1
|
Das C, Karim S, Guria S, Kaushik T, Ghosh S, Dutta A. Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO 2 to Formic Acid: A Journey from 3d-Transition Metal-Based Molecular Catalyst Design to Electrolyzer Assembly. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39312638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusElectrochemical CO2 reduction to obtain formate or formic acid is receiving significant attention as a method to combat the global warming crisis. Significant efforts have been devoted to the advancement of CO2 reduction techniques over the past few decades. This Account provides a unified discussion on various electrochemical methodologies for CO2 to formate conversion, with a particular focus on recent advancements in utilizing 3d-transition-metal-based molecular catalysts. This Account primarily focuses on understanding molecular functions and mechanisms under homogeneous conditions, which is essential for assessing the optimized reaction conditions for molecular catalysts. The unique architectural features of the formate dehydrogenase (FDH) enzyme provide insight into the key role of the surrounding protein scaffold in modulating the active site dynamics for stabilizing the key metal-bound CO2 intermediate. Additionally, the protein moiety also triggers a facile proton relay around the active site to drive electrocatalytic CO2 reduction forward. The fine-tuning of FDH machinery also ensures that the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction leads to the production of formic acid as the major yield without any other carbonaceous products, while limiting the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. These lessons from the enzymes are key in designing biomimetic molecular catalysts, primarily based on multidentate ligand scaffolds containing peripheral proton relays. The subtle modifications of the ligand framework ensure the favored production of formic acid following electrocatalytic CO2 reduction in the solution phase. Next, the molecular catalysts are required to be mounted on robust electroactive surfaces to develop their corresponding heterogeneous versions. The surface-immobilization provides an edge to the molecular electrocatalysts as their reactivity can be scaled up with improved durability for long-term electrocatalysis. Despite challenges in developing high-performance, selective catalysts for the CO2 to formic acid transformation, significant progress is being made with the tactical use of graphene and carbon nanotube-based materials. To date, the majority of the research activity stops here, as the development of an operational CO2 to formic acid converting electrolyzer prototype still remains in its infancy. To elaborate on the potential future steps, this Account covers the design, scaling parameters, and existing challenges of assembling large-scale electrolyzers. A short glimpse at the utilization of electrolyzers for industrial-scale CO2 reduction is also provided here. The proper evaluation of the surface-immobilized electrocatalysts assembled in an electrolyzer is a key step for gauging their potential for practical viability. Here, the key electrochemical parameters and their expected values for industrial-scale electrolyzers have been discussed. Finally, the techno-economic aspects of the electrolyzer setup are summarized, completing the journey from tactical design of molecular catalysts to their appropriate application in a commercially viable electrolyzer setup for CO2 to formate electroreduction. Thus, this Account portrays the complete story of the evolution of a molecular catalyst to its sustainable application in CO2 utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Das
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suhana Karim
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Somnath Guria
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Tannu Kaushik
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suchismita Ghosh
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- National Center of Excellence CCU, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seif-Eddine M, Cobb SJ, Dang Y, Abdiaziz K, Bajada MA, Reisner E, Roessler MM. Operando film-electrochemical EPR spectroscopy tracks radical intermediates in surface-immobilized catalysts. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1015-1023. [PMID: 38355827 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of surface-immobilized molecular redox catalysts is an emerging research field with promising applications in sustainable chemistry. In electrocatalysis, paramagnetic species are often key intermediates in the mechanistic cycle but are inherently difficult to detect and follow by conventional in situ techniques. We report a new method, operando film-electrochemical electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (FE-EPR), which enables mechanistic studies of surface-immobilized electrocatalysts. This technique enables radicals formed during redox reactions to be followed in real time under flow conditions, at room temperature and in aqueous solution. Detailed insight into surface-immobilized catalysts, as exemplified here through alcohol oxidation catalysis by a surface-immobilized nitroxide, is possible by detecting active-site paramagnetic species sensitively and quantitatively operando, thereby enabling resolution of the reaction kinetics. Our finding that the surface electron-transfer rate, which is of the same order of magnitude as the rate of catalysis (accessible from operando FE-EPR), limits catalytic efficiency has implications for the future design of better surface-immobilized catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Seif-Eddine
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel J Cobb
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yunfei Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kaltum Abdiaziz
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mark A Bajada
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maxie M Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nikolaou V, Govind C, Balanikas E, Bharti J, Diring S, Vauthey E, Robert M, Odobel F. Antenna Effect in Noble Metal-Free Dye-Sensitized Photocatalytic Systems Enhances CO 2 -to-CO Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318299. [PMID: 38314922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photocatalytic systems (DSPs) have been extensively investigated for solar-driven hydrogen (H2 ) evolution. However, their application in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reduction remains limited. Furthermore, current solar-driven CO2 -to-CO DSPs typically employ rhenium complexes as catalysts. In this study, we have developed DSPs that incorporate noble metal-free components, specifically a zinc-porphyrin as photosensitizer (PS) and a cobalt-quaterpyridine as catalyst (CAT). Taking a significant stride forward, we have achieved an antenna effect for the first time in CO2 -to-CO DSPs by introducing a Bodipy as an additional chromophore to enhance light harvesting efficiency. The energy transfer from Bodipy to zinc porphyrin resulted in remarkable stability (turn over number (TON)=759 vs. CAT), and high CO evolution activity (42 mmol g-1 h-1 vs. CAT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Nikolaou
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Chinju Govind
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evangelos Balanikas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jaya Bharti
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Diring
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Robert
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu C, D’Agostino C, de Visser SP. CO 2 Reduction by an Iron(I) Porphyrinate System: Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on the Second Coordination Sphere. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4474-4481. [PMID: 38408891 PMCID: PMC10934816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Transforming CO2 into valuable materials is an important reaction in catalysis, especially because CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere have been growing steadily due to extensive fossil fuel usage. From an environmental perspective, reduction of CO2 to valuable materials should be catalyzed by an environmentally benign catalyst and avoid the use of heavy transition-metal ions. In this work, we present a computational study into a novel iron(I) porphyrin catalyst for CO2 reduction, namely, with a tetraphenylporphyrin ligand and analogues. In particular, we investigated iron(I) tetraphenylporphyrin with one of the meso-phenyl groups substituted with o-urea, p-urea, or o-2-amide groups. These substituents can provide hydrogen-bonding interactions in the second coordination sphere with bound ligands and assist with proton relay. Furthermore, our studies investigated bicarbonate and phenol as stabilizers and proton donors in the reaction mechanism. Potential energy landscapes for double protonation of iron(I) porphyrinate with bound CO2 are reported. The work shows that the bicarbonate bridges the urea/amide groups to the CO2 and iron center and provides a tight bonding pattern with strong hydrogen-bonding interactions that facilitates easy proton delivery and reduction of CO2. Specifically, bicarbonate provides a low-energy proton shuttle mechanism to form CO and water efficiently. Furthermore, the o-urea group locks bicarbonate and CO2 in a tight orientation and helps with ideal proton transfer, while there is more mobility and lesser stability with an o-amide group in that position instead. Our calculations show that the o-urea group leads to reduction in proton-transfer barriers, in line with experimental observation. We then applied electric-field-effect calculations to estimate the environmental effects on the two proton-transfer steps in the reaction. These calculations describe the perturbations that enhance the driving forces for the proton-transfer steps and have been used to make predictions about how the catalysts can be further engineered for more enhanced CO2 reduction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxu Zhu
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Carmine D’Agostino
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Alma Mater Studiorum−Università di Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Liang Q, Xie K. How to rationally design homogeneous catalysts for efficient CO 2 electroreduction? iScience 2024; 27:108973. [PMID: 38327791 PMCID: PMC10847752 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrified converting CO2 into valuable fuels and chemicals using a homogeneous electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2ER) approach simplifies the operation, providing a potential option for decoupling energy harvesting and renewable chemical production. These merits benefit the scenarios where decentralization and intermittent power are key factors. This perspective aims to provide an overview of recent progress in homogeneous CO2ER. We introduce firstly the fundamentals chemistry of the homogeneous CO2ER, followed by a summary of the crucial factors and the important criteria broadly employed for evaluating the performance. We then highlight the recent advances in the most widely explored transition-metal coordinate complexes for the C1 and multicarbon (C2+) products from homogeneous CO2ER. Finally, we summarize the remaining challenges and opportunities for developing homogeneous electrocatalysts for efficient CO2ER. This perspective is expected to favor the rational design of efficient homogeneous electrocatalysts for selective CO2ER toward renewable fuels and feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern Universiy, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdinejad M, Yuan T, Tang K, Duangdangchote S, Farzi A, Iglesias van Montfort HP, Li M, Middelkoop J, Wolff M, Seifitokaldani A, Voznyy O, Burdyny T. Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Acetate using Heterogenized Hydrophilic Manganese Porphyrins. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203977. [PMID: 36576084 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) to value-added chemicals is a promising strategy to mitigate climate change. Metalloporphyrins have been used as a promising class of stable and tunable catalysts for the electrochemical reduction reaction of CO2 (CO2 RR) but have been primarily restricted to single-carbon reduction products. Here, we utilize functionalized earth-abundant manganese tetraphenylporphyrin-based (Mn-TPP) molecular electrocatalysts that have been immobilized via electrografting onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to convert CO2 with overall 94 % Faradaic efficiencies, with 62 % being converted to acetate. Tuning of Mn-TPP with electron-withdrawing sulfonate groups (Mn-TPPS) introduced mechanistic changes arising from the electrostatic interaction between the sulfonate groups and water molecules, resulting in better surface coverage, which facilitated higher conversion rates than the non-functionalized Mn-TPP. For Mn-TPP only carbon monoxide and formate were detected as CO2 reduction products. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the additional sulfonate groups could alter the C-C coupling pathway from *CO→*COH→*COH-CO to *CO→*CO-CO→*COH-CO, reducing the free energy barrier of C-C coupling in the case of Mn-TPPS. This opens a new approach to designing metalloporphyrin catalysts for two carbon products in CO2 RR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abdinejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| | - Tiange Yuan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1 C 1 A4, Canada
| | - Keith Tang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1 C 1 A4, Canada
| | - Salatan Duangdangchote
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1 C 1 A4, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Farzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, H3 A 0 C5 QC, Canada
| | | | - Mengran Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| | - Joost Middelkoop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| | - Mädchen Wolff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| | - Ali Seifitokaldani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, H3 A 0 C5 QC, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1 C 1 A4, Canada
| | - Thomas Burdyny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qu G, Wei K, Pan K, Qin J, Lv J, Li J, Ning P. Emerging materials for electrochemical CO 2 reduction: progress and optimization strategies of carbon-based single-atom catalysts. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3666-3692. [PMID: 36734996 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction can effectively convert CO2 into promising fuels and chemicals, which is helpful in establishing a low-carbon emission economy. Compared with other types of electrocatalysts, single-atom catalysts (SACs) immobilized on carbon substrates are considered to be promising candidate catalysts. Atomically dispersed SACs exhibit excellent catalytic performance in CO2RR due to their maximum atomic utilization, unique electronic structure, and coordination environment. In this paper, we first briefly introduce the synthetic strategies and characterization techniques of SACs. Then, we focus on the optimization strategies of the atomic structure of carbon-based SACs, including adjusting the coordination atoms and coordination numbers, constructing the axial chemical environment, and regulating the carbon substrate, focusing on exploring the structure-performance relationship of SACs in the CO2RR process. In addition, this paper also briefly introduces the diatomic catalysts (DACs) as an extension of SACs. At the end of the paper, we summarize the article with an exciting outlook discussing the current challenges and prospects for research on the application of SACs in CO2RR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Qu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Kunling Wei
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Keheng Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jin Qin
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jiaxin Lv
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Junyan Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim M, Yi J, Park SH, Park SS. Heterogenization of Molecular Electrocatalytic Active Sites through Reticular Chemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203791. [PMID: 35853171 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical conversion of small molecules, such as CO2 , O2 , and H2 O, has received significant attention as a potential engine for sustainable life. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising class of electrocatalytic materials for such processes. An attractive aspect of utilizing this class of materials as electrocatalysts is that well-known molecular active sites can be introduced to well-defined crystalline heterogeneous catalytic systems with high tunability. This review offers strategic insights into recent studies on MOF-based electrocatalysts by discussing the notable active sites that have been utilized in both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, while highlighting instances where such active sites have been introduced into MOFs. In addition, material design principles enabling the integration of electrochemically active components with the MOF platform are outlined. Viewpoints on the viability of MOFs as an alternative to currently used electrocatalysts are also discussed. Finally, the future direction of MOF-based electrocatalysis research is established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah S Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Advances of Cobalt Phthalocyanine in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to CO: a Mini Review. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-022-00766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Abdinejad M, Irtem E, Farzi A, Sassenburg M, Subramanian S, Iglesias van Montfort HP, Ripepi D, Li M, Middelkoop J, Seifitokaldani A, Burdyny T. CO 2 Electrolysis via Surface-Engineering Electrografted Pyridines on Silver Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022; 12:7862-7876. [PMID: 35799769 PMCID: PMC9251727 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The electrochemical
reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added materials
has received considerable attention. Both
bulk transition-metal catalysts and molecular catalysts affixed to
conductive noncatalytic solid supports represent a promising approach
toward the electroreduction of CO2. Here, we report a combined
silver (Ag) and pyridine catalyst through a one-pot and irreversible
electrografting process, which demonstrates the enhanced CO2 conversion versus individual counterparts. We find that by tailoring
the pyridine carbon chain length, a 200 mV shift in the onset potential
is obtainable compared to the bare silver electrode. A 10-fold activity
enhancement at −0.7 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)
is then observed with demonstratable higher partial current densities
for CO, indicating that a cocatalytic effect is attainable through
the integration of the two different catalytic structures. We extended
the performance to a flow cell operating at 150 mA/cm2,
demonstrating the approach’s potential for substantial adaptation
with various transition metals as supports and electrografted molecular
cocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abdinejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Erdem Irtem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Amirhossein Farzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Mark Sassenburg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Siddhartha Subramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Davide Ripepi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Mengran Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Middelkoop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Seifitokaldani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Thomas Burdyny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdinejad M, Tang K, Dao C, Saedy S, Burdyny T. Immobilization strategies for porphyrin-based molecular catalysts for the electroreduction of CO 2. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:7626-7636. [PMID: 35444810 PMCID: PMC8981215 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta00876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in our atmosphere, is at once a threat and an opportunity. The development of sustainable and cost-effective pathways to convert CO2 to value-added chemicals is central to reducing its atmospheric presence. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RRs) driven by renewable electricity are among the most promising techniques to utilize this abundant resource; however, in order to reach a system viable for industrial implementation, continued improvements to the design of electrocatalysts is essential to improve the economic prospects of the technology. This review summarizes recent developments in heterogeneous porphyrin-based electrocatalysts for CO2 capture and conversion. We specifically discuss the various chemical modifications necessary for different immobilization strategies, and how these choices influence catalytic properties. Although a variety of molecular catalysts have been proposed for CO2RRs, the stability and tunability of porphyrin-based catalysts make their use particularly promising in this field. We discuss the current challenges facing CO2RRs using these catalysts and our own solutions that have been pursued to address these hurdles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abdinejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Keith Tang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Caitlin Dao
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Saeed Saedy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Tom Burdyny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Usman M, Humayun M, Garba MD, Ullah L, Zeb Z, Helal A, Suliman MH, Alfaifi BY, Iqbal N, Abdinejad M, Tahir AA, Ullah H. Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2: A Review of Cobalt Based Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Conversion to Fuels. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2029. [PMID: 34443860 PMCID: PMC8400998 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides a promising approach to curbing harmful emissions contributing to global warming. However, several challenges hinder the commercialization of this technology, including high overpotentials, electrode instability, and low Faradic efficiencies of desirable products. Several materials have been developed to overcome these challenges. This mini-review discusses the recent performance of various cobalt (Co) electrocatalysts, including Co-single atom, Co-multi metals, Co-complexes, Co-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), Co-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs), Co-nitrides, and Co-oxides. These materials are reviewed with respect to their stability of facilitating CO2 conversion to valuable products, and a summary of the current literature is highlighted, along with future perspectives for the development of efficient CO2RR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.H.S.); (B.Y.A.)
| | - Muhammad Humayun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Mustapha D. Garba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Latif Ullah
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Zonish Zeb
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Aasif Helal
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.H.S.); (B.Y.A.)
| | - Munzir H. Suliman
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.H.S.); (B.Y.A.)
| | - Bandar Y. Alfaifi
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.); (M.H.S.); (B.Y.A.)
| | - Naseem Iqbal
- US-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Maryam Abdinejad
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada;
| | - Asif Ali Tahir
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK;
| | - Habib Ullah
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu Y, Liang Y, Wang H. Heterogeneous Molecular Catalysts of Metal Phthalocyanines for Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3149-3159. [PMID: 34347429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusMolecular catalysts, often deployed in homogeneous conditions, are favorable systems for structure-reactivity correlation studies of electrochemical reactions because of their well-defined active site structures and ease of mechanistic investigation. In pursuit of selective and active electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reactions which are promising for converting carbon emissions to useful fuels and chemical products, it is desirable to support molecular catalysts on substrates because heterogeneous catalysts can afford the high current density and operational convenience that practical electrolyzers require. Herein, we share our understanding in the development of heterogenized metal phthalocyanine catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2. From the optimization of preparation methods and material structures for the electrocatalytic activity toward CO2 reduction to CO, we find that molecular-level dispersion of the active material and high electrical conductivity of the support are among the most important factors controlling the activity. The molecular nature of the active site enables mechanism-based optimization. We demonstrate how electron-withdrawing and -donating ligand substituents can be utilized to modify the redox property of the molecule and improve its catalytic activity and stability. Adjusting these factors further allows us to achieve electrochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol with appreciable activity, which has not been attainable by conventional molecular catalysts. The six-electron reduction process goes through CO as the key intermediate. Rapid and continuous electron delivery to the active site favors further reduction of CO to methanol. We also point out that, in homogeneous electrocatalysis where the catalyst molecules are dissolved in the electrolyte solution, even if the molecular structure remains intact, the actual catalysis may be dominated by molecules permanently adsorbed on the electrode surface and is thus heterogeneous in nature. This account uses our research on CO2 electroreduction reactions catalyzed by metal phthalocyanine molecules to illustrate our understanding about heterogeneous molecular electrocatalysis, which is also applicable to other electrochemical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueshen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Yongye Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| |
Collapse
|