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Puzhistky M, Pradhan E, Nikolaev A, Zeng T, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Stability and reactivity of alkylidene dihydropyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4052-4056. [PMID: 38713056 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00200h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Alkylidene dihydropyridines (ADHPs) are electron-rich nucleophilic intermediates that can be readily prepared by dearomatization of 4-alkylpyridines using chloroformate reagents and mild base. Their stability and reactivity can be tuned with the chloroformate reagent used as evidenced by NMR chemical shifts and oxidation potentials. ADHPs prepared with ethyl, allyl and trichloroethyl chloroformate undergo decomposition under an oxygen atmosphere at different rates (ethyl > allyl > trichloroethyl), predominantly to the corresponding 4-acylpyridine. The ADHPs derived from benzyl chloroformate are stable towards oxidation, and those derived from phenyl chloroformate hydrolyze readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Puzhistky
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Ekadashi Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, pCMC Drug Substance, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann - La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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2
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Rasheed F, Shi J, Zeng T, Krishna Y, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Soft Fluorination of 4-Alkylpyridines. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38029416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the mild and selective mono- and difluorination of 4-alkylpyridines. The process involves soft-dearomatization of pyridines to the corresponding alkylidene dihydropyridines and treatment with Selectfluor. The reaction tolerates a broad range of functional groups, including those bearing acidic and weak C-H bonds. In addition, selective fluorination of 4-alkylpyridines attached to 2-alkylpyridines and 2-alkylpyrimidines can be achieved in good yields, but a 4-alkylpyridine tethered to a 4-alkylpyrimidine is fluorinated at both heterobenzylic positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Yarkali Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, pCMC Drug Substance, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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3
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Shivers GN, Pigge FC. Palladium-catalyzed allylation of 2- and 4-alkylpyridines via N-allyl alkylidene dihydropyridine intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett 2023; 128:154701. [PMID: 37841749 PMCID: PMC10569290 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A method to introduce allyl or cinnamyl groups to the picolyl positions of 2- or 4-alkylpyridines is described. Substituted N-allyl pyridinium salts are first treated with base (KOtBu) followed by catalytic [(η3-allyl)PdCl]2 and PPh3 to result in formal Pd-catalyzed transfer of N-allyl groups to the pyridine periphery. The reaction is believed to proceed through initial formation of nucleophilic alkylidene dihydropyridine intermediates that react with (π-allyl)Pd(II) electrophiles, thereby regenerating N-allyl pyridinium cations. Catalytic turnover and liberation of pyridine products is then achieved by oxidative addition of Pd(0) to these activated allyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant N Shivers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
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4
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Maity S, Lopez MA, Bates DM, Lin S, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Polar Heterobenzylic C(sp 3)-H Chlorination Pathway Enabling Efficient Diversification of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19832-19839. [PMID: 37642292 PMCID: PMC10629438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective radical reactions of benzylic C-H bonds are now highly effective methods for C(sp3-H) functionalization and cross-coupling. The existing methods, however, are often ineffective with heterobenzylic C-H bonds in alkyl-substituted pyridines and related aromatic heterocycles that are prominently featured in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Here, we report new synthetic methods that leverage polar, rather than radical, reaction pathways to enable the selective heterobenzylic C-H chlorination of 2- and 4-alkyl-substituted pyridines and other heterocycles. Catalytic activation of the substrate with trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride promotes the formation of enamine tautomers that react readily with electrophilic chlorination reagents. The resulting heterobenzyl chlorides can be used without isolation or purification in nucleophilic coupling reactions. This chlorination-diversification sequence provides an efficient strategy to achieve heterobenzylic C-H cross-coupling with aliphatic amines and a diverse collection of azoles, among other coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marco A. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shishi Lin
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Kim M, You E, Kim J, Hong S. Site-Selective Pyridylic C-H Functionalization by Photocatalytic Radical Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204217. [PMID: 35481719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient pyridylic C(sp3 )-H functionalization has been developed through photocatalytic radical-mediated fluoroalkylation or cascade reactions. This method is enabled by the reversible formation of alkylidene dihydropyridine intermediates via the facile enolate formation of C4-alkyl N-amidopyridinium salts in the absence of an external base, thereby establishing the conditions necessary for subsequent intermolecular radical trapping. Rapid structural diversification of the pyridylic site can be achieved through photocatalytic multicomponent cascade reactions involving alkene trifluoromethylation, SO2 -reincorporation, and sulfonyl radical addition. This operationally simple method features a broad substrate scope and high chemoselectivity and offers a unique approach for the rational modification of the heterobenzylic C-H bonds of pyridines and quinolines with uniform site-selective control. Furthermore, experimental and theoretical studies were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna You
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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6
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Zhang P, Wang J, Robertson ZR, Newhouse TR. Coordination‐Controlled Nickel‐Catalyzed Benzylic Allylation of Unactivated Electron‐Deficient Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200602. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107 New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107 New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Zoe R. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107 New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Timothy R. Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107 New Haven CT 06511 USA
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7
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Liu XJ, Zhang WY, Zheng C, You SL. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Methyl Azaarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200164. [PMID: 35238122 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reaction of methyl azaarenes is described. Azaarenes such as (benzo)thiazole, oxazole, benzoimidazole, pyridine, and (iso)quinoline are all tolerated. The corresponding chiral azaarene derivatives are obtained in good yields with high enantioselectivity (up to 96 % yield and 99 % ee). The utilization of the Knochel reagent TMPZnBr⋅LiBr warrants the in situ formation of benzylic nucleophiles without additional activating reagents. 1 H NMR studies suggested a two-fold function of the Knochel reagent in this reaction. The synthetic utility of this method has been showcased by a concise enantioselective synthesis of an allosteric protein kinase modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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8
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Kim M, You E, Kim J, Hong S. Site‐Selective Pyridylic C–H Functionalization by Photocatalytic Radical Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Euna You
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Jieun Kim
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology KAIST Department of Chemistry Yusung Gu (KAIST) 34141 Daejeon KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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9
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Liu XJ, Zhang WY, Zheng C, You SL. Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Methyl Azaarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Yun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chao Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Shu-Li You
- Shanghai Inst Org Chem State Key Lab Organometallic Chem 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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10
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Zhang P, Wang J, Robertson ZR, Newhouse TR. Coordination‐Controlled Nickel‐Catalyzed Benzylic Allylation of Unactivated Electron‐Deficient Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Wang
- Yale University Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Timothy R. Newhouse
- Yale University Department of Chemistry 225 Prospect St. 06511 New Haven UNITED STATES
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11
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Shi J, Sayyad A, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Alkylidene Dihydropyridines Are Surrogates for Pyridylic Anions in the Conjugate Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Org Lett 2021; 24:48-52. [PMID: 34889618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We show that alkylidene dihydropyridines, readily prepared from 4-alkylpyridines, behave as soft nucleophiles toward a range of α,β-unsaturated ketones under the influence of silyl Lewis acids to give the products of conjugate addition. In contrast to existing methods, which use strongly basic pyridylic anions, this reaction tolerates a wide array of functional groups, providing access to useful heterocyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ashik Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis, Synthetic Molecule Technical Development, F. Hoffmann - La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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12
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Wasfy N, Doan B, Rasheed F, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Palladium-Catalyzed, Mild Dehydrogenation of 4-Alkylpyridines. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Wasfy
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Brian Doan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Faizan Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis, Synthetic Molecule Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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