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Jorge NL, Garrafa MV, Romero JM, Jorge MJ, Jorge LC, Delfino MR, Meruvia-Rojas YV, Hernández-Laguna A, Sainz-Díaz CI. Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin on Clay Minerals in Argentinian Santa Rosa-Corrientes Soils. Molecules 2024; 29:1760. [PMID: 38675580 PMCID: PMC11051898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in soils is increasing drastically in last decades due to the intensive farming industry and excessive human consumption. Clay minerals are one of the soil components with great adsorption capacity for organic pollutants. The study of interactions between antibiotics and mineral surfaces will give us scientific knowledge of these pollutants through soils. In this work, we study the adsorption of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in the clay mineral fraction of soils from the Argentinian zone of Santa Rosa (Corrientes), in a collaborative research of experiments and atomistic modelling calculations of the intercalation of ciprofloxacin in the interlayer space of montmorillonite. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were performed and compared with different isotherm models. Additionally, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy were determined from equilibrium constants at a function of temperature. All these experiments and calculations lead to the conclusions that two adsorption types of ciprofloxacin are found on clay minerals: one weakly sorbed that is released during the desorption experiments, and other one strongly joined that remains in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly L. Jorge
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, Área de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina; (N.L.J.); (M.V.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.J.); (L.C.J.)
| | - María V. Garrafa
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, Área de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina; (N.L.J.); (M.V.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.J.); (L.C.J.)
| | - Jorge M. Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, Área de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina; (N.L.J.); (M.V.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.J.); (L.C.J.)
| | - María J. Jorge
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, Área de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina; (N.L.J.); (M.V.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.J.); (L.C.J.)
| | - Lilian C. Jorge
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, Área de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina; (N.L.J.); (M.V.G.); (J.M.R.); (M.J.J.); (L.C.J.)
| | - Mario R. Delfino
- Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5460, Corrientes 3440, Argentina;
| | - Yumeida V. Meruvia-Rojas
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Av. de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Hernández-Laguna
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Av. de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain;
| | - C. Ignacio Sainz-Díaz
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Av. de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain;
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2
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Zhang L, Bera H, Guo Y, Shi C, Ulrik Lind J, Radeke C, Wang J, Wang H, Zhao X, Cun D, Yang M. Co-spray dried inhalable composite powders of ciprofloxacin and alginate oligosaccharide as anti-biofilm therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123949. [PMID: 38417723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of chronic respiratory infections caused by biofilm formation are extremely challenging owing to poor drug penetration into the complex biofilm structure and high drug resistance. Local delivery of an antibiotic together with a non-antibiotic adjuvant to the lungs could often enhance the therapeutic responses by targeting different bacterial growth pathways and minimizing drug resistance. In this study, we designed new inhalable dry powders containing ciprofloxacin (CIP) and OligoG (Oli, a low-molecular-weight alginate oligosaccharide impairing the mucoid biofilms by interacting with their cationic ions) to combat respiratory bacterial biofilm infections. The resulting powders were characterized with respect to their morphology, solid-state property, surface chemistry, moisture sorption behavior, and dissolution rate. The aerosol performance and storage stability of the dry powders were also evaluated. The results showed that inhalable dry powders composed of CIP and Oli could be readily accomplished via the wet milling and spray drying process. Upon the storage under 20 ± 2 °C/20 ± 2 % relative humidity (RH) for one month, there was no significant change in the in vitro aerosol performances of the dry powders. In contrast, the dry powders became non-inhalable following the storage at 20 ± 2 °C/53 ± 2 % RH for one month due to the hygroscopic nature of Oli, which could be largely prevented by incorporation of leucine. Collectively, this study suggests that the newly developed co-spray-dried powders composed of CIP and Oli might represent a promising and alternative treatment strategy against respiratory bacterial biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China; Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hriday Bera
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, India
| | - Yi Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China; Taiyuan Health School, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changzhi Shi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Johan Ulrik Lind
- Department of Health Technology (DTU Health Tech), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carmen Radeke
- Department of Health Technology (DTU Health Tech), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hengzhuang Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Henrik Harpestrengsvej 4A, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road, No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, China; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Alabrahim OA, Azzazy HMES. Antimicrobial Activities of Pistacia lentiscus Essential Oils Nanoencapsulated into Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12622-12634. [PMID: 38524461 PMCID: PMC10955754 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The rising risks of food microbial contamination and foodborne pathogens resistance have prompted an increasing interest in natural antimicrobials as promising alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from natural sources have shown promising anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. EOs extracted from the resins of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia are widely utilized for the treatment of skin inflammations, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, wound healing, and cancers. The therapeutic benefits of P. lentiscusessential oils (PO) are limited by their low solubility, poor bioavailability, and high volatility. Nanoencapsulation of PO can improve their physicochemical properties and consequently their therapeutic efficacy while overcoming their undesirable side effects. Hence, PO was extracted from the resins of P. lentiscusvia hydrodistillation. Then, PO was encapsulated into (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) via freeze-drying. The obtained inclusion complexes (PO-ICs) appeared as round vesicles (22.62 to 63.19 nm) forming several agglomerations (180 to 350 nm), as detected by UHR-TEM, with remarkable entrapment efficiency (89.59 ± 1.47%) and a PDI of 0.1475 ± 0.0005. Furthermore, the encapsulation and stability of PO-ICs were confirmed via FE-SEM, 1H NMR, 2D HNMR (NOESY), FT-IR, UHR-TEM, and DSC. DSC revealed a higher thermal stability of the PO-ICs, reaching 351.0 °C. PO-ICs exerted substantial antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli as compared to free PO. PO-ICs showed significant enhancement in the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PO against S. aureus with an MIC90 of 2.84 mg/mL and against P. aeruginosa with MIC90 of 3.62 mg/mL and MIC50 of 0.56 mg/mL. In addition, PO-ICs showed greater antimicrobial activity against E. coli by 6-fold with an MIC90 of 0.89 mg/mL, compared to free PO, which showed an MIC90 of 5.38 mg/mL. In conclusion, the encapsulation of PO into HPβCD enhanced its aqueous solubility, stability, and penetration ability, resulting in a significantly higher antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department
of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of
Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Str. 9, Jena 07745, Germany
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4
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Banti CN, Kalousi FD, Psarra AMG, Moushi EE, Leonidas DD, Hadjikakou SK. Silver ciprofloxacin (CIPAG): a multitargeted metallodrug in the development of breast cancer therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:177-186. [PMID: 38581541 PMCID: PMC11098868 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The anti-proliferative activity of the known metalloantibiotic {[Ag(CIPH)2]NO3∙0.75MeOH∙1.2H2O} (CIPAG) (CIPH = ciprofloxacin) against the human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cells MCF-7 (hormone dependent (HD)) and MDA-MB-231 (hormone independent (HI)) is evaluated. The in vitro toxicity and genotoxicity of the metalloantibiotic were estimated toward fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. The molecular mechanism of the CIPAG activity against MCF-7 cells was clarified by the (i) cell morphology, (ii) cell cycle arrest, (iii) mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, and (iv) by the assessment of the possible differential effect of CIPAG on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) transcriptional activation, applying luciferase reporter gene assay. Moreover, the ex vivo mechanism of CIPAG was clarified by its binding affinity toward calf thymus (CT-DNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Banti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Foteini D Kalousi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anna-Maria G Psarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleni E Moushi
- Department of Life Sciences, The School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Demetres D Leonidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotiris K Hadjikakou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece.
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5
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Alabrahim OAA, Alwahibi S, Azzazy HMES. Improved antimicrobial activities of Boswellia sacra essential oils nanoencapsulated into hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:910-924. [PMID: 38298595 PMCID: PMC10825941 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00882g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Natural antimicrobials have recently gained increasing interest over synthetic antimicrobials to overcome foodborne pathogens and food microbial contamination. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from Boswellia sacra resins (BO) were utilized for respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, malignant tumors, and viral infections. Like other EOs, the therapeutic potential of BO is hindered by its low solubility and bioavailability, poor stability, and high volatility. Several studies have shown excellent physicochemical properties and outstanding therapeutic capabilities of EOs encapsulated into various nanocarriers. This study extracted BO from B. sacra resins via hydrodistillation and encapsulated it into hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins (HPβCD) using the freeze-drying method. The developed inclusion complexes of BO (BO-ICs) had high encapsulation efficiency (96.79 ± 1.17%) and a polydispersity index of 0.1045 ± 0.0006. BO-ICs showed presumably spherical vesicles (38.5 to 59.9 nm) forming multiple agglomerations (136.9 to 336.8 nm), as determined by UHR-TEM. Also, the formation and stability of BO-ICs were investigated using DSC, FTIR, FE-SEM, UHR-TEM, 1H NMR, and 2D HNMR (NOESY). BO-ICs showed greater thermal stability (362.7 °C). Moreover, compared to free BO, a remarkable enhancement in the antimicrobial activities of BO-ICs was shown against three different bacteria: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BO-ICs displayed significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC90 of 3.93 mg mL-1 and an MIC50 of 0.57 mg mL-1. Also, BO-ICs showed an increase in BO activity against Escherichia coli with an MIC95 of 3.97 mg mL-1, compared to free BO, which failed to show an MIC95. Additionally, BO-ICs showed a more significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC95 of 3.92 mg mL-1. BO encapsulation showed significantly improved antimicrobial activities owing to the better stability, bioavailability, and penetration ability imparted by encapsulation into HPβCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaydah Abd Alkader Alabrahim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo AUC Avenue, SSE # 1184, P.O. Box 74 New Cairo 11835 Egypt +20 02 2615 2559
| | | | - Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo AUC Avenue, SSE # 1184, P.O. Box 74 New Cairo 11835 Egypt +20 02 2615 2559
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena Germany
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6
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Kasalović MP, Jelača S, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Lađarević J, Radovanović L, Božić B, Mijatović S, Pantelić NĐ, Kaluđerović GN. Novel diphenyltin(IV) complexes with carboxylato N-functionalized 2-quinolone ligands: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer studies. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112399. [PMID: 37890233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Three new diphenyltin(IV) complexes, bis(3-(4-methyl-2-oxoquinolinyl-1(2H)-yl)propanoato)diphenyltin(IV) (1), bis(2-(4-methyl-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethanoato)diphenyltin(IV) (2), and bis(2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethanoato)diphenyltin(IV) (3), were synthesized and characterized by elemental microanalysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and multinuclear (1H, 13C and 119Sn) NMR spectroscopy. Crystal structure of ligand precursor, 2-(4-methyl-2-oxoquinolinyl-1-(2H)-yl)acetic acid (HL2), has been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Asymmetric bidentate coordination of the carboxylato ligands and skew trapezoidal structures are assumed for the synthesized complexes. In vitro anticancer activity of the synthesized diphenyltin(IV) complexes was evaluated against three human: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), A375 (melanoma), HCT116 (colorectal carcinoma), and three mouse tumor cell lines: 4T1 (breast carcinoma), B16 (melanoma), CT26 (colon carcinoma) using MTT and CV assays. The IC50 values fall in the range from 0.1 to 3.7 μM. Flow cytometric analysis and fluorescent microscopy suggest that complex 1 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis followed with strong blockade of cell division in HCT116 cells. Since complex 1 showed ROS/RNS scavenging potential mentioned cytotoxicity was not connected with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana P Kasalović
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sanja Jelača
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" ̶ National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" ̶ National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Lađarević
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Radovanović
- Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Božić
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" ̶ National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Đ Pantelić
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Goran N Kaluđerović
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany.
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Yuan Z, Wang J, Qu Q, Zhu Z, Xu M, Zhao M, Sun C, Peng H, Huang X, Dong Y, Dong C, Zheng Y, Yuan S, Li Y. Celastrol Combats Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Targeting Δ 1 -Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302459. [PMID: 37381655 PMCID: PMC10477891 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) raise a critical need for alternative therapeutic options. New antibacterial drugs and targets are required to combat MRSA-associated infections. Based on this study, celastrol, a natural product from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., effectively combats MRSA in vitro and in vivo. Multi-omics analysis suggests that the molecular mechanism of action of celastrol may be related to Δ1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH). By comparing the properties of wild-type and rocA-deficient MRSA strains, it is demonstrated that P5CDH, the second enzyme of the proline catabolism pathway, is a tentative new target for antibacterial agents. Using molecular docking, bio-layer interferometry, and enzyme activity assays, it is confirmed that celastrol can affect the function of P5CDH. Furthermore, it is found through site-directed protein mutagenesis that the Lys205 and Glu208 residues are key for celastrol binding to P5CDH. Finally, mechanistic studies show that celastrol induces oxidative stress and inhibits DNA synthesis by binding to P5CDH. The findings of this study indicate that celastrol is a promising lead compound and validate P5CDH as a potential target for the development of novel drugs against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Yuan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Jun Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Qianwei Qu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Zhenxin Zhu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Marc Xu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Chongxiang Sun
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Haixin Peng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Xingyu Huang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Yue Dong
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Chunliu Dong
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Yadan Zheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical DevelopmentCollege of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbin150030China
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8
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Shankar R, Chauhan P, Jakhar E, Dubey A, Kociok-Köhn G. Approach to Di/Triorganotin(IV) Cations via Hydrolysis of Stannate Salts Bearing Alkanesulfonate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2181-2187. [PMID: 36695174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth study of the class of organotin cations bearing weakly coordinating trifluoromethanesulfonate/arylsulfonate has led to key insights into their stability, structural aspects, and role as catalysts. Related chemistry with alkanesulfonate ligands remains a missing link due to the strong Sn-O bond. The study reported herein describes the scope of diorganostannates, [n-Bu4N][R2Sn(OSO2R1)3] (R = n-Bu, R1 = Me(1), Et(2); R = Ph, R1 = Me(3)), as reactive substrates in the presence of adventitious water to afford [n-Bu2SnOH(OSO2Me)] (4), [n-Bu2Sn(H2O)4][n-Bu4N][OSO2Et]3·H2O (5), and [Ph2Sn(H2O)4][n-Bu4N]2[OSO2Me]4 (6), respectively, the latter two being the first examples of salt cocrystals comprising tetra(aqua)diorganotin cations. Hydrolysis of 3 in the presence of 1,4-bis((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)benzene (bix) as the N-donor ligand proceeds via disproportionation and yields [Ph3Sn(bix)](OSO2Me) (7) along with an insoluble solid, likely derived from the hydrolysis of PhSn(OSO2Me)3. Direct evidence of this phenomenon can be gleaned from ESI-MS of 3, which identifies mass clusters corresponding to [Ph3Sn(OSO2Me)2]- and [PhSn(OSO2Me)3-H+]-. X-ray crystallographic studies of 1-7 are reported to establish their structural identity and the role of alkanesulfonate anions in the formation of supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Priyanka Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ekta Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Archishmati Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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9
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Antiproliferative Activity of Antibiotics through DNA Binding Mechanism: Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032563. [PMID: 36768885 PMCID: PMC9916907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiproliferative activity of three antibiotics clinically use, was studied through DNA inhibition mechanisms, ex vivo, in silico and in vitro. The ex vivo interaction of DNA with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP·HCl), penicillin G sodium salt (PEN·Na), and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC·HCl) was determined by UV-Vis spectra and viscosity measurements. Furthermore, their binding constants (Kb) toward CT-DNA were calculated (Kb = (2.8 ± 0.6) × 104 (CIP·HCl), (0.4 ± 0.1) × 104 (PEN·Na) and (6.9 ± 0.3) × 104 (TC·HCl) Μ-1). Docking studies on the binding interactions of antibiotics with DNA were performed to rationalize the ex vivo results. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of the antibiotics was evaluated against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells (IC50 values: 417.4 ± 28.2 (CIP·HCl), >2000 (PEN·Na) and 443.1 ± 17.2 (TC·HCl) μΜ). Cell cycle arrest studies confirmed the apoptotic type of MCF-7 cells. The toxicity of the studied agents was in vitro tested against human fetal lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5). The results are compared with the corresponding one for doxorubicin (DOX). Despite their low binding affinity to DNA (Kb) or their different mode of interaction, TC·HCl (anthracycline) or CIP·HCl (quinolones), exhibit notable antiproliferative activity and low toxicity.
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Kiyoshi Tominaga F, Fonseca Boiani N, Tieko Silva T, Gomes dos Santos J, Temponi Lebre D, Leo P, Ivone Borrely S. Electron beam irradiation applied for the detoxification and degradation of single ciprofloxacin aqueous solution and multiclass pharmaceutical quaternary mixture. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Yang X, Ma W, Lin H, Ao S, Liu H, Zhang H, Tang W, Xiao H, Wang F, Zhu J, Liu D, Lin S, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Chen C, Liang H. Molecular mechanisms of the antibacterial activity of polyimide fibers in a skin-wound model with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infection in vivo. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3043-3053. [PMID: 36133513 PMCID: PMC9479675 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00221c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the need for antibacterial dressings has amplified because of the increase of traumatic injuries. However, there is still a lack of ideal, natural antibacterial dressings that show an efficient antibacterial property with no toxicity. Polyimide (PI) used as an implantable and flexible material has been recently reported as a mixture of particles showing more desirable antibacterial properties. However, we have identified a novel type of natural polyimide (PI) fiber that revealed antibacterial properties by itself for the first time. The PI fiber material is mainly composed of C, N, and O, and contains a small amount of Ca and Cl; the characteristic peaks of polyimide appear at 1774 cm-1, 1713 cm-1, 1370 cm-1, 1087 cm-1, and 722 cm-1. PI fibers displayed significant antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (as a Gram-negative bacteria model) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, as a Gram-positive bacteria model) according to the time-kill kinetics in vitro, and PI fibers damaged both bacterial cell walls directly. PI fibers efficiently ameliorated a local infection in vivo, inhibited the bacterial burden, decreased infiltrating macrophages, and accelerated wound healing in an E. coli- or MRSA-infected wound model. In conclusion, PI fibers used in the present study may act as potent antibacterial dressings protecting from MRSA or E. coli infections and as promising candidates for antimicrobial materials for trauma and surgical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Hua Lin
- Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Shengxiang Ao
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Haoru Liu
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Wanqi Tang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Fangjie Wang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Junyu Zhu
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Daoyan Liu
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
| | - Shujun Lin
- Changchun HiPolyking Co. Ltd. No. 666B, Super Street Jilin 132000 P. R.China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Kington Technology Limited 8 Jinian Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Zhongfu Zhou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Changbin Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 P. R. China
| | - Huaping Liang
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University) Chongqing 400042 P. R. China
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Devi J, Kumar B, Taxak B. Recent advancements of organotin(IV) complexes derived from hydrazone and thiosemicarbazone ligands as potential anticancer agents. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Guo Q, Zhang RF, Hua XW, Li QL, Du XM, Ru J, Ma CL. Syntheses, structures, in vitro cytostatic activity and antifungal activity evaluation of four diorganotin( iv) complexes based on norfloxacin and levofloxacin. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four organotin(iv) complexes have been designed and synthesized from the reactions of R2SnO (R = Me, Ph) with the corresponding ligands norfloxacin and levofloxacin. And the cytostatic and antifungal activity test have been done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Ru-Fen Zhang
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Xue-Wen Hua
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, 252000, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Qian-Li Li
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Du
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Jing Ru
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Chun-Lin Ma
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
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Kamnev AA, Tugarova AV. Bioanalytical applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Data on the applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy in the transmission (mainly on 57Fe nuclei) and emission (on 57Co nuclei) variants for analytical studies at the molecular level of metal-containing components in a wide range of biological objects (from biocomplexes and biomacromolecules to supramolecular structures, cells, tissues and organisms) and of objects that are participants or products of biological processes, published in the last 15 years are discussed and systematized. The prospects of the technique in its biological applications, including the developing fields (emission variant, use of synchrotron radiation), are formulated.
The bibliography includes 248 references.
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Banti CN, Kapetana M, Papachristodoulou C, Raptopoulou CP, Psycharis V, Zoumpoulakis P, Mavromoustakos T, Hadjikakou SK. Hydrogels containing water soluble conjugates of silver(I) ions with amino acids, metabolites or natural products for non infectious contact lenses. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13712-13727. [PMID: 34636378 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The poor handling and hygiene practices of contact lenses are the key reasons for their frequent contamination, and are responsible for developing ocular complications, such as microbial keratitis (MK). Thus there is a strong demand for the development of biomaterials of which contact lenses are made, combined with antimicrobial agents. For this purpose, the known water soluble silver(I) covalent polymers of glycine (GlyH), urea (U) and the salicylic acid (SalH2) of formulae [Ag3(Gly)2NO3]n (AGGLY), [Ag(U)NO3]n (AGU), and dimeric [Ag(salH)]2 (AGSAL) were used. Water solutions of AGGLY, AGU and AGSAL were dispersed in polymeric hydrogels using hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) to form the biomaterials pHEMA@AGGLY-2, pHEMA@AGU-2, and pHEMA@AGSAL-2. The biomaterials were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DTG/DSC), attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR-ATR) and single crystal diffraction analysis. The antibacterial activity of AGGLY, AGU, AGSAL, pHEMA@AGGLY-2, pHEMA@AGU-2 and pHEMA@AGSAL-2 was evaluated against the Gram negative species Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Gram positive ones Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which mainly colonize in contact lenses. The in vitro toxicity of the biomaterials and their ingredients was evaluated against normal human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) whereas the in vitro genotoxicity was evaluated by the micronucleus (MN) assay in HCECs. The Artemia salina and Allium cepa models were applied for the evaluation of in vivo toxicity and genotoxicity of the materials. Following our studies, the new biomaterials pHEMA@AGGLY-2, pHEMA@AGU-2, and pHEMA@AGSAL-2 are suggested as efficient candidates for the development of antimicrobial contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Banti
- Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - M Kapetana
- Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - C P Raptopoulou
- NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, A. Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - V Psycharis
- NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, A. Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - P Zoumpoulakis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Analysis & Design of Food Processes, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Greece
| | - T Mavromoustakos
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Greece
| | - S K Hadjikakou
- Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece. .,University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece
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Synthesis, structural and in vitro biological evaluation of diamondoid-decorated lipophilic organotin(IV) derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Biegański P, Szczupak Ł, Arruebo M, Kowalski K. Brief survey on organometalated antibacterial drugs and metal-based materials with antibacterial activity. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:368-386. [PMID: 34458790 PMCID: PMC8341851 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising bacterial antibiotic resistance is a global threat. To deal with it, new antibacterial agents and antiseptic materials need to be developed. One alternative in this quest is the organometallic derivatization of well-established antibacterial drugs and also the fabrication of advanced metal-based materials having antibacterial properties. Metal-based agents and materials often show new modes of antimicrobial action which enable them to overcome drug resistance in pathogenic bacterial strains. This review summarizes recent (2017-2020) progress in the field of organometallic-derived antibacterial drugs and metal-based materials having antibacterial activity. Specifically, it covers organometallic derivatives of antibacterial drugs including β-lactams, ciprofloxacin, isoniazid, trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and ethambutol as well as non-antibacterial drugs like metformin, phenformin and aspirin. Recent advances and reported clinical trials in the use of metal-based nanomaterials as antibiofouling coatings on medical devices, as photocatalytic agents in indoor air pollutant control, and also as photodynamic/photothermal antimicrobial agents are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Biegański
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland +48-42-635-5759
| | - Łukasz Szczupak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland +48-42-635-5759
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 50009 Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro - Edificio I + D, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland +48-42-635-5759
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Sarakinou KM, Banti CN, Hatzidimitriou AG, Hadjikakou SK. Utilization of metal complexes formed by copper(II) acetate or nitrate, for the urea assay. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Banti CN, Hadjikakou SK. Evaluation of Toxicity with Brine Shrimp Assay. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3895. [PMID: 33732784 PMCID: PMC7952950 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo toxicity of new metallodrugs either as Small Bioactive Molecules (SBAMs) or Conjugates of Metals with Drugs (CoMeDs) or their hydrogels such as with hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) (pHEMA@SBAMs or pHEMA@CoMeDs) are evaluated by the brine shrimp assay. Thus individuals of Artemia salina larvae are incubated in saline solutions with SBAMs, CoMeDs, pHEMA@SBAMs or pHEMA@CoMeDs or without for 24 h. The toxicity is then determined in terms of the mortality rate of brine shrimp larvae. Brine shrimp assay is a low cost, safe, no required feeding during the assay, while it requiring only a small amount of the tested agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N. Banti
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sotiris K. Hadjikakou
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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