1
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Wang X, Ligorio RF, Rüttger F, Krengel DMJ, Graw N, Herbst-Irmer R, Krawczuk A, Stalke D. Reducing hybrid ligand-based alane and chasing aluminium(I): dialane and unusual transient dialumene. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39120603 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In this work, an alane, [DNIAlH2] (1) (DNI = 3,3-dimethyl-2-[2-methyl-2-(2,6-diisopropyl-aniline)ethenyl]-3H-indolenine), stabilised by a hybrid ligand was reduced by Jones's Mg(I) ([(MesBDIMg)2]) and Roesky's Al(I) ([DippBDIAl:]). The resulting dialane compound [{DNI(H)Al}2] (2) was characterised using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, DFT calculations and single-crystal XRD experiments. The reaction of aluminium dihydride [DNIAlH2] (1) with [DippBDIAl:] at high temperatures gives an intramolecular C(sp2)-H bond-activated compound 3. To study the monomeric hybrid ligand-based Al(I), characterisations and computational calculations were performed, which elucidate that compound 5, consisting of two inequivalent aluminium atoms in an Al2CN four-membered ring, resulting from the activation of a carbon-nitrogen bond in the reaction of [DNINa] with [(Cp*Al)4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Wang
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Raphael F Ligorio
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Rüttger
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - David M J Krengel
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Nico Graw
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Anna Krawczuk
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Sarkar D, Vasko P, Gluharev T, Griffin LP, Bogle C, Struijs J, Tang J, Roper AF, Crumpton AE, Aldridge S. Synthesis, Isolation, and Reactivity Studies of 'Naked' Acyclic Gallyl and Indyl Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407427. [PMID: 38775385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
By exploiting the electronic capabilities of the N-heterocyclic boryloxy (NHBO) ligand, we have synthesized "naked" acyclic gallyl [Ga{OB(NDippCH)2}2]- and indyl [In{OB(NDippCH)2}2]- anions (as their [K(2.2.2-crypt)]+ salts) through K+ abstraction from [KGa{OB(NDippCH)2}2] and [KIn{OB(NDippCH)2}2] using 2.2.2-crypt. These systems represent the first O-ligated gallyl/indyl systems, are ultimately accessed from cyclopentadienyl GaI/InI precursors by substitution chemistry, and display nucleophilic reactivity which is strongly influenced by the presence (or otherwise) of the K+ counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tihomir Gluharev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Charlotte Bogle
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Job Struijs
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jianqin Tang
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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3
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Szych LS, Denker L, Feld J, Goicoechea JM. Trapping an Elusive Phosphanyl-Phosphaalumene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401326. [PMID: 38607965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We describe our efforts to access a compound with an Al=P double bond by reaction of Al(Nacnac) towards [H2CN(Dipp)]2P(PCO) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3). Our observations are consistent with the formation of a transient phosphanyl-phosphaalumene at low temperatures (-70 °C), however this species was found to readily undergo intramolecular C-H activation of the β-diketiminato ligand upon warming to room temperature. The reactivity of the transient complex toward small molecules including dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, phosphaketenes, amines and silanes could be explored at low temperatures, showcasing that the target compound can react as both a frustrated Lewis pair (via the pendant phosphanyl moiety) or in hydroelementation reactions of the Al=P bond. The elusive target molecule could be trapped by addition of a Lewis base (tetrahydrofuran) affording an isolable molecular species that reacts in an analogous fashion to the base-free compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian S Szych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lars Denker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, 47405-7102, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A
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4
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Wang B, Chen W, Yang J, Lu L, Liu J, Shen L, Wu D. N-Heterocyclic imine-based bis-gallium(I) carbene analogs featuring a four-membered Ga 2N 2 ring. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12454-12460. [PMID: 37594454 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
A combination of Ga(I) centers as important building blocks and scaffolds containing N-heterocyclic imines gives new insights into low-valent Ga chemistry. In this study, a mixture of LDipNLi (LDip = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene), tBuOK, and Cp*Ga (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) in toluene afforded [LDipN-Ga]2 (1) via salt metathesis. X-ray structure analysis of 1 revealed a four-membered Ga2N2 ring, and DFT studies indicated the presence of a lone pair at each Ga center. In addition, compound 1 demonstrated diverse reactivities towards methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, diphenyl disulfide, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and ECl2 (E = Ge or Sn).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Wenhao Chen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Jiangnan Yang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Linfang Lu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Liang Shen
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Di Wu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Hubei 432000, China
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5
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Nees S, Beer H, Just P, Teichmeier LM, Christoffer LE, Guljam A, Kushik, Braunschweig H, Hering-Junghans C. On the Reactivity of Mes*P(PMe 3 ) towards Aluminum(I) Compounds - Evidence for the Intermediate Formation of Phosphaalumenes. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300078. [PMID: 36824017 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphaalumenes are the heavier isoelectronic analogs of alkynes and have eluded facile synthesis until recently. We have reported that the combination of a phosphinidene transfer agent, Ar TerP(PMe3 ) (Ar Ter=2,6-Ar2 -C6 H3 ), with (Cp*Al)4 (Cp*=C5 (CH3 )5 ) afforded the phosphaalumenes Ar TerPAlCp* as isolable, violet, thermally stable compounds. In here we describe attempts to utilize Mes*P(PMe3 ) (Mes*=2,4,6-tBu3 -C6 H2 ) as a phosphinidene source in combination with different Al(I) precursors, namely Dip NacnacAl (Dip Nacnac=HC[C(Me)NDip]2 , Dip=2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 ), (Cp*Al)4 and Cp3t Al (Cp3t =1,2,4-tBu3 -C5 H2 ). In all cases the formation of phosphaalumenes was not observed, however, their intermediate formation is indicated by formation of the dimer [Cp*Al(μ-PMes*)]2 (2) and C-H-bond activation products along the putative P=Al bond, giving unusual 1,2-P,Al-tetrahydronaphtalene derivatives 1 and 4, clearly underlining the role the sterically demanding group on phosphorus plays in these transformations. The reactivity studies are supported by theoretical studies, demonstrating a thermodynamic preference for the C-H activation products. Additionally, we show that there are potential pitfalls in the synthesis of Cp*2 AlH, the precursor to make (Cp*Al)4 and give recommendations how to circumvent these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Nees
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Beer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philip Just
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Leon M Teichmeier
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Leif E Christoffer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ailina Guljam
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kushik
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Dabringhaus P, Zedlitz S, Giarrana L, Scheschkewitz D, Krossing I. Low-Valent M x Al 3 Cluster Salts with Tetrahedral [SiAl 3 ] + and Trigonal-Bipyramidal [M 2 Al 3 ] 2+ Cores (M=Si/Ge). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215170. [PMID: 36479813 PMCID: PMC10108233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schnöckel's [(AlCp*)4 ] and Jutzi's [SiCp*][B(C6 F5 )4 ] (Cp*=C5 Me5 ) are landmarks in modern main-group chemistry with diverse applications in synthesis and catalysis. Despite the isoelectronic relationship between the AlCp* and the [SiCp*]+ fragments, their mutual reactivity is hitherto unknown. Here, we report on their reaction giving the complex salts [Cp*Si(AlCp*)3 ][WCA] ([WCA]- =[Al(ORF )4 ]- and [F{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ). The tetrahedral [SiAl3 ]+ core not only represents a rare example of a low-valent silicon-doped aluminium-cluster, but also-due to its facile accessibility and high stability-provides a convenient preparative entry towards low-valent Si-Al clusters in general. For example, an elusive binuclear [Si2 (AlCp*)5 ]2+ with extremely short Al-Si bonds and a high negative partial charge at the Si atoms was structurally characterised and its bonding situation analysed by DFT. Crystals of the isostructural [Ge2 (AlCp*)5 ]2+ dication were also obtained and represent the first mixed Al-Ge cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Silja Zedlitz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Chair in General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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7
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Morris LJ, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Okuda J. Reversible Oxidative Addition of Zinc Hydride at a Gallium(I)-Centre: Labile Mono- and Bis(hydridogallyl)zinc Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201480. [PMID: 35819049 PMCID: PMC9804236 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of TMEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine), partially deaggregated zinc dihydride as hydrocarbon suspensions react with the gallium(I) compound [(BDI)Ga] (I, BDI={HC(C(CH3 )N(2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 ))2 }- ) by formal oxidative addition of a Zn-H bond to the gallium(I) centre. Dissociation of the labile TMEDA ligand in the resulting complex [(BDI)Ga(H)-(H)Zn(tmeda)] (1) facilitates insertion of a second equiv. of I into the remaining Zn-H to form a thermally sensitive trinuclear species [{(BDI)Ga(H)}2 Zn] (2). Compound 1 exchanges with polymeric zinc dideuteride [ZnD2 ]n in the presence of TMEDA, and with compounds I and 2 via sequential and reversible ligand dissociation and gallium(I) insertion. Spectroscopic and computational studies demonstrate the reversibility of oxidative addition of each Zn-H bond to the gallium(I) centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Morris
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Laurent Maron
- CNRSINSAUPSUMR 5215LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
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8
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Grams S, Mai J, Langer J, Harder S. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of a Superbulky Low-Valent β-Diketiminate Al(I) Complex. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Grams
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Mai
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Reactions of an aluminium(I) diketiminate compound with arenes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Nees S, Fantuzzi F, Wellnitz T, Fischer M, Siewert J, Goettel JT, Hofmann A, Härterich M, Braunschweig H, Hering‐Junghans C. Cyclische Dipnictadialane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Nees
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Emil-Fischer-Straße 42 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Tim Wellnitz
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT) A.-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Malte Fischer
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT) A.-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Jan‐Erik Siewert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT) A.-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - James T. Goettel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Alexander Hofmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Marcel Härterich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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11
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Nees S, Fantuzzi F, Wellnitz T, Fischer M, Siewert J, Goettel JT, Hofmann A, Härterich M, Braunschweig H, Hering‐Junghans C. Cyclo-Dipnictadialanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24318-24325. [PMID: 34478231 PMCID: PMC8596407 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using the AlI precursor Cp3t Al in conjunction with triphosphiranes (PAr)3 (Ar=Mes, Dip, Tip) we have succeeded in preparing Lewis base-free cyclic diphosphadialanes with both the Al and P atoms bearing three substituents. Using the sterically more demanding Dip and Tip substituents the first 1,2-diphospha-3,4-dialuminacyclobutanes were obtained, whereas with Mes substituents [Cp3t Al(μ-PMes)]2 is formed. This divergent reactivity was corroborated by DFT studies, which indicated the thermodynamic preference for the 1,2-diphospha-3,4-dialuminacyclobutane form for sterically more demanding groups on phosphorus. Using Cp*Al we could extend this concept to the corresponding cyclic diarsadialanes [Cp*Al(μ-AsAr)]2 (Ar=Dip, Tip) and additionally add the phosphorus variants [Cp*Al(μ-PAr)]2 (P=Mes, Dip, Tip). The reactivity of one variant [Cp3t Al(μ-PPh)]2 towards NHCs was tested and resulted in double NHC-stabilised [Cp3t (IiPr2 )Al(μ-PPh)]2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Nees
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Strasse 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Tim Wellnitz
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Malte Fischer
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Jan‐Erik Siewert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)A.-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - James T. Goettel
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Alexander Hofmann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Marcel Härterich
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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12
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Gauld RM, Lynch JR, Kennedy AR, Barker J, Reid J, Mulvey RE. Expected and Unexpected Reactivities of Homoleptic LiNacNac and Heteroleptic NacNacMg(TMP) β-Diketiminates toward Various Small Unsaturated Organic Molecules. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6057-6064. [PMID: 33830739 PMCID: PMC8154426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Homoleptic LiNacNac forms simple donor-acceptor complexes with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (CyN═C═NCy), triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3P═O), and benzophenone (Ph2CO). These crystallographically characterized compounds could be regarded as model intermediates en route to reducing the N═C, P═O, and C═O bonds of unsaturated substrates. Heteroleptic NacNacMg(TMP) intriguingly functions as a TMP nucleophile both with t-BuNCO and t-BuNCS, producing a urea or thiourea derivative respectively attached to Mg, though the NacNac ligand in the former reaction also engages noninnocently with a second t-BuNCO molecule via insertion at the reactive NacNac backbone γ-carbon site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Gauld
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Jennifer R Lynch
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Jim Barker
- Innospec Ltd., Innospec Manufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jacqueline Reid
- Innospec Ltd., Innospec Manufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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Fischer M, Nees S, Kupfer T, Goettel JT, Braunschweig H, Hering-Junghans C. Isolable Phospha- and Arsaalumenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4106-4111. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fischer
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Samuel Nees
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kupfer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - James T. Goettel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Kysliak O, Görls H, Kretschmer R. Cooperative Bond Activation by a Bimetallic Main-Group Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:142-148. [PMID: 33356229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural metalloenzymes that efficiently catalyze a variety of transformations, chemists have developed large numbers of dinuclear transition-metal complexes with extraordinary properties and reactivity patterns. For main-group element compounds, however, metal-metal cooperativity is much less explored. Here we present the synthesis and characterization of a room-temperature-stable compound with two separated two-coordinated gallium(I) centers possessing both a lone pair of electrons and a vacant orbital, reminiscent of singlet carbenes. This species displays enhanced reactivity compared to its mononuclear counterpart due to bimetallic cooperativity that allows for the facile activation of strong C-F bonds across the gallium-gallium bond. Two mechanistic scenarios of the cooperative bond activation have been identified by DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kysliak
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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15
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Mechanistic insights into the insertion and addition reactions of group 13 analogues of the six-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes: interplay of electrophilicity, basicity, and aromaticity governing the reactivity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20070-20080. [PMID: 35479910 PMCID: PMC9033959 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three fundamental concepts (aromaticity/basicity/electrophilicity), being heavily used in modern chemistry, have been applied in this work to study the chemical reactivity of six-membered-ring group 13 N-heterocyclic carbenes (G13-6-Rea; G13 = group 13 elements) using density functional theory (BP86-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVP). G13-6-Rea is isolobal to benzene. Two model reactions have been used in the present study: the insertion reaction of G13-6-Rea with methane and the [1 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of G13-6-Rea with ethene. Our theoretical analysis reveals that the chemical reactivity of B-6-Rea, Al-6-Rea, and Ga-6-Rea is governed by their HOMO (the sp2-σ lone pair orbital on the G13 element), and thus they can be considered nucleophiles. Conversely, the chemical behavior of In-6-Rea and Tl-6-Rea is determined by their LUMO (the vacant p-π orbital on the G13 element), and thus they can be considered electrophiles. On the basis of the VBSCD (valence bond state correlation diagram) model and ASM (activation strain model), this theoretical evidence demonstrates that the origin of activation barriers for the above model reactions is due to the atomic radius of the pivotal group 13 element in the six-membered-ring of G13-6-Rea. Accordingly, our theoretical conclusions suggest that the lower the atomic number and the smaller the atomic radius of the G13 atom, the higher the aromaticity of the six-membered-ring of G13-6-Rea and the smaller the singlet–triplet energy splitting ΔEst of this N-heterocyclic carbene analogue, which will facilitate its chemical reactions. The theoretical findings originating from this study allow many predictions in experiments to be made. On the basis of sophisticated theoretical models, the theoretical study demonstrated that the atomic radius of a group 13 element in a six-membered-ring NHC analogue plays an important role in determining its chemical reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
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