1
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Irvine CT, Goldberger JE. The Selenization and Pyritization of Palladium Nanocrystals. Inorg Chem 2025; 64:9827-9834. [PMID: 40337993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2025]
Abstract
Binary and ternary palladium selenides form many different compositions and polymorphs that are host to unique electronic and magnetic phenomena such as superconductivity, exotic spin behavior, and axis-dependent conduction polarity. The development of solution-phase routes toward nano- and micrometer-scale morphologies of these compounds would facilitate future explorations of these properties in this size regime. The selenization of colloidal metal nanocrystals is a useful strategy for preparing metal selenide nanomaterials, but it has not yet been explored to form selenium-rich palladium selenide phases. Here, we demonstrate the preparation of parallelepiped-shaped particles of the metastable, monoclinic PdSe2 (M-PdSe2) phase and well-faceted, octahedral-shaped particles of the pyrite Fe0.5Pd0.5Se2 phase via this method. We show that the reaction of Pd nanocrystals with Na2Se2 leads to the formation of amorphous PdSex nanoparticles as an intermediate, before conversion to M-PdSe2 (selenization), or Fe0.5Pd0.5Se2 when also in the presence of Fe2+ (pyritization). These findings provide a better understanding of palladium nanocrystal selenization pathways and how they can be further developed for the preparation of ternary metal chalcogenide phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen T Irvine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Joshua E Goldberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Zaza L, Stoian DC, Bussell N, Albertini PP, Boulanger C, Leemans J, Kumar K, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Increasing Precursor Reactivity Enables Continuous Tunability of Copper Nanocrystals from Single-Crystalline to Twinned and Stacking Fault-Lined. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:32766-32776. [PMID: 39541186 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) are active materials in different applications, wherein their shape dictates their properties, such as optical or catalytic properties, and, thus, their performance. Hence, learning to tune the NC shape is an important goal in chemistry, with implications in other fields of research. A knowledge gap exists in the chemistry of non-noble metals, wherein design rules for shape control of NCs are still poorly defined compared to those of other classes of materials. Herein, we demonstrate that tuning the precursor reactivity is crucial to obtaining a continuous shape modulation from single-crystalline to twinned and stacking fault-lined Cu NCs. This tunability is unprecedented for non-noble metal NCs. We achieve this result by using diphenylphosphine in place of the most commonly used trioctylphosphine. Using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we show that the temperature modifies the reaction kinetics of an in situ-forming copper(I)bromide-diphenylphosphine complex during the synthesis of Cu NCs. We propose the presence of a P-H functionality in the phosphine to explain the higher reactivity of this precursor complex formed with diphenylphosphine compared to that formed with trioctylphosphine. This work inspires future studies on the role of phosphine ligands during the synthesis of Cu NCs to rationally target new morphologies, such as high-index faceted Cu NCs, and can be conceptually translated to other transition-metal NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zaza
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Dragos C Stoian
- The Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines (SNBL), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Noah Bussell
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Petru P Albertini
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Coline Boulanger
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jari Leemans
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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3
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Derelli D, Frank K, Grote L, Mancini F, Dippel AC, Gutowski O, Nickel B, Koziej D. Direct Synthesis of CuPd Icosahedra Supercrystals Studied by In Situ X-Ray Scattering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311714. [PMID: 38501853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Nanocrystal self-assembly into supercrystals provides a versatile platform for creating novel materials and devices with tailored properties. While common self-assembly strategies imply the use of purified nanoparticles after synthesis, conversion of chemical precursors directly into nanocrystals and then supercrystals in simple procedures has been rarely reported. Here, the nucleation and growth of CuPd icosahedra and their consecutive assembly into large closed-packed face-centered cubic (fcc) supercrystals are studied. To this end, the study simultaneously and in situ measures X-ray total scattering with pair distribution function analysis (TS-PDF) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). It is found that the supercrystals' formation is preceded by an intermediate dense phase of nanocrystals displaying short-range order (SRO). It is further shown that the organization of oleic acid/oleylamine surfactants into lamellar structures likely drives the emergence of the SRO phase and later of the supercrystals by reducing the volume accessible to particle diffusion. The supercrystals' formation as well as their disassembly are triggered by temperature. The study demonstrates that ordering of solvent molecules can be crucial in the direct synthesis of supercrystals. The study also provides a general approach to investigate novel preparation routes of supercrystals in situ and across several length scales via X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Derelli
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Frank
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Grote
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Federica Mancini
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Current affiliation: National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics, CNR - ISSMC (former ISTEC), 64 I-48018, Via Granarolo, FAENZA (RA), Italy
| | | | - Olof Gutowski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bert Nickel
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorota Koziej
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Cowie BE, Häfele L, Phanopoulos A, Said SA, Lee JK, Regoutz A, Shaffer MSP, Williams CK. Matched Ligands for Small, Stable Colloidal Nanoparticles of Copper, Cuprous Oxide and Cuprous Sulfide. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300228. [PMID: 37078972 PMCID: PMC10947121 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
This work applies organometallic routes to copper(0/I) nanoparticles and describes how to match ligand chemistries with different material compositions. The syntheses involve reacting an organo-copper precursor, mesitylcopper(I) [CuMes]z (z=4, 5), at low temperatures and in organic solvents, with hydrogen, air or hydrogen sulfide to deliver Cu, Cu2 O or Cu2 S nanoparticles. Use of sub-stoichiometric quantities of protonated ligand (pro-ligand; 0.1-0.2 equivalents vs. [CuMes]z ) allows saturation of surface coordination sites but avoids excess pro-ligand contaminating the nanoparticle solutions. The pro-ligands are nonanoic acid (HO2 CR1 ), 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid (HO2 CR2 ) or di(thio)nonanoic acid, (HS2 CR1 ), and are matched to the metallic, oxide or sulfide nanoparticles. Ligand exchange reactions reveal that copper(0) nanoparticles may be coordinated by carboxylate or di(thio)carboxylate ligands, but Cu2 O is preferentially coordinated by carboxylate ligands and Cu2 S by di(thio)carboxylate ligands. This work highlights the opportunities for organometallic routes to well-defined nanoparticles and the need for appropriate ligand selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley E. Cowie
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Lisa Häfele
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of Chemistry, Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Said A. Said
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Ja Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Anna Regoutz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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5
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Qiao Z, Yang H, Fan Q, Liu Z, Liu K, Wen Z, Wang Z, Cheng T, Gao C. Lattice Mismatch-Induced Formation of Copper Nanoplates with Embedded Ultrasmall Platinum or Palladium Cores for Tunable Optical Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206838. [PMID: 36599628 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although noble metal nanocrystals have been studied extensively in the past decades, the shape-controlled synthesis of non-noble metal nanocrystals has remained challenging with limited success, which is a grand obstacle to their wide applications. Herein, a novel lattice mismatch-involved shape-control mechanism of Cu nanocrystals in a seed-mediated synthesis is reported, which can produce Cu nanoplates in high yield with tailored sizes (28-130 nm), holding great potential in optical and catalytic applications. The lattice mismatch between Cu and the seed is found effective in inducing crystallographic defects for symmetry breaking toward anisotropic nanocrystals. While a too-large lattice mismatch (11.7% for Au seeds) leads to multiple twin defects to form quasi-spherical Cu nanocrystals, an appropriately large lattice mismatch (7.7% for Pt and 6.9% for Pd seeds) successfully induces planar defects for the formation of Cu nanoplates. The size of the Cu nanoplates is customizable by controlling the concentration of the seeds, leading to tunable optical properties. A prototype of a colorimetric indicator with Cu nanoplates, potentially applicable to the safety control of foods and drugs is demonstrated. This mechanism paves a new way for the shape-controlled synthesis of Cu and other metal nanocrystals for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhun Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qikui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhibin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Chuanbo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
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6
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Wang C, Gao W, Wan X, Yao B, Mu W, Gao J, Fu Q, Wen D. In situ electrochemical synthesis of Pd aerogels as highly efficient anodic electrocatalysts for alkaline fuel cells. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13956-13965. [PMID: 36544731 PMCID: PMC9710217 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05425f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the utilization of noble metals is extremely urgent for fuel cell electrocatalysis, while three-dimensional hierarchical noble metal aerogels with abundant sites and channels are proposed to reinforce their electrocatalytic performances and decrease their amounts. Herein, novel Pd aerogels with tunable surface chemical states were prepared through a facile in situ electrochemical activation, starting with PdO x aerogels by the hydrolysis method. The hierarchical porous Pd aerogels showed unprecedented high activity towards the electrocatalytic oxidation of fuels including methanol (2.99 A mgPd -1), ethanol (8.81 A mgPd -1), and others in alkali, outperforming commercial catalysts (7.12- and 13.66-fold, corresponding to methanol and ethanol). Theoretical investigation unveiled the hybrid surface states with metallic and oxidized Pd species in Pd aerogels to regulate the adsorption of intermediates and facilitate the synergistic oxidation of adsorbed *CO, resulting in enhanced activity with the MOR as the model. Therefore, efficient Pd aerogels through the in situ electrochemical activation of PdO x aerogels were proposed and showed great potential for fuel cell anodic electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Qiangang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Dan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
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7
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Castilla-Amorós L, Schouwink P, Oveisi E, Okatenko V, Buonsanti R. Tailoring Morphology and Elemental Distribution of Cu-In Nanocrystals via Galvanic Replacement. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18286-18295. [PMID: 36173602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The compositional and structural diversity of bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs) provides a superior tunability of their physico-chemical properties, making them attractive for a variety of applications, including sensing and catalysis. Nevertheless, the manipulation of the properties-determining features of bimetallic NCs still remains a challenge, especially when moving away from noble metals. In this work, we explore the galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) of In NCs and a copper molecular precursor to obtain Cu-In bimetallic NCs with an unprecedented variety of morphologies and distribution of the two metals. We obtain spherical Cu11In9 intermetallic and patchy phase-segregated Cu-In NCs, as well as dimer-like Cu-Cu11In9 and Cu-In NCs. In particular, we find that segregation of the two metals occurs as the GRR progresses with time or with a higher copper precursor concentration. We discover size-dependent reaction kinetics, with the smaller In NCs undergoing a slower transition across the different Cu-In configurations. We compare the obtained results with the bulk Cu-In phase diagram and, interestingly, find that the bigger In NCs stabilize the bulk-like Cu-Cu11In9 configuration before their complete segregation into Cu-In NCs. Finally, we also prove the utility of the new family of Cu-In NCs as model catalysts to elucidate the impact of the metal elemental distribution on the selectivity of these bimetallics toward the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction. Generally, we demonstrate that the GRR is a powerful synthetic approach beyond noble metal-containing bimetallic structures, yet that the current knowledge on this reaction is challenged when oxophilic and poorly miscible metal pairs are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Castilla-Amorós
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Emad Oveisi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Electron Microscopy (CIME), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
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8
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Hopper E, Boukouvala C, Asselin J, Biggins JS, Ringe E. Opportunities and Challenges for Alternative Nanoplasmonic Metals: Magnesium and Beyond. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:10630-10643. [PMID: 35836479 PMCID: PMC9272400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Materials that sustain localized surface plasmon resonances have a broad technology potential as attractive platforms for surface-enhanced spectroscopies, chemical and biological sensing, light-driven catalysis, hyperthermal cancer therapy, waveguides, and so on. Most plasmonic nanoparticles studied to date are composed of either Ag or Au, for which a vast array of synthetic approaches are available, leading to controllable size and shape. However, recently, alternative materials capable of generating plasmonically enhanced light-matter interactions have gained prominence, notably Cu, Al, In, and Mg. In this Perspective, we give an overview of the attributes of plasmonic nanostructures that lead to their potential use and how their performance is dictated by the choice of plasmonic material, emphasizing the similarities and differences between traditional and emerging plasmonic compositions. First, we discuss the materials limitation encapsulated by the dielectric function. Then, we evaluate how size and shape maneuver localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) energy and field distribution and address how this impacts applications. Next, biocompatibility, reactivity, and cost, all key differences underlying the potential of non-noble metals, are highlighted. We find that metals beyond Ag and Au are of competitive plasmonic quality. We argue that by thinking outside of the box, i.e., by looking at nonconventional materials such as Mg, one can broaden the frequency range and, more importantly, combine the plasmonic response with other properties essential for the implementation of plasmonic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth
R. Hopper
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Boukouvala
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Jérémie Asselin
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United
Kingdom
| | - John S. Biggins
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Ringe
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United
Kingdom
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9
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Pankhurst JR, Castilla-Amorós L, Stoian DC, Vavra J, Mantella V, Albertini PP, Buonsanti R. Copper Phosphonate Lamella Intermediates Control the Shape of Colloidal Copper Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12261-12271. [PMID: 35770916 PMCID: PMC9284559 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Understanding the
structure and behavior of intermediates in chemical
reactions is the key to developing greater control over the reaction
outcome. This principle is particularly important in the synthesis
of metal nanocrystals (NCs), where the reduction, nucleation, and
growth of the reaction intermediates will determine the final size
and shape of the product. The shape of metal NCs plays a major role
in determining their catalytic, photochemical, and electronic properties
and, thus, the potential applications of the material. In this work,
we demonstrate that layered coordination polymers, called lamellae,
are reaction intermediates in Cu NC synthesis. Importantly, we discover
that the lamella structure can be fine-tuned using organic ligands
of different lengths and that these structural changes control the
shape of the final NC. Specifically, we show that short-chain phosphonate
ligands generate lamellae that are stable enough at the reaction temperature
to facilitate the growth of Cu nuclei into anisotropic Cu NCs, being
primarily triangular plates. In contrast, lamellae formed from long-chain
ligands lose their structure and form spherical Cu NCs. The synthetic
approach presented here provides a versatile tool for the future development
of metal NCs, including other anisotropic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Pankhurst
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Laia Castilla-Amorós
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Dragos C Stoian
- The Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Jan Vavra
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Mantella
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Petru P Albertini
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, Sion 1950, Switzerland
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10
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Rossi K, Buonsanti R. Shaping Copper Nanocatalysts to Steer Selectivity in the Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Reaction. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:629-637. [PMID: 35138797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The carbon-neutral production of fuels and chemical feedstocks is one of the grand challenges for our society to solve. The electrochemical conversion of CO2 is emerging as a promising technology contributing to this goal. Despite the huge amount of progress made over the past decade, selectivity still remains a challenge. This Account presents an overview of recent progress in the design of selective catalysts by exploiting the structural sensitivity of the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In particular, it shows that the accurate and precise control of the shape and size of Cu nanocatalysts is instrumental in understanding and in discovering the structure-selectivity relationships governing the reduction of CO2 to valuable hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethylene. It further illustrates the use of faceted Cu nanocatalysts to interrogate catalytic pathways and to increase selectivity toward oxygenates, such as ethanol, in the framework of tandem schemes. The last part of the Account highlights the role of well-defined nanocatalysts in identifying reconstruction mechanisms which might occur during operation. An outlook for the emerging paradigms which will empower the design of novel catalysts for CO2RR concludes the Account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rossi
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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11
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Synthesis of Cobalt-Nickel Nanoparticles via a Liquid-Phase Reduction Process. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/9401024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt-nickel nanoparticles (Co-Ni-NPs) show promising electrochemical performance in oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER) due to their physicochemical properties such as electronic configuration and great electrochemical stability. Therefore, developing new economically and environmentally friendly methods of synthesizing Co-Ni-NPs has become a practical requirement. Co-Ni-NPs were produced by employing the liquid-phase reduction method. Nickel and cobalt sulfate solutions in hydrazine monohydrate with various mixing ratios were used as raw materials. Nickel plays an important role in the nucleation process via increasing the reduction reaction rate throughout the formation of Co-Ni-NPs. Furthermore, the acceleration of the Co-Ni-NPs formation process may be attributed to the partial dissolution of Ni(OH)2 in the presence of N2H4 and/or citrate-anions and the formation of the Ni-N2H4 or Ni-Cit complexes in contrast to Co(OH)2.
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Li H, Yu P, Lei R, Yang F, Wen P, Ma X, Zeng G, Guo J, Toma FM, Qiu Y, Geyer SM, Wang X, Cheng T, Drisdell WS. Facet-Selective Deposition of Ultrathin Al 2 O 3 on Copper Nanocrystals for Highly Stable CO 2 Electroreduction to Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24838-24843. [PMID: 34543499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Catalysts based on Cu nanocrystals (NCs) for electrochemical CO2 -to-C2+ conversion with high activity have been a subject of considerable interest, but poor stability and low selectivity for a single C2+ product remain obstacles for realizing sustainable carbon-neutral cycles. Here, we used the facet-selective atomic layer deposition (FS-ALD) technique to selectively cover the (111) surface of Cu NCs with ultrathin Al2 O3 to increase the exposed facet ratio of (100)/(111), resulting in a faradaic efficiency ratio of C2 H4 /CH4 for overcoated Cu NCs 22 times higher than that for pure Cu NCs. Peak performance of the overcoated catalyst (Cu NCs/Al2 O3 -10C) reaches a C2 H4 faradaic efficiency of 60.4 % at a current density of 300 mA cm-2 in 5 M KOH electrolyte, when using a gas diffusion electrode flow cell. Moreover, the Al2 O3 overcoating effectively suppresses the dynamic mobility and the aggregation of Cu NCs, which explains the negligible activity loss and selectivity degradations of Cu NCs/Al2 O3 -10C shown in stability tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Peiping Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Renbo Lei
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Peng Wen
- Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Flexible Transparent Conductive Films, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
| | - Guosong Zeng
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Yejun Qiu
- Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Flexible Transparent Conductive Films, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Scott M Geyer
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
| | - Xinwei Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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Li H, Yu P, Lei R, Yang F, Wen P, Ma X, Zeng G, Guo J, Toma FM, Qiu Y, Geyer SM, Wang X, Cheng T, Drisdell WS. Facet‐Selective Deposition of Ultrathin Al
2
O
3
on Copper Nanocrystals for Highly Stable CO
2
Electroreduction to Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Peiping Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Renbo Lei
- School of Advanced Materials Shenzhen Graduate School Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Peng Wen
- Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Flexible Transparent Conductive Films Department of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Chemistry Wake Forest University Winston-Salem North Carolina 27109 USA
| | - Guosong Zeng
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Francesca M. Toma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Yejun Qiu
- Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Flexible Transparent Conductive Films Department of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Scott M. Geyer
- Department of Chemistry Wake Forest University Winston-Salem North Carolina 27109 USA
| | - Xinwei Wang
- School of Advanced Materials Shenzhen Graduate School Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Walter S. Drisdell
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley California 94720 USA
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Zeininger J, Suchorski Y, Raab M, Buhr S, Grönbeck H, Rupprechter G. Single-Particle Catalysis: Revealing Intraparticle Pacemakers in Catalytic H 2 Oxidation on Rh. ACS Catal 2021; 11:10020-10027. [PMID: 34386273 PMCID: PMC8353627 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Self-sustained oscillations
in H2 oxidation on a Rh
nanotip mimicking a single catalytic nanoparticle were studied by in situ field emission microscopy (FEM). The observed spatio-temporal
oscillations result from the coupling of subsurface oxide formation/depletion
with reaction front propagation. An original sophisticated method
for tracking kinetic transition points allowed the identification
of local pacemakers, initiating kinetic transitions and the nucleation
of reaction fronts, with much higher temporal resolution than conventional
processing of FEM video files provides. The pacemakers turned out
to be specific surface atomic configurations at the border between
strongly corrugated Rh{973} regions and adjacent relatively flat terraces. These
structural ensembles are crucial for reactivity: while the corrugated
region allows sufficient oxygen incorporation under the Rh surface,
the flat terrace provides sufficient hydrogen supply required for
the kinetic transition, highlighting the importance of interfacet
communication. The experimental observations are complemented by mean-field
microkinetic modeling. The insights into the initiation and propagation
of kinetic transitions on a single catalytic nanoparticle demonstrate
how in situ monitoring of an ongoing reaction on
individual nanofacets can single out active configurations, especially
when combined with atomically resolving the nanoparticle surface by
field ion microscopy (FIM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zeininger
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Yuri Suchorski
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Maximilian Raab
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Sebastian Buhr
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department of Applied Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna 1060, Austria
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Rupprechter G. Operando Surface Spectroscopy and Microscopy during Catalytic Reactions: From Clusters via Nanoparticles to Meso-Scale Aggregates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004289. [PMID: 33694320 PMCID: PMC11475487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization of working catalysts, requiring per definitionem the simultaneous measurement of catalytic performance, is crucial to identify the relevant catalyst structure, composition and adsorbed species. Frequently applied operando techniques are discussed, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to these area-averaging spectroscopies, operando surface microscopy by photoemission electron microscopy delivers spatially-resolved data, directly visualizing catalyst heterogeneity. For thorough interpretation, the experimental results should be complemented by density functional theory. The operando approach enables to identify changes of cluster/nanoparticle structure and composition during ongoing catalytic reactions and reveal how molecules interact with surfaces and interfaces. The case studies cover the length-scales from clusters via nanoparticles to meso-scale aggregates, and demonstrate the benefits of specific operando methods. Restructuring, ligand/atom mobility, and surface composition alterations during the reaction may have pronounced effects on activity and selectivity. The nanoscale metal/oxide interface steers catalytic performance via a long ranging effect. Combining operando spectroscopy with switching gas feeds or concentration-modulation provides further mechanistic insights. The obtained fundamental understanding is a prerequisite for improving catalytic performance and for rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials ChemistryTechnische Universität WienGetreidemarkt 9/BC/01Vienna1060Austria
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Guntern YT, Okatenko V, Pankhurst J, Varandili SB, Iyengar P, Koolen C, Stoian D, Vavra J, Buonsanti R. Colloidal Nanocrystals as Electrocatalysts with Tunable Activity and Selectivity. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick T. Guntern
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - James Pankhurst
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Seyedeh Behnaz Varandili
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pranit Iyengar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Koolen
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Dragos Stoian
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jan Vavra
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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Chemical and Laser Ablation Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Ni-Based Nanoparticles. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic properties of nanoparticles depend on their size, shape and surface/defect structure, with the entire catalyst performance being governed by the corresponding distributions. Herein, we present two routes of mono- and bimetallic nanoparticle synthesis that enable control of the structural parameters, i.e., wet-chemical synthesis and laser ablation in liquid-phase. The latter is particularly suited to create defect-rich nanoparticles. Impregnation routes were applied to prepare Ni and NiCu nanoparticles, whereas nano- and femtosecond laser ablation in liquid-phase were employed to prepare Ni and NiAu nanoparticles. The effects of the Ni:Cu ratio in impregnation and of laser fluence and liquid-medium on laser ablation are discussed. The atomic structure and (surface) composition of the nanoparticles were characterized by electron microscopic (BF-TEM, DF-TEM, HRTEM) and spectroscopic/diffraction techniques (EDX, SAED, XPS, IR), complemented by theory (DFT). The chemically synthesized bimetallic NiCu nanoparticles initially had Cu-rich surfaces, which changed to Ni-rich upon reaction. For laser ablation, depending on conditions (fluence, type of liquid), highly defective, ordered, or core/shell-like nanoparticles were produced. The case studies highlight the specific benefits of each preparation method for catalyst synthesis and discuss the potential of nanoparticles produced by pulsed laser ablation for catalytic applications.
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The Effect of Shape-Controlled Pt and Pd Nanoparticles on Selective Catalytic Hydrodechlorination of Trichloroethylene. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring the shape of nanoscale materials enables obtaining morphology-controlled surfaces exhibiting specific interactions with reactants during catalytic reactions. The specifics of nanoparticle surfaces control the catalytic performance, i.e., activity and selectivity. In this study, shape-controlled Platinum (Pt) and Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles with distinct morphology were produced, i.e., cubes and cuboctahedra for Pt and spheres and polyhedra/multiple-twins for Pd, with (100), (111 + 100), curved/stepped and (111) facets, respectively. These particles with well-tuned surfaces were subsequently deposited on a Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) support. The morphological characteristics of the particles were determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while their adsorption properties were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of CO adsorbed at room temperature. The effect of the nanoparticle shape and surface structure on the catalytic performance in hydrodechlorination (HDCl) of trichloroethylene (TCE) was examined. The results show that nanoparticles with different surface orientations can be employed to affect selectivity, with polyhedral and multiply-twinned Pd exhibiting the best ethylene selectivity.
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