for AD still remain elusive. The mechanisms underlying AD onset and the interplay between its pathological factors have so far been unclear. Evidence indicates that AD progression is ultimately driven by neuronal loss, which in turn is caused by neuroapoptosis and neuroinflammation. Therefore, the inhibition of neuroapoptosis and neuroinflammation could be a useful anti-AD strategy. Nonetheless, the delivery of active drug agents into the brain parenchyma is hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To address this challenge, we fabricated a black phosphorus nanosheet (BP)-based methylene blue (MB) delivery system (BP-MB) for AD therapy. After confirming the successful preparation of BP-MB, we proved that its BBB-crossing ability was enhanced under near-infrared light irradiation. In vitro pharmacodynamics analysis revealed that BP and MB could synergistically scavenge excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in okadaic acid (OA)-treated PC12 cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 cells, thus efficiently reversing neuroapoptosis and neuroinflammation. To study in vivo pharmacodynamics, we established a mouse model of AD mice, and behavioral tests confirmed that BP-MB treatment could successfully improve cognitive function in these animals. Notably, the results of pathological evaluation were consistent with those of the in vitro assays. The findings demonstrated that BP-MB could scavenge excessive ROS and inhibit Tau hyperphosphorylation, thereby alleviating downstream neuroapoptosis and regulating the polarization of microglia from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Overall, this study highlights the therapeutic potential of a smart nanomedicine with the capability of reversing neuroapoptosis and neuroinflammation for AD treatment.

The role of artificial intelligence in drug screening, drug design, and clinical trials

The role of computational tools in drug discovery and development is becoming increasingly important due to the rapid development of computing power and advancements in computational chemistry and biology, improving research efficiency and reducing the costs and potential risks of preclinical and clinical trials. Machine learning, especially deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI), has demonstrated significant advantages in drug discovery and development, including high-throughput and virtual screening, ab initio design of drug molecules, and solving difficult organic syntheses. This review summarizes AI technologies used in drug discovery and development, including their roles in drug screening, design, and solving the challenges of clinical trials. Finally, it discusses the challenges of drug discovery and development based on AI technologies, as well as potential future directions.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps-Inspired Bismuth-Based Polypeptide Nanonets for Synergetic Treatment of Bacterial Infections

Excessive use of antibiotics and the formation of bacterial biofilms can lead to persistent infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria, rendering ineffective immune responses and even life-threatening. There is an urgent need to explore synergistic antibacterial therapies across all stages of infection. Drawing inspiration from the antibacterial properties of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and integrating the bacterial biofilm dispersal mechanism involving boronic acid-catechol interaction, the multifunctional bismuth-based polypeptide nanonets (PLBA-Bi-Fe-TA) are developed. These nanonets are designed to capture bacteria through a coordination complex involving cationic polypeptides (PLBA) with boronic acid-functionalized side chains, alongside metal ions (bismuth (Bi) and iron (Fe)), and tannic acid (TA). Leveraging the nanoconfinement-enhanced high-contact network-driven multiple efficiency, PLBA-Bi-Fe-TA demonstrates the excellent ability to swiftly capture bacteria and their extracellular polysaccharides. This interaction culminates in the formation of a highly hydrophilic complex, effectively enabling the rapid inhibition and dispersion of antibiotic-resistant bacterial biofilms, while Fe-TA shows mild photothermal ability to further assist fluffy mature biofilm. In addition, Bi is beneficial to regulate the polarization of macrophages to pro-inflammatory phenotype to further kill escaping biofilm bacteria. In summary, this novel approach offers a promising bionic optimization strategy for treating bacterial-associated infections at all stages through synergetic treatment.

Anion transporters based on halogen, chalcogen, and pnictogen bonds: towards biological applications

Motivated by their potential biological applications, anion receptors are increasingly explored as transmembrane transporters for anions. The vast majority of the reported anion transporters rely on hydrogen bonding to interact with the anions. However, in recent decades, halogen, chalcogen, and pnictogen bonding, collectively referred to as sigma-hole interactions, have received increasing attention. Most research efforts on these interactions have focused on crystal engineering, anion sensing, and organocatalysis. In recent years, however, these sigma-hole interactions have also been explored more widely in synthetic anion transporters. This perspective shows why synthetic transporters are promising candidates for biological applications. We provide a comprehensive review of the compounds used to transport anions across membranes, with a particular focus on how the binding atoms and molecular design affect the anion transport activity and selectivity. Few cell studies have been reported for these transporters based on sigma-hole interactions and we highlight the critical need for further biological studies on the toxicity, stability, and deliverability of these compounds to explore their full potential in biological applications, such as the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

Resolvin D1 delivery to lesional macrophages using antioxidative black phosphorus nanosheets for atherosclerosis treatment

The buildup of plaques in atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular events, with chronic unresolved inflammation and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) being major drivers of plaque progression. Nanotherapeutics that can resolve inflammation and scavenge ROS have the potential to treat atherosclerosis. Here we demonstrate the potential of black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis. BPNSs can effectively scavenge a broad spectrum of ROS and suppress atherosclerosis-associated pro-inflammatory cytokine production in lesional macrophages. We also demonstrate ROS-responsive, targeted-peptide-modified BPNS-based carriers for the delivery of resolvin D1 (an inflammation-resolving lipid mediator) to lesional macrophages, which further boosts the anti-atherosclerotic efficacy. The targeted nanotherapeutics not only reduce plaque areas but also substantially improve plaque stability in high-fat-diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. This study presents a therapeutic strategy against atherosclerosis, and highlights the potential of BPNS-based therapeutics to treat other inflammatory diseases.

Antitumor effects of a Sb-rich polyoxometalate on non-small-cell lung cancer by inducing ferroptosis and apoptosis

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a class of anionic metal-oxygen clusters with versatile biological activities. Over the past decade, an increasing number of POMs, especially Sb-rich POMs, have been proven to exert antitumor activity. However, the antitumor effects and mechanisms of POMs in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain largely unexplored. This study employed a Sb-rich {Sb21Tb7W56} POM (POM-1) for NSCLC therapy and investigated its mechanism of action. Our results demonstrated that POM-1 exhibited cytotoxicity against H1299 and A549 cells with IC50 values of 3.245 μM and 3.591 μM, respectively. The migration and invasion were also inhibited by 28.05% and 76.18% in H1299 cells, as well as 36.88% and 36.98% in A549 cells at a concentration of 5 μM. In a tumor xenograft mouse model, POM-1 suppressed tumor growth by 76.92% and 84.62% at doses of 25 and 50 mg kg-1, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis indicated the alteration of ferroptosis and apoptosis signaling pathways in POM-treated NSCLC cells. Subsequent experimentation confirmed the induction of ferroptosis, evidenced by 5.6-fold elevated lipid peroxide levels with treatment of 5 μM POM-1, alongside increased expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins. Additionally, the apoptosis induced by POM-1 was also validated by the 19.67% and 30.1% increase in apoptotic cells in H1299 and A549 cells treated with 5 μM POM-1, respectively, as well as the upregulated activation of caspase-3. In summary, this study reveals, for the first time, ferroptosis as the antitumor mechanism of Sb-rich POM, and that synergism with ferroptosis and apoptosis is a highly potent antitumor strategy for POM-based antitumor therapy.

Valence-Change MnO2-Coated Arsenene Nanosheets as a Pin1 Inhibitor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment

The heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can prevent effective treatment, emphasizing the need for more effective therapies. Herein, we employed arsenene nanosheets coated with manganese dioxide and polyethylene glycol (AMPNs) for the degradation of Pin1, which is universally overexpressed in HCC. By employing an "AND gate", AMPNs exhibited responsiveness toward excessive glutathione and hydrogen peroxide within the tumor microenvironment, thereby selectively releasing AsxOy to mitigate potential side effects of As2O3. Notably, AMPNs induced the suppressing Pin1 expression while simultaneously upregulation PD-L1, thereby eliciting a robust antitumor immune response and enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy. The combination of AMPNs and anti-PD-1 synergistically enhanced tumor suppression and effectively induced long-lasting immune memory. This approach did not reveal As2O3-associated toxicity, indicating that arsenene-based nanotherapeutic could be employed to amplify the response rate of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy to improve the clinical outcomes of HCC patients and potentially other solid tumors (e.g., breast cancer) that are refractory to anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy.

A Pyroptosis-Inducing Arsenic(III) Nanomicelle Platform for Synergistic Cancer Immunotherapy

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) could activate anti-tumor immune responses, which is highly attractive for improving cancer treatment effectiveness. Here, this work reports a multifunctional arsenic(III) allosteric inhibitor Mech02, which induces excessive accumulation of 1O2 through sensitized biocatalytic reactions, leading to cell pyroptosis and amplified ICD effect. After Mech02 is converted to Mech03, it could actualize stronger binding effects on the allosteric pocket of pyruvate kinase M2, further interfering with the anaerobic glycolysis pathway of tumors. The enhanced DNA damage triggered by Mech02 and the pyroptosis of cancer stem cells provide assurance for complete tumor clearance. In vivo experiments prove nanomicelle Mech02-HA NPs is able to activate immune memory effects and raise the persistence of anti-tumor immunity. In summary, this study for the first time to introduce the arsenic(III) pharmacophore as an enhanced ICD effect initiator into nitrogen mustard, providing insights for the development of efficient multimodal tumor therapy agents.

On the Existence of Pnictogen Bonding Interactions in As(III) S-Adenosylmethionine Methyltransferase Enzymes

As(III) S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferases, pivotal enzymes in arsenic metabolism, facilitate the methylation of arsenic up to three times. This process predominantly yields trivalent mono- and dimethylarsenite, with trimethylarsine forming in smaller amounts. While this enzyme acts as a detoxifier in microbial systems by altering As(III), in humans, it paradoxically generates more toxic and potentially carcinogenic methylated arsenic species. The strong affinity of As(III) for cysteine residues, forming As(III)-thiolate bonds, is exploited in medical treatments, notably in arsenic trioxide (Trisenox®), an FDA-approved drug for leukemia. The effectiveness of this drug is partly due to its interaction with cysteine residues, leading to the breakdown of key oncogenic fusion proteins. In this study, we extend the understanding of As(III)'s binding mechanisms, showing that, in addition to As(III)-S covalent bonds, noncovalent O⋅⋅⋅As pnictogen bonding plays a vital role. This interaction significantly contributes to the structural stability of the As(III) complexes. Our crystallographic analysis using the PDB database of As(III) S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferases, augmented by comprehensive theoretical studies including molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, emphasizes the critical role of pnictogen bonding in these systems. We also undertake a detailed evaluation of the energy characteristics of these pnictogen bonds using various theoretical models. To our knowledge, this is the first time pnictogen bonds in As(III) derivatives have been reported in biological systems, marking a significant advancement in our understanding of arsenic's molecular interactions.

A Ferroptosis-Inducing Arsenene-Iridium Nanoplatform for Synergistic Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer

Due to multidrug resistance and the high risk of recurrence, effective and less toxic alternative pancreatic cancer treatments are urgently needed. Pancreatic cancer cells are highly resistant to apoptosis but sensitive to ferroptosis. In this study, an innovative nanoplatform (AsIr@PDA) was developed by electrostatic adsorption of a cationic iridium complex (IrFN) onto two-dimensional (2D) arsenene nanosheets. This nanoplatform exhibits superior ferroptosis-inducing effects with high drug loading capacity and, importantly, excellent anti-cancer immune activation function, leading to efficient elimination of pancreatic tumors with no observable side effects. Interestingly, AsIr@PDA significantly prevents the recurrence of pancreatic cancer in vivo when compared with a cisplatin-loaded nanoplatform. This designed nanoplatform demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy by synergistic ferroptosis-induced chemotherapy with immunotherapy via an all-in-one strategy, providing new insights for future pancreatic cancer therapy.

Regulation of band gap and localized surface plasmon resonance by loading Au nanorods on violet phosphene nanosheets for photodynamic/photothermal synergistic anti-infective therapy

In the face of the serious threat to human health and the economic burden caused by bacterial antibiotic resistance, 2D phosphorus nanomaterials have been widely used as antibacterial agents. Violet phosphorus nanosheets (VPNSs) are an exciting bandgap-adjustable 2D nanomaterial due to their good physicochemical properties, yet the study of VPNS-based antibiotics is still in its infancy. Here, a composite of gold nanorods (AuNRs) loaded onto VPNS platforms (VPNS/AuNR) is constructed to maximize the potential of VPNSs for antimicrobial applications. The loading with AuNRs not only enhances the photothermal performance via a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, but also enhances the light absorption capacity due to the narrowing of the band gap of the VPNSs, thus increasing the ROS generation capacity. The results demonstrate that VPNS/AuNR exhibits outstanding antibacterial properties and good biocompatibility. Attractively, VPNS/AuNR is then extensively tested for treating skin wound infections, suggesting promising in vivo antibacterial and wound-healing features. Our findings may open a novel direction to develop a versatile VPNS-based treatment platform, which can significantly boost the progress of VPNS exploration.

Post-Graphene 2D Materials: Structures, Properties, and Cancer Therapy Applications

Cancer is one of the most serious diseases challenging human health and life span. Cancer has claimed millions of lives worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective treatment of cancer are very important for the survival of patients. In recent years, 2D nanomaterials have shown great potential in the development of anticancer treatment by combining their inherent physicochemical properties after surface modification. 2D nanomaterials have attracted great interest due to their unique nanosheet structure, large surface area, and extraordinary physicochemical properties. This article reviews the advantages and application status of emerging 2D nanomaterials for targeted tumor synergistic therapy compared with traditional therapeutic strategies. In order to investigate novel potential anticancer strategies, this paper focuses on the surface modification, cargo delivery capability, and unique optical properties of emerging 2D nanomaterials. Finally, the current problems and challenges in cancer treatment are summarized and prospected.

Red Light-Triggered Anti-Angiogenic and Photodynamic Combination Therapy of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the key pathological event of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) leading to irreversible vision loss. Currently, anti-angiogenic therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents has become the standard treatment for wAMD, while it is still subject to several limitations, including the safety concerns of monthly intravitreal administration and insufficient efficacy for neovascular occlusion. Combined therapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) and anti-angiogenic agents has emerged as a novel treatment paradigm. Herein, a novel and less-invasive approach is reported to achieve anti-angiogenic and photodynamic combination therapy of wAMD by intravenous administration of a photoactivatable nanosystem (Di-DAS-VER NPs). The nanosystem is self-assembled by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive dasatinib (DAS) prodrug and photosensitizer verteporfin (VER). After red-light irradiation to the diseased eyes, intraocular release of anti-angiogenic DAS is observed, together with selective neo-vessels occlusion by VER-generated ROS. Notably, Di-DAS-VER NPs demonstrates promising therapeutic efficacy against CNV with minimized systemic toxicity. The study enables an efficient intravenous wAMD therapy by integrating a photoactivation process with combinational therapeutics into one simple nanosystem.

Nanosensitizer-mediated augmentation of sonodynamic therapy efficacy and antitumor immunity

The dense stroma of desmoplastic tumor limits nanotherapeutic penetration and hampers the antitumor immune response. Here, we report a denaturation-and-penetration strategy and the use of tin monosulfide nanoparticles (SnSNPs) as nano-sonosensitizers that can overcome the stromal barrier for the management of desmoplastic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). SnSNPs possess a narrow bandgap (1.18 eV), allowing for efficient electron (e-)-hole (h+) pair separation to generate reactive oxygen species under US activation. More importantly, SnSNPs display mild photothermal properties that can in situ denature tumor collagen and facilitate deep penetration into the tumor mass upon near-infrared irradiation. This approach significantly enhances sonodynamic therapy (SDT) by SnSNPs and boosts antitumor immunity. In mouse models of malignant TNBC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the combination of robust SDT and enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration achieves remarkable anti-tumor efficacy. This study presents an innovative approach to enhance SDT and antitumor immunity using the denaturation-and-penetration strategy, offering a potential combined sono-immunotherapy approach for the cancer nanomedicine field.

Emerging 2D pnictogens: a novel multifunctional photonic nanoplatform for cutting-edge precision treatment

The elements of the pnictogen group, known as the 15th (VA) family in the periodic table, including phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi), have been widely used by alchemists to treat various diseases since ancient times and hold a pivotal position in the history of medicine, owing to their diverse pharmacological activities. Recently, with the development of modern nanotechnology, pnictogen group elements appear in a more innovative form, namely two-dimensional (2D) pnictogens (i.e. phosphorene, arsenene, and bismuthene) with a unique layered crystal structure and extraordinary optoelectronic characteristics, which endow them with significant superiority as a novel multifunctional photonic nanoplatform for cutting-edge precision treatment of various diseases. The puckered layer structure with ultralarge surface area make them ideal drug and gene delivery vectors that can avoid degradation and reduce target effects. The anisotropic morphology allows their easier internalization by cells and may improve gene transfection efficiency. Tunable optoelectronic characteristics endow them with excellent phototherapy performance as well as the ability to act as an optical switch to initiate subsequent therapeutic events. This review provides a brief overview of the properties, preparation and surface modifications of 2D pnictogens, and then focuses on its applications in cutting-edge precision treatment as a novel multifunctional photonic nanoplatform, such as phototherapy, photonic medicine, photo-adjuvant immunotherapy and photo-assisted gene therapy. Finally, the challenges and future development trends for 2D pnictogens are provided. With a focus on 2D pnictogen-based multifunctional photonic nanoplatforms, this review may also provide profound insights for the next generation innovative precision therapy.

Glutathione-Scavenging Nanoparticle-Mediated PROTACs Delivery for Targeted Protein Degradation and Amplified Antitumor Effects

PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are an emerging class of promising therapeutic modalities that selectively degrade intracellular proteins of interest by hijacking the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, the lack of techniques to efficiently transport these degraders to targeted cells and consequently the potential toxicity of PROTACs limit their clinical applications. Here, a strategy of nanoengineered PROTACs, that is, Nano-PROTACs, is reported, which improves the bioavailability of PROTACs and maximizes their capacity to therapeutically degrade intracellular oncogenic proteins for tumor therapy. The Nano-PROTACs are developed by encapsulating PROTACs in glutathione (GSH)-responsive poly(disulfide amide) polymeric (PDSA) nanoparticles and show that ARV@PDSA Nano-PROTAC, nanoengineered BRD4 degrader ARV-771, improves BRD4 protein degradation and decreases the downstream oncogene c-Myc expression. Benefiting from the GSH-scavenging ability to amply the c-Myc-related ferroptosis and cell cycle arrest, this ARV@PDSA Nano-PROTACs strategy shows superior anti-tumor efficacy with a low dose administration and good biocompatibility in vivo. The findings reveal the potential of the Nano-PROTACs strategy to treat a broad range of diseases by dismantling associated pathogenic proteins.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Responsive Microneedles for Systemic Sclerosis Treatment

Traditional Chinese medicine, such as Tripterygium wilfordii and Paeonia lactiflora, has potential values in treating systemic sclerosis (SSc) and other autoimmune diseases, while their toxic side effect elimination and precise tropical drug delivery are still challenges. Here, we present multiple traditional Chinese medicine integrated photoresponsive black phosphorus (BP) microneedles (MNs) with the desired features for the SSc treatment. By employing a template-assisted layer-by-layer curing method, such MNs with triptolide (TP)/paeoniflorin (Pae) needle tips and BP-hydrogel needle bottoms could be well generated. The combined administration of TP and Pae can not only provide anti-inflammatory, detoxification, and immunomodulatory effects to treat skin lesions in the early stage of SSc but also remarkably reduce the toxicity of single drug delivery. Besides, the additive BPs possess good biocompatibility and near-infrared (NIR) responsiveness, imparting the MN photothermal-controlled drug release capability. Based on these features, we have demonstrated that the traditional Chinese medicine integrated responsive MNs could effectively improve skin fibrosis and telangiectasia, reduce collagen deposition, and reduce epidermal thickness in the SSc mouse models. These results indicated that the proposed Chinese medicine integrated responsive MNs had enormous potential in clinical therapy of SSc and other diseases.

Applications of nanomaterials in endometriosis treatment

Endometriosis is a common disease of the reproductive system in women of childbearing age with an unclear pathogenesis. Endometriosis mainly manifests as dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain, and infertility. Currently, medical therapy and surgical treatment are usually used for endometriosis treatment. However, due to the high recurrence rate and many complications, it has greatly affected patients' quality of life. Nanotechnology is a new technology that mainly investigates the characteristics and applications of nanomaterials. To date, nanotechnology has received widespread attention in the field of biomedicine. Nanomaterials can not only be used as drugs to treat endometriosis directly, but also enhance the therapeutic effect of endometriosis by delivering drugs, siRNA, antibodies, vesicles, etc. This review comprehensively discusses nanomaterial-based therapies for endometriosis treatment, such as nanomaterial-based gene therapy, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy, and magnetic hyperthermia, which provides a theoretical reference for the clinical application of nanotechnology in the treatment of endometriosis.

Nanoparticles-based phototherapy systems for cancer treatment: Current status and clinical potential

Remarkable progress in phototherapy has been made in recent decades, due to its non-invasiveness and instant therapeutic efficacy. In addition, with the rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, phototherapy systems based on nanoparticles or nanocomposites also evolved as an emerging hotspot in nanomedicine research, especially in cancer. In this review, first we briefly introduce the history of phototherapy, and the mechanisms of phototherapy in cancer treatment. Then, we summarize the representative development over the past three to five years in nanoparticle-based phototherapy and highlight the design of the innovative nanoparticles thereof. Finally, we discuss the feasibility and the potential of the nanoparticle-based phototherapy systems in clinical anticancer therapeutic applications, aiming to predict future research directions in this field. Our review is a tutorial work, aiming at providing useful insights to researchers in the field of nanotechnology, nanoscience and cancer.

Chemistry of two-dimensional pnictogens: emerging post-graphene materials for advanced applications

The layered allotropes of group 15 (P, As, Sb and Bi), also called two-dimensional (2D) pnictogens, have emerged as one of the most promising families of post-graphene 2D-materials. This is mainly due to the great variety of properties they exhibit, including layer-dependent bandgap, high charge-carrier mobility and current on/off ratios, strong spin-orbit coupling, wide allotropic diversity and pronounced chemical reactivity. These are key ingredients for exciting applications in (opto)electronics, heterogeneous catalysis, nanomedicine or energy storage and conversion, to name a few. However, there are still many challenges to overcome in order to fully understand their properties and bring them to real applications. As a matter of fact, due to their strong interlayer interactions, the mechanical exfoliation (top-down) of heavy pnictogens (Sb & Bi) is unsatisfactory, requiring the development of new methodologies for the isolation of single layers and the scalable production of high-quality flakes. Moreover, due to their pronounced chemical reactivity, it is necessary to develop passivation strategies, thus preventing environmental degradation, as in the case of bP, or controlling surface oxidation, with the corresponding modification of the interfacial and electronic properties. In this Feature Article we will discuss, among others, the most important contributions carried out in our group, including new liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) processes, bottom-up colloidal approaches, the preparation of intercalation compounds, innovative non-covalent and covalent functionalization protocols or novel concepts for potential applications in catalysis, electronics, photonics, biomedicine or energy storage and conversion. The past years have seen the birth of the chemistry of pnictogens at the nanoscale, and this review intends to highlight the importance of the chemical approach in the successful development of routes to synthesise, passivate, modify, or process these materials, paving the way for their use in applications of great societal impact.

Bioinspired Mild Photothermal Effect-Reinforced Multifunctional Fiber Scaffolds Promote Bone Regeneration

Bone fractures are often companied with poor bone healing and high rates of infection. Early recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is critical for initiating efficient bone repair, and mild thermal stimulation can accelerate the recovery of chronic diseases. Here, a bioinspired, staged photothermal effect-reinforced multifunctional scaffold was fabricated for bone repair. Uniaxially aligned electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers were doped with black phosphorus nanosheets (BP NSs) to endow the scaffold with excellent near-infrared (NIR) responsive capability. Apt19S was then decorated on the surface of the scaffold to selectively recruit MSCs toward the injured site. Afterward, microparticles of phase change materials loaded with antibacterial drugs were also deposited on the surface of the scaffold, which could undergo a solid-to-liquid phase transition above 39 °C, triggering the release of payload to eliminate bacteria and prevent infection. Under NIR irradiation, photothermal-mediated up-regulation of heat shock proteins and accelerated biodegradation of BP NSs could promote the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and biomineralization. Overall, this strategy shows the ability of bacteria elimination, MSCs recruitment, and bone regeneration promotion with the assistance of photothermal effect in vitro and in vivo, which emphasizes the design of a bioinspired scaffold and its potential for a mild photothermal effect in bone tissue engineering.

Radical-Scavenging and Subchondral Bone-Regenerating Nanomedicine for Osteoarthritis Treatment

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degradation and subchondral bone remodeling. However, most available studies focus on either cartilage degradation or subchondral bone lesion, alone, and rarely pay attention to the synergy of these two pathological changes. Herein, a dual-functional medication is developed to simultaneously protect cartilage and achieve subchondral bone repair. Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs), with a strong reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging capability and high biocompatibility, also present a notable promoting effect in osteogenesis. BPNSs efficiently eliminate the intracellular ROS and, thus, protect the inherent homeostasis between cartilage matrix anabolism and catabolism. RNA sequencing results of BPNSs-treated OA chondrocytes further reveal the restoration of chondrocyte function, activation of antioxidant enzymes, and regulation of inflammation. Additional in vivo assessments solidly confirm that BPNSs inhibit cartilage degradation and prevent OA progression. Meanwhile, histological evaluation and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scanning analysis verify the satisfying disease-modifying effects of BPNSs on OA. Additionally, the excellent biocompatibility of BPNSs enables them as a competitive candidate for OA treatment. This distinct disease-modifying treatment of OA on the basis of BPNSs provides an insight and paradigm on the dual-functional treatment strategy focusing on both cartilage degradation and subchondral bone lesion in OA and explores a broader biomedical application of BPNS nanomedicine in orthopedics.

Cancer nanomedicine toward clinical translation: Obstacles, opportunities, and future prospects

With the integration of nanotechnology into the medical field at large, great strides have been made in the development of nanomedicines for tackling different diseases, including cancers. To date, various cancer nanomedicines have demonstrated success in preclinical studies, improving therapeutic outcomes, prolonging survival, and/or decreasing side effects. However, the translation from bench to bedside remains challenging. While a number of nanomedicines have entered clinical trials, only a few have been approved for clinical applications. In this review, we highlight the most recent progress in cancer nanomedicine, discuss current clinical advances and challenges for the translation of cancer nanomedicines, and provide our viewpoints on accelerating clinical translation. We expect this review to benefit the future development of cancer nanotherapeutics specifically from the clinical perspective.

Antimonene: a tuneable post-graphene material for advanced applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, energy and biomedicine

The post-graphene era is undoubtedly marked by two-dimensional (2D) materials such as quasi-van der Waals antimonene. This emerging material has a fascinating structure, exhibits a pronounced chemical reactivity (in contrast to graphene), possesses outstanding electronic properties and has been postulated for a plethora of applications. However, chemistry and physics of antimonene remain in their infancy, but fortunately recent discoveries have shed light on its unmatched allotropy and rich chemical reactivity offering a myriad of unprecedented possibilities in terms of fundamental studies and applications. Indeed, antimonene can be considered as one of the most appealing post-graphene 2D materials reported to date, since its structure, properties and applications can be chemically engineered from the ground up (both using top-down and bottom-up approaches), offering an unprecedented level of control in the realm of 2D materials. In this review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and applications of antimonene. First, we start with a general introduction to antimonene, and then we focus on its general chemistry, physical properties, characterization and synthetic strategies. We then perform a comprehensive study on the allotropy, the phase transition mechanisms, the oxidation behaviour and chemical functionalization. From a technological point of view, we further discuss the applications recently reported for antimonene in the fields of optoelectronics, catalysis, energy storage, cancer therapy and sensing. Finally, important aspects such as new scalable methodologies or the promising perspectives in biomedicine are discussed, pinpointing antimonene as a cutting-edge material of broad interest for researchers working in chemistry, physics, materials science and biomedicine.

Tumor-Specific NIR-Activatable Nanoreactor for Self-Enhanced Multimodal Imaging and Cancer Phototherapy

Responsive nanosystems for tumor treatment with high specificity and sensitivity have aroused great attention. Herein, we develop a tumor microenvironment responsive and near-infrared (NIR)-activatable theranostic nanoreactor for imaging-guided anticancer therapy. The nanoreactor (SnO2-x@AGP) is comprised of poly(vinylpyrrolidine) encapsulated hollow mesoporous black SnO2-x nanoparticles coloaded with glucose oxidase (GOx) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The constructed nanoreactor can be specifically activated through endogenous H2O2 by an NIR-mediated "bursting-like" process to enhance its imaging and therapeutic functions. Black SnO2-x with abundant oxygen vacancies expedites effective separation of electron-hole pairs from energy-band structure and endows them with strong hyperthermia effect upon NIR laser irradiation. The generating toxic H2O2 with the assistance of GOx provides SnO2-x@AGP with the capacity of oxidative stress therapy. Ascended H2O2 can activate ABTS into ABTS•+. ABTS•+ not only possesses significant NIR absorption properties, but also disrupts intracellular glutathione to generate excessive reactive oxygen species for improved phototherapy, leading to more effective treatment together with oxidative stress therapy. Thus, SnO2-x@AGP with NIR-mediated and H2O2-activated performance presents tumor inhibition efficacy with minimized damage to normal tissues. These outstanding characteristics of SnO2-x@AGP bring an insight into the development of activatable nanoreactors for smart, precise, and non-invasive cancer theranostics.

"Swiss Army Knife" black phosphorus-based nanodelivery platform for synergistic antiparkinsonian therapy via remodeling the brain microenvironment

The combination of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, neuroinflammation, and pathogenic protein aggregation disrupt the homeostasis of brain microenvironment, creating conditions conducive to the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Restoring homeostasis by remodeling the brain microenvironment could reverse this complex pathological progression. However, treatment strategies that can induce this effect are currently unavailable. Herein, we developed a "Swiss Army Knife" nanodelivery platform consisting of matrine (MT) and polyethylene glycol-modified black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) that enables PD treatment by restoring brain microenvironment homeostasis. Under NIR irradiation, the photothermal effect induced by BP allowed the nanomedicine to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and entered the brain parenchyma. In PD brains, the biological effects of BP and MT resulted in the removal of excess ROS, effective reduction of neuroinflammation, decreased aggregation of pathogenic proteins, and improved neurotransmitter delivery, eventually restoring dopamine levels in the striatum. This study demonstrated the effective capacity of a BP-based nanodelivery platform to enter the brain parenchyma and trigger multiple neuropathological changes in PD brains. The platform serves as a safe and effective anti-PD nanomedicine with immense clinical potential.

Nanoengineered Gallium Ion Incorporated Formulation for Safe and Efficient Reversal of PARP Inhibition and Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer

Platinum-based chemotherapy remains the main systemic treatment of ovarian cancer (OC). However, the inevitable development of platinum and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) resistance is associated with poor outcomes, which becomes a major obstacle in the management of this disease. The present study developed "all-in-one" nanoparticles that contained the PARPi olaparib and gallium (Ga) (III) (olaparib-Ga) to effectively reverse PARPi resistance in platinum-resistant A2780-cis and SKOV3-cis OC cells and in SKOV3-cis tumor models. Notably, the olaparib-Ga suppressed SKOV3-cis tumor growth with negligible toxicity. Moreover, the suppression effect was more evident when combining olaparib-Ga with cisplatin or carboplatin, as evaluated in A2780-cis and SKOV3-cis cells. Mechanistically, the combined treatment induced DNA damage, which elicited the activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/AMT- and Rad3-related (ATR) checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1)/Chk2 signal transduction pathways. This led to the arrest of cell cycle progression at S and G₂/M phases, which eventually resulted in apoptosis and cell death due to unrepairable DNA damage. In addition, effective therapeutic responses to olaparib-Ga and cisplatin combination or olaparib-Ga and carboplatin combination were observed in SKOV3-cis tumor-bearing animal models. Altogether, the present findings demonstrate that olaparib-Ga has therapeutic implications in platinum-resistant OC cells, and the combination of olaparib-Ga with cisplatin or carboplatin may be promising for treating patients with OC who exhibit resistance to both PARPi and platinum.

Copper-Catalyzed Radical Hydrazono-Phosphorylation of Alkenes

An efficient copper-catalyzed radical hydrazono-phosphorylation of alkenes with hydrazine derivatives and diarylphosphine oxides is described. The reaction provides a general and convenient method toward the synthesis of diverse β-hydrazonophosphine oxides in satisfactory yields. Based on conducted mechanistic experiments, a mechanism involving Ag-catalyzed oxidative generation of phosphinoyl radicals and subsequent addition to alkenes followed by Cu-assisted hydrazonation is proposed. Moreover, the practicability of the reaction is successfully demonstrated by its successful application on a gram scale.

Two-dimensional photonic MXene nanomedicine

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) with fascinating physicochemical properties, ultrathin lamellar structure, high specific surface area, and excellent biocompatibility have been extensively explored in biomedical applications over the past decade. Photonic MXene nanomedicine and materdicine, as one of the most burgeoning emerging treatment modalities, are of great research interest owing to their photon utilization ability and high therapeutic efficiency. This review aims to summarize and discuss the very-recent advances in engineering 2D MXenes for photonic theranostic applications. We initially concentrate on the synthesis methods, surface modification, and functionalization with respect to MXenes. Furthermore, the photonic biological applications including photonic antibacteria, photonic bioimaging, photonic therapy, and photonic theranostics are highlighted in detail with the selected paradigms. Finally, the current challenges and future directions for 2D MXene biomaterials in regard to their photonic biomedicines are discussed in depth, aiming to drive the speed of their practical applications in clinic.

Horizon of exosome-mediated bone tissue regeneration: The all-rounder role in biomaterial engineering

Bone injury repair has always been a tricky problem in clinic, the recent emergence of bone tissue engineering provides a new direction for the repair of bone injury. However, some bone tissue processes fail to achieve satisfactory results mainly due to insufficient vascularization or cellular immune rejection. Exosomes with the ability of vesicle-mediated intercellular signal transmission have gained worldwide attention and can achieve cell-free therapy. Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted by cells, which contain genetic material, lipids, proteins and other substances. It has been found to play the function of material exchange between cells. It is widely used in bone tissue engineering to achieve cell-free therapy because it not only does not produce some immune rejection like cells, but also can play a cell-like function. Exosomes from different sources can bind to scaffolds in various ways and affect osteoblast, angioblast, and macrophage polarization in vivo to promote bone regeneration. This article reviews the recent research progress of exosome-loaded tissue engineering, focusing on the mechanism of exosomes from different sources and the application of exosome-loaded scaffolds in promoting bone regeneration. Finally, the existing deficiencies and challenges, future development directions and prospects are summarized.

Light-Activated Gold-Selenium Core-Shell Nanocomposites with NIR-II Photoacoustic Imaging Performances for Heart-Targeted Repair

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage represent important pathological mechanisms of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Searching for potential antioxidant agents to attenuate MI/RI is of great significance in clinic. Herein, gold-selenium core-shell nanostructures (AS-I/S NCs) with good near-infrared (NIR)-II photoacoustic imaging were designed for MI/RI treatment. The AS-I/S NCs after ischemic myocardium-targeted peptide (IMTP) and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant peptide SS31 modification achieved cardiomyocytes-targeted cellular uptake and enhanced antioxidant ability and significantly inhibited oxygen-glucose deprivation-recovery (OGD/R)-induced cardiotoxicity of H9c2 cells by inhibiting the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and restoring ATP synthase activity. Furthermore, the AS-I/S NCs after SS31 modification achieved mitochondria-targeted inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently attenuated oxidative damage in OGD/R-treated H9c2 cells by inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative damage, regulation of MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathways. The in vivo AS-I/S NCs administration dramatically improved myocardial functions and angiogenesis and inhibited myocardial fibrosis through inhibiting myocardial apoptosis and oxidative damage in MI/RI of rats. Importantly, the AS-I/S NCs showed good safety and biocompatibility in vivo. Therefore, our findings validated the rational design that mitochondria-targeted selenium-gold nanocomposites could attenuate MI/RI of rats by inhibiting ROS-mediated oxidative damage and regulating MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathways, which could be a potential therapy for the MI/RI treatment.

When 2D nanomaterials meet biomolecules: design strategies and hybrid nanostructures for bone tissue engineering

2D nanomaterials show great potential in biomedical applications due to their unique physical and chemical surface properties. This review includes typical 2D nanomaterials used in bone tissue engineering (BTE), such as graphene oxide, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, black phosphorus, and MXenes. Moreover, the construction methods of BTE materials with 2D nanosheets are analyzed. Before designing a BTE material, it is essential to understand the relationship between the material structure and properties. Notably, 2D nanomaterials can be hybridized with biomaterials, such as polypeptides, proteins, and polysaccharides, to improve biocompatibility and host responses. The effects of the surface properties and size of 2D nanomaterials on cellular behavior, gene expression, antibacterial properties, and cytotoxicity in BTE applications are also discussed. This work provides new design ideas and directions for constructing 2D nanomaterial-based BTE scaffolds.

Oxygen-evolving photosynthetic cyanobacteria for 2D bismuthene radiosensitizer-enhanced cancer radiotherapy

The local hypoxic tumor environment substantially hampers the therapeutic efficiency of radiotherapy, which typically requires the large X-ray doses for tumor treatment but induces the serious side effects. Herein, a biomimetic radiosensitized platform based on a natural in-situ oxygen-evolving photosynthetic cyanobacteria combined with two-dimensional (2D) bismuthene with high atomic-number (Z) components, is designed and engineered to effectively modulate the radiotherapy-resistant hypoxic tumor environment and achieve sufficient radiation energy deposition into tumor. Upon the exogenous sequential irradiation of 660 nm laser and X-ray beam, continuous photosynthetic oxygen evolution by the cyanobacteria and considerable generation of reactive oxygen species by the 2D bismuthene radiosensitizer substantially augmented the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy and suppressed the in vivo tumor growth, as demonstrated on both LLC-lung tumor xenograft-bearing C57/B6 mice model and 4T1-breast tumor xenograft-bearing Balb/c mice model, further demonstrating the photosynthetic hypoxia-alleviation capability and radiosensitization performance of the engineered biomimetic radiosensitized platform. This work exemplifies a distinct paradigm on the construction of microorganism-enabled tumor-microenvironment modulation and nanoradiosensitizer-augmented radiotherapy for efficient tumor treatment.

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The unique microorganism-based and 2D bismuthene-mediated biomimetic radiosensitization platform has been engineered for enhanced tumor nanotherapy.

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The photosynthetic production of oxygen has been utilized via natural microorganism cyanobacteria to effectively modulate the radiotherapy-resistant hypoxic tumor environment with high biocompatibility.

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The biomimetic dual-radiosensitized platform has achieved sufficient radiation energy deposition for inducing overproduction of reactive oxygen species to augment the RT efficacy.

Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Unexpected Immune Regulatory Effects of Arsenene Nanosheets in Tumor Microenvironment

Arsenene, a two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental layered nanosheet composed of arsenic, was recently reported to feature outstanding anticancer activities. However, the specific biological mechanism of action remains unknown. In this work, we extensively analyzed the mechanism of arsenene in vivo and in vitro and discovered the unexpected immune regulatory capability of arsenene for the first time. Analysis of cell phenotypes in tumor microenvironment by single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that arsenene remodeled the tumor microenvironment by recruiting a high proportion of anticancer immune cells to eliminate the tumor. Mechanistically, arsenene significantly activated T cell receptor signaling pathways to produce antitumor immune cells while inhibiting DNA replication and TCA cycle pathways of tumor cells in vivo. Further proteomic analysis on tumor cells revealed that arsenene induced reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress damage by targeting thioredoxin TXNL1. The overloaded reactive oxygen species (ROS) further triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress responses to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and "eat-me" signals from dying tumor cells, leading to the activation of antigen-presenting processes to induce the subsequent effector tumor-specific CD8⁺ T cell immune responses. This unexpected discovery indicated for the first time that 2D inorganic nanomaterials could effectively activate direct anticancer immune responses, suggesting arsenene as a promising candidate nanomedicine for future cancer immunotherapy.

Arsenic Prodrug-Mediated Tumor Microenvironment Modulation Platform for Synergetic Glioblastoma Therapy

Glioblastoma (GBM) has a distinct internal environment characterized by high levels of glutathione (GSH) and low oxygen partial pressure, which significantly restrict most drugs' effectiveness. Arsenic-based drugs are emerging candidates for treating solid tumors; however, relatively high doses in solo systems and inconsistent complementary systems severely damage the normal tissues. We proposed a novel covalently conjugated strategy for arsenic-based therapy via arsenic-boronic acid complex formation. The boronic acid was modified on silver (AgL) to capture As^V under an alkaline condition named arsenate plasmonic complex (APC) with a distinct Raman response. The APC can precisely release the captured As^V in lysosomal acidic pH that specifically targets TME to initiate a multimodal therapeutic effect such as GSH depletion and reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, GSH activation leads to subconverted As^V into As^III, which further facilitated glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase inhibition, whereas the tumor selective etching of the silver core triggered by endogenous H₂O₂ that can oxidize to generate highly toxic Ag ions produces and supplies O₂ to help the alleviated hypoxia. Both in vitro and in vivo data verify the APC-based chemotherapy paving the way for efficient nanomedicine-enabled boronate affinity-based arsenic chemotherapeutics for on demand site-specific cancer combination treatment of GBM tumors.

Sceptrin-Au nano-aggregates (SANA) for overcoming drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

One of the recent advances in medical nanotechnology has been the development of nanoformulations to overcome drug-resistant bacterial infections. Herein, we disclose a new nano-antibiotic formulation based on sceptrin-Au nano-aggregates (SANA), which are drug-metal ion multiple complexes. Sceptrin is a natural compound from a marine organism (sponge) and was reported as a potential compound with drug activities. SANA consists of a sceptrin-Au ion and is a self-assembled nano-formation with electrostatic interaction. Interestingly, SANA showed superior antibiotic/antibiofilm activity toward carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria with low toxicity to red blood cells and endothelial cells. The working mechanism of SANA was identified with analysis of the extracellular reactive oxygen species level and membrane depolarization of bacteria. The feasibility of SANA as a new nano-antibiotic was demonstrated in CRPA-contaminated medical supplies where SANA inhibited the formation of biofilms as well as the growth of CRPA. This work presents a new concept for the development of next-generation nano-antibiotics and a more feasible clinical translational pathway.

Albumin-assembled copper-bismuth bimetallic sulfide bioactive nanosphere as an amplifier of oxidative stress for enhanced radio-chemodynamic combination therapy

The tumor microenvironment with overexpressed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reinforced antioxidative system (glutathione, GSH) becomes a double-edged sword for the accessibility of nano-therapy. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are easily quenched by the developed antioxidative network, ROS-based treatments such as chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and radiotherapy (RT) for killing cancer cells are severely attenuated. To overcome such limitations, a bioactive nanosphere system is developed to regulate intracellular oxidative stress for enhanced radio-chemodynamic combination therapy by using bovine serum albumin (BSA) based bioactive nanospheres that are BSA assembled with in situ generated copper-bismuth sulfide nanodots and diallyl trisulfide (DATS). The copper-bismuth sulfide nanodots react with H2O2 to produce •OH and release Cu2+. Then, the Cu2+ further depletes GSH to generate Cu+ for more •OH generation in the way of Fenton-like reaction. Such a cascade reaction can initiate •OH generation and GSH consumption to realize CDT. The elevation of ROS triggered by the DATS from BBCD nanospheres further augments the breaking of redox balance for the increased oxidative stress in 4T1 cells. With the sensitization of increased oxidative stress and high Z element Bi, an enhanced radio-chemodynamic combination therapy is achieved. The current work provides an enhanced radio-chemodynamic combination treatment for the majority of solid tumors by using the co-assembled bioactive nanospheres as an amplifier of oxidative stress.

Cu-Doped Polypyrrole with Multi-Catalytic Activities for Sono-Enhanced Nanocatalytic Tumor Therapy

Nanocatalytic medicine is a burgeoning disease treatment model with high specificity and biosafety in which the nanocatalyst is the core of driving catalytic reaction to generate therapeutic outcomes. However, the robust defense systems in the pathological region would counteract nanocatalyst-initiated therapeutics. Here, a Cu-doped polypyrrole is innovatively developed by a facile oxidative polymerization reaction, which exhibits intriguing multi-catalytic activities, including catalyzing H2 O2 to generate O2 and · OH, and consuming reduced glutathione by a Cu(II)-Cu(I) transition approach. By decorating with sonosensitizers and DSPE-PEG, the obtained CuPPy-TP plus US irradiation can induce severe oxidative damage to tumor cells by amplifying oxidative stress and simultaneously relieving antioxidant capacity in tumors based on the highly effective sonochemical and redox reactions. The notable tumor-specific biodegradability, remarkable cell apoptosis in vitro, and tumor suppression in vivo are demonstrated in this work, which not only present a promising biocompatible antitumor nanocatalyst but also broaden the perspective in oxidative stress-based antitumor therapy.

Mussel-Inspired Ligand Clicking and Ion Coordination on 2D Black Phosphorus for Cancer Multimodal Imaging and Therapy

As a promising 2D nanocarrier, the biggest challenge of bare black phosphorus nanosheets (BP NSs) lies in the inherent instability, while it can be improved by surface modification strategies to a great extent. Considering the existing infirm BP NSs surface modification strategies, A mussels-inspired strong adhesive biomimetic peptide with azide groups for surface modification to increase the stability of BP NSs is synthesized. The azide groups on the peptide can quickly and precisely bind to the targeting ligand through click chemistry, solving the problem of nonspecificity of secondary modification of other mussel-mimicking materials. Besides, a catechol-Gd³⁺ coordination network is further constructed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and inducing intracellular endo/lysosome escape. The fabricated BP-DOX@Gd/(DOPA)₄ -PEG-TL nanoplatform exhibits enhanced antitumor abilities through synergetic chemo/photothermal effects both in vitro and in vivo.

2D materials-based nanomedicine: From discovery to applications

Due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, 2D materials have attracted more and more attention in the biomedicine field. Currently, 2D materials-based nanomedicines have been extensively applied in various diseases including cancer, bacterial infection, tissue engineering, biological protection, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease. Depending on their various characteristics, these 2D nanomedicines exert their therapeutic effect in different ways, showing great clinical application prospects. Herein, we focus on the various biomedical applications of 2D materials-based nanomedicine. The structures and characteristics of several typical 2D nanomaterials with different configurations and their corresponding biomedical applications are first introduced. Then, the potential of 2D nanomedicines on therapeutic and imaging and their biological functionalization are discussed. Furthermore, the therapeutic potentials of 2D nanomedicines in various diseases are also comprehensively summarized. At last, the challenges and perspectives for the advancement of 2D nanomedicines in clinical transformation are outlooks.

Minimally invasive nanomedicine: nanotechnology in photo-/ultrasound-/radiation-/magnetism-mediated therapy and imaging

Traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and surgery usually cause severe side effects and excruciating pain. The emergence of nanomedicines and minimally invasive therapies (MITs) has brought hope to patients with malignant diseases. Especially, minimally invasive nanomedicines (MINs), which combine the advantages of nanomedicines and MITs, can effectively target pathological cells/tissues/organs to improve the bioavailability of drugs, minimize side effects and achieve painless treatment with a small incision or no incision, thereby acquiring good therapeutic effects. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review of the research status and challenges of MINs, which generally refers to the medical applications of nanotechnology in photo-/ultrasound-/radiation-/magnetism-mediated therapy and imaging. Additionally, we also discuss their combined application in various fields including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, tissue engineering, neuro-functional diseases, and infectious diseases. The prospects, and potential bench-to-bedside translation of MINs are also presented in this review. We expect that this review can inspire the broad interest for a wide range of readers working in the fields of interdisciplinary subjects including (but not limited to) chemistry, nanomedicine, bioengineering, nanotechnology, materials science, pharmacology, and biomedicine.