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Saleh SS, Lotfy HM, Elbalkiny HT. An integrated framework to develop an efficient valid green (EVG) HPLC method for the assessment of antimicrobial pollutants with potential threats to human health in aquatic systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2125-2138. [PMID: 37941477 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00339f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of antimicrobial drugs in aquatic environments has raised critical concerns about their possible impact on drinkable water quality and human health. The Nile River is experiencing water pollution owing to increasing discharges of highly contaminated home and industrial effluents and inadequate water management systems. Investigations of the presence of three antimicrobial agents, ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), and albendazole (ALB), in the Egyptian aquatic system are recommended using a chromatographic method because of their reported existence in the African aquatic environment. In this study, an integrated framework, Efficient Valid Green (EVG), for analytical techniques is proposed and displayed via its radar chart. The EVG framework is achieved through three main pillars: efficiency, validation, and greenness. The proposed EVG-HPLC method was developed and optimized using the AQbD methodology via a face-centered composite (FCC) design by identifying the proper critical method parameters (CMPs) that influence critical quality attributes (CQAs). The method was fully validated according to ICH guidelines, including a factorial robustness study within concentration ranges of 1-100 μg mL-1, 2-100 μg mL-1, and 10-100 μg mL-1 for CIP, SMZ, and ALB, respectively. The proposed method was evaluated in terms of greenness using AGREE (score 0.55) and ComplexGAPI metrics. The optimized chromatographic conditions included a C18 column and a mobile phase of water : acetonitrile : methanol in a ratio of 60 : 19 : 21, v/v/v, respectively, with an aqueous solution of pH 3.5 adjusted with phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.57 mL min-1 at 285 nm. The raw water samples collected from Nile River freshwater at different locations were treated using Oasis® PRiME HLB cartridges with satisfactory recoveries for the three analytes (>90%), and the three drugs were detected using the proposed EVG-HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Saleh
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787 6th October, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Hayam M Lotfy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Heba T Elbalkiny
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787 6th October, Giza, Egypt.
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2
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Nakka S, Muchakayala SK, Manabolu Surya SB. A sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous assay and trace level genotoxic impurities quantification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor-Molnupiravir in its pure and formulation dosage forms using fractional factorial design. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023; 6:101019. [PMID: 37396150 PMCID: PMC10293121 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two potential genotoxic impurities were identified (PGTIs)-viz. 4-amino-1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (PGTI-1), and 1-(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)pyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-one (PGTI-II) in the Molnupiravir (MOPR) synthetic routes. COVID-19 disease was treated with MOPR when mild to moderate symptoms occurred. Two (Q)-SAR methods were used to assess the genotoxicity, and projected results were positive and categorized into Class-3 for both PGTIs. A simple, accurate and highly sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was optimized for the simultaneous quantification of the assay, and these impurities in MOPR drug substance and formulation dosage form. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technique was utilized for the quantification. Prior to the validation study, the UPLC-MS method conditions were optimised using fractional factorial design (FrFD). The optimized Critical Method Parameters (CMPs) include the percentage of Acetonitrile in MP B, Concentration of Formic acid in MP A, Cone Voltage, Capillary Voltage, Collision gas flow and Desolvation temperature were determined from the numerical optimization to be 12.50 %, 0.13 %, 13.6 V, 2.6 kV, 850 L/hr and 375 °C, respectively. The optimized chromatographic separation achieved on Waters Acquity HSS T3 C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) in a gradient elution mode with 0.13% formic acid in water and acetonitrile as mobile phases, column temperature kept at 35 °C and flow rate at 0.5 mL/min. The method was successfully validated as per ICH guidelines, and demonstrated excellent linearity over the concentration range of 0.5-10 ppm for both PGTIs. The Pearson correlation coefficient of each impurity and MOPR was found to be higher than 0.999, and the recoveries were in between the range of 94.62 to 104.05% for both PGTIs and 99.10 to 100.25% for MOPR. It is also feasible to utilise this rapid method to quantify MOPR accurately in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nakka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad 502329, India
| | - Siva Krishna Muchakayala
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad 502329, India
- Analytical Research and Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, 1100 Enterprise Drive, Winchester, KY, 40391, USA
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3
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Nagulancha BR, Vandavasi KR. Stability-indicating method development and validation for quantitative estimation of organic impurities of the antidiabetic drug glipizide in drug substance and pharmaceutical dosage form using HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5727. [PMID: 37635093 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Glipizide is an antidiabetic drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A simple, reliable and robust reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) was developed and validated as per International Conference on Harmonization Q2(R1) for estimating the impurities of glipizide in pharmaceutical formulations. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm with a binary solvent delivery system [MP-A, a homogenous mixture of water and acetonitrile in a ratio of 90:10 (v/v) and 1 ml of orthophosphoric acid; and MP-B, a homogenous mixture of water and acetonitrile in a ratio of 10:90 (v/v) and 1 ml of orthophosphoric acid] with a detection wavelength of 225 nm, a column temperature of 30°C, a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min, and an injection volume of 20 μl. All process, degradant and unknown impurities were separated well with a resolution >2.2 and were estimated accurately without any interference. The recovered values and regression values were 98.7-100.5% and R2 > 0.9999, respectively. The recovery and linearity studies covered the quantitation limit to 150% of the specification limit. The stability-indicating properties of the developed RP-HPLC method was assessed from the forced degradation studies. The developed method was successfully applied for real-time sample analysis of the glipizide dosage form.
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4
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Bandaru LGR, Konduru N, Kowtharapu LP, Regulagadda S, Kanuparthy PR, Gundla R. Development and validation of apalutamide-related substances method in solid dosage forms using HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5576. [PMID: 36573285 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A related-substances method was developed for the anticancer drug formulation apalutamide 60 mg tablets and validated using a liquid chromatography gradient elution method. All of the impurities and degradants were separated using the Luna Omega 5 μm Polar C18 , (250 × 4.6) mm HPLC column with a 1.0 ml min-1 flow rate. The detection was done at 225 nm by injecting the 10 μl of injection volume, controlling the sample temperature at 10°C and maintaining the column compartment temperature at 30°C. The total run time was 85 min. A 0.01 m disodium phosphate dihydrate pH 4.20 ± 0.05 buffer mixed with acetonitrile in the ratio of 73:27 (v/v) was used as mobile phase A. Mobile phase B consisted of water and acetonitrile in the ratio 30:70 (v/v). The proposed method was validated as per the current regulatory guidelines. The method precisions (RSD) at 100% specification level were 1.41, 1.74, 1.84, and 1.66% for the four impurities. The accuracy results were obtained between 96.0 and 106.3% for the limit of quantitation to the 150% level. The standard and sample solutions stability were established for 44 h at 10°C. The correlation coefficient (r) value was >0.999 for all four impurities, indicating good linearity between the concentration and peak response: 0.9999, 0.9999, 0.9999 and 1.0000. These results show the method's linearity. The three filter compatibility was proved and it was concluded that 0.45 μm Nylon, PTFE and PVDF filters are suitable. The robustness of the method was established by varying the conditions. The method specificity was proved and the forced degradation data reveal the method's stability-indicating nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lova Gani Raju Bandaru
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Konduru
- Analytical Research and Development, Zhuhai Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Zhuhai city, Guangdong province, China
| | | | | | - Phani Raja Kanuparthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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Yenda P, Katari NK, Ettaboina SK, Satheesh B, Muchakayala SK, Gundla R. An effective and stability-indicating method development and optimization utilizing the Box-Behnken design for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, caffeine, and aspirin in tablet formulation. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5585. [PMID: 36692333 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Analytical techniques must be sensitive, specific, and accurate to assess the active pharmaceutical ingredients in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The quality-by-design (QbD) application has proven to be a practical method for magnifying HPLC operations. This article discusses the successfully developed QbD-based stability-indicative LC method for evaluating acetaminophen, caffeine, and aspirin (ASP) in tablet dosage form. To achieve the necessary chromatographic separation, Milli-Q water, methanol, and glacial acetic acid were employed in the following ratios: 63:35:2 (v/v/v) for mobile phase A and 18:80:2 (v/v/v) for mobile phase B. The flow rate, column temperature, and detecting wavelength were 1.0 ml/min, 40°C, and 275 nm, respectively, and an InertSustain C18 analytical column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) was used. Linearity was between 10.0 and 150.0 μg/ml for ASP and acetaminophen and between 2.6 and 39.0 μg/ml for caffeine. The accuracy findings were more than 97%, and the correlation coefficient for all three components was found to be greater than 0.999. The validated HPLC method yielded reliable and accurate results. ASP was shown to be vulnerable to both acid and alkaline hydrolysis in the forced degradation study. The described method is capable of separating the degradants produced during stress testing and is regarded as stability indicating. The proposed method can be used for a wider range of other formulations with an appropriate diluent selection and sample preparation procedure optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvateesam Yenda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Balasubramanian Satheesh
- Analytical Research and Development, Slayback Pharma India LLP, Manjeera Trinity Corporate, JNTU, Hyderabad, India
| | - Siva Krishna Muchakayala
- Analytical Research and Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, 1100 Enterprise Dr, Winchester, Kentucky, 40391, USA
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Hyderabad, India
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6
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Nathi R, Kowtharapu LP, Muchakayala SK, Konduru N. QbD-based stability-indicating liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the determination of flurbiprofen in cataplasm. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5580. [PMID: 36609857 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A nonsteroidal drug called flurbiprofen (FBN) has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Currently the determination of FBN in cataplasm does not have any pharmacopeial method. However, the drug substance, tablet and ophthalmic solution formulations do have pharmacopeial methods. The development and validation of an accurate, precise and stability-indicating analytical method for the determination of FBN in cataplasm formulations is reported. The gradient method was employed for the quantification of FBN in the presence of internal standards such as biphenyl. A nonpolar separation phase (C18 , 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm Inertsil column; GL Sciences) was used. The optimal flow rate, column oven temperature, injection volume and detector wavelengths were 1.0 ml/min, 40°C, 20 μl and 245 nm, respectively. Mobile phase A was a mixture of water and glacial acetic acid (30:1 v/v) pH adjusted to 2.20 with glacial acetic acid or 1 m NaOH; mobile phase B was methanol (100%). The gradient elution program was [time (min)/% B]: 5/60, 20/70, 25/70, 30/60 and 40/60. The obtained RSDs for the precision and intermediate precision were 0.7 and 0.5%. The percentage recovery ranged from 99.2 to 100.4%. The linear regression coefficient >0.9996 indicates that all peak responses were linear with the concentration. The sample and standard solutions were stable for up to 24 h on the benchtop and in the refrigerator. The critical peaks were well separated from the generated peaks owing to forced degradation, including diluent and placebo peaks. The method validation data and quality by design-based robustness study results indicate that the developed method is robust and fit for routine use in the quality control laboratory. The proposed method is specific, accurate and precise, and the quality by design utilized the first method for the determination of FBN in cataplasm formulations. Transdermal patches and gels have low extraction capacity and this method is applicable for quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathnakar Nathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Analytical Research and Development, STA Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd (Wuxi app Tec Company), Wuxi, China
| | | | - Naresh Konduru
- Analytical Research and Development, Zhuhai Resproly Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Zhuhai city, Guangdong Province, China
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7
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Kumar SRJ, Rao VK, Katari NK, Jyothi NS, Kowtharapu LP. Determination and quantification of related substances and degradation products in bictegravir by full factorial design evaluated HPLC and mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1274-1285. [PMID: 36852477 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay02106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Determining and quantifying novel impurities and degraded impurities of a drug product is always a continuous challenge to enhancing the drug quality for patients' safety. Herein, our work deals with (i) developing a rapid, accurate, and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic validation method to quantify the bictegravir drug (integrase inhibitors of antiretroviral drugs) and its novel related impurities at low levels, and (ii) the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to identify degraded impurities. Separation of bictegravir acid (impurity-I) and methyl bictegravir (impurity-II) impurities which are identified by LC-MS in the bictegravir drug was executed by developing a method and the same method performance evaluated by using full factorial design. This developed analytical technique gave a well-separated peak of bictegravir and related analytes such as bictegravir acid (impurity-I) and methyl bictegravir (impurity-II), adequate with the peak properties as per USP guidelines. The method's sensitivity and linearity are demonstrated by its detection and quantification limits at low levels with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The method's repeatability, specificity, and accuracy suggest that this developed technique is a reliable determination strategy for the bictegravir drug substance and its related impurities (impurity-I and impurity-II) in a simple, feasible, and affordable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Jythesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.
- Department of Analytical Research, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Research Centre-II, Indrakaran (V), Kandi (M), Sangareddy-502329, Telangana, India
| | - Vandavasi Koteswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.
| | - Narreddy Siva Jyothi
- Department of Analytical Research, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Research Centre-II, Indrakaran (V), Kandi (M), Sangareddy-502329, Telangana, India
| | - Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India.
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Sasikala L, Koteswara Rao V, Katari NK, Kowtharapu LP. A combined qualitative and quantitative method development and validation of vancomycin hydrochloride injection formulation by HPLC and UV involving quality by design. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5568. [PMID: 36517962 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A selective, specific, precise, linear, accurate and robust analytical method was developed and validated for the assay of vancomycin HCl in vancomycin hydrochloride injection. Comparative UV spectrophotometric and reverse-phase HPLC were used to develop the quantitative determination. Acetonitrile and pH 2.2 phosphate buffer in the ratio 20:80 v/v were used as the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with a 20 min run time. The detection was carried out at 235 nm with a Nucleosil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm) 10 μm column, and the ambient column temperature was maintained. The method uses a 20 μl injection volume and diluent as a blank solution in this connection. The method was validated as per the current regulatory guidelines. The linearity of this method was found to be linear in the range of 50-150% of the working concentration, and the correlation coefficient was >0.999. The method's accuracy was within the acceptable range, which was 98.1-101.5%. The method's precision was within an acceptable range of about 0.32% RSD. The analytical solution was stable for up to 48 h at room temperature. The method's robustness was proved by utilizing quality design tools. Stress studies demonstrated the method's stability-indicating nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lankella Sasikala
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Department of Chemistry, GDC Yellareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Vandavasi Koteswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Vijaykumar C, Kumar YR, Aparna P, Rao PSP. Development and validation of a stability-indicating, single HPLC method for sacubitril-valsartan and their stereoisomers and identification of forced degradation products using LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5550. [PMID: 36410774 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research work was to develop and validate a stability-indicating, single reversed-phase HPLC method for the separation of five impurities, including enantiomers, diastereomers, and degradation products in sacubitril-valsartan tablets. The method was developed using a Chiralcel OJ-RH column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 45°C with a gradient program of (T/%B) 0.01/25, 10.0/25, 25/38, 37.0/45, 39.0/25, and 45.0/25 at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Mobile phase A consisted of 1 ml of trifluoroacetic acid in 1000 ml of Milli-Q water. Mobile phase B consisted of 1 ml of trifluoroacetic acid in a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio of 950:50 (v/v). Sacubitril, valsartan, and their five impurities were monitored at 254 nm. Degradation was not observed when sacubitril-valsartan was subjected to heat, light, hydrolytic, and oxidation conditions. In acid degradation study (1 N HCl/60°C/2 h) impurity 1 (m/z 383.44) was formed, and in base degradation study (0.1 N NaOH/40°C/1 h) impurities 1 and 5 (m/z 265.35) were formed; both impurities were confirmed using LC-MS. The degradation products, enantiomers, and diastereomers were well separated from sacubitril and valsartan, proving the stability-indicating power of the method. The developed method was validated per the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guidelines. The inter- and intra-day percentage relative standard deviation for sacubitril, valsartan, and their five impurities was less than 5.2%, recovery of the five impurities was between 93 and 105%, and linearity was ≥0.999. The limit of detection was 0.030-0.048 μg/ml, and the limit of quantification was 0.100-0.160 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholleti Vijaykumar
- Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, IPDO, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Chemistry, J.N.T. University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Pasula Aparna
- Department of Chemistry, J.N.T. University, Hyderabad, India
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Nakka S, Katari NK, Babu MSS, Muchakayala SK. An effective ultra‐performance liquid chromatography and derivatization method for the quantification of potential genotoxic impurity Hydrazine in Gliclazide and its formulation – Robustness study by the design of experiments. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nakka
- Department of Chemistry School of Science GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry School of Science GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad India
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11
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Muchakayala SK, Katari NK, Saripella KK, Schaaf H, Marisetti VM, Kowtharapu LP, Jonnalagadda SB. AQbD based green UPLC method to determine mycophenolate mofetil impurities and Identification of degradation products by QToF LCMS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19138. [PMID: 36352016 PMCID: PMC9646803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an ideal method for quantifying impurities in mycophenolate mofetil drug substances and their oral suspension preparations. We developed a systematic and eco-friendly analytical approach utilizing quality by design (QbD) and green chemistry principles. Initially, the critical method parameters (CMPs) were screened using a D-optimal design. The robust final method conditions were optimized using a systematic central composite design (CCD). Through graphical and numerical optimization, the protocol conditions were augmented. The pH of mobile phase buffer (25 mM KH2PO4) (MP-A), initial gradient composition (% MP-A), flow rate (mL min-1), and column oven temperatures (°C) are 4.05, 87, 0.4, and 30, respectively. The best possible separation between the critical pairs was achieved while using the Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 × 2.1) mm, 1.7 µm analytical column. A mixture of water and acetonitrile in the ratio of 30:70 (v/v) was used as mobile phase-B for the gradient elution. The analytical method was validated in agreement with ICH and USP guidelines. The specificity results revealed that no peaks interfered with the impurities and MPM. The mean recovery of the impurities ranged between 96.2 and 102.7%, and the linearity results r > 0.999 across the range of LOQ - 150%. The precision results (%RSD) ranged between 0.8 and 4.5%. The degradation products formed during the base-induced degradation were identified as isomers of mycophenolic acid and sorbitol esters using Q-ToF LC-MS and their molecular and fragment ion peaks. The developed method eco-friendliness and greenness were assessed using analytical greenness (AGREE), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and analytical eco score, and found it is green.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Krishna Muchakayala
- Douglas Pharma US Inc, 1035 Louis Drive, Warminster, PA 18974 USA ,Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | | | - Henele Schaaf
- Douglas Pharma US Inc, 1035 Louis Drive, Warminster, PA 18974 USA
| | - Vishnu Murthy Marisetti
- Analytical Research and Development, ScieGen Pharmaceuticals Inc, 89 Arkay Drive, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA
| | - Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India
| | - Sreekantha Babu Jonnalagadda
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
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Kowtharapu L, Katari NK, Sandoval CA, Rekulapally VK, Jonnalagadda SB. Green Chromatographic Method for Determination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, Preservative, and Antioxidant in an Injectable Formulation: Robustness by Design Expert. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34098-34108. [PMID: 36188248 PMCID: PMC9520538 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient HPLC method for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of lincosamide antibiotic injectable formulations containing Clindamycin phosphate (CMN), benzyl alcohol (BA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as major ingredients. The three components were separated by Phenomenex prodigy C8 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) HPLC column, flow rate 1.1 mL/min, injection volume 30 μL, and column temperature 35 °C, using 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) with acetonitrile (ACN) in the ratio of 80:20 (v/v). The detection wavelength was set as 240 nm. The method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and was confirmed to be specific, precise, accurate, and linear. Method robustness was executed by utilizing quality in the design of the experiment. Accuracy results were found to be 99.3-100.5% for CMN, 99.3-100.8% for BA, and 99.1-100.3% for EDTA. Precision results were obtained as % relative standard deviation (RSD): 0.6% for CMN, 0.4% for BA, and 0.4% for EDTA. Correlation coefficient (r 2) values were obtained as >0.999 for the three components. Analytical solutions are stable for 48 h at benchtop and refrigerator conditions. The greenness of the analytical method was evaluated by the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), analytical eco-scale, and Analytical Greenness (AGREE) tools to confirm that the method is eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela
Prasad Kowtharapu
- Analytical
Development Department, Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department
of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Gandhi
Institute of Technology and Management, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department
of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, Gandhi
Institute of Technology and Management, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India
- School
of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering &
Science, Westville Campus, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Christian A. Sandoval
- Analytical
Development Department, Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Vijay Kumar Rekulapally
- Analytical
Research and Development, Hikma Pharmaceuticals
USA Inc, Columbus, Ohio 43228, United States
| | - Sreekantha Babu Jonnalagadda
- School
of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering &
Science, Westville Campus, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban-4000, South Africa
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Kowtharapu LP, Katari NK, Sandoval CA, Muchakayala SK, Rekulapally VK. Green Liquid Chromatography Method for the Determination of Related Substances Present in Olopatadine HCl Nasal Spray Formulation, Robustness by Design Expert. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1247-1257. [PMID: 35686891 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual therapeutic nature drug mast cell stabilizer and histamine receptor antagonist olopatadine hydrochloride (OPT) nasal spray does not have an official monograph, and no literature is available. Eye drops formulation had the official monograph for impurities, but the determination was done in two methods. OBJECTIVE A simple and effective green liquid chromatography method to develop and validate for the related substances of OPT nasal spray formulation. METHOD A 25 min gradient method was employed to separate impurities and OPT with a 1.0 mL/min flow rate using a Boston green C8 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) HPLC column. The set wavelength and column oven temperatures were 299 nm and 30°C, respectively. pH 3.5 phosphate buffer-acetonitrile in the ratio of (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase A and (50:50, v/v) ratio as mobile phase B. A Quality by Design (QbD) based Design of Experiments (DoE) was employed to evaluate the robustness characteristics of the analytical method validation. RESULTS The obtained RSD from the precision and intermediate precision was 0.4 to 4.1%. The % recovery of the impurities from LOQ to 150% of specification level was 87.5 to 110.3%. The linear regression curves for the impurities with a correlation coefficient of >0.999 indicate that all peak responses are linear with the concentration. The sample and standard solutions were stable for 24 h at benchtop and refrigerator conditions. CONCLUSIONS All the critical peaks were well separated from the forced degradation studies' diluent, placebo, and generated degradation peaks. The method validation data and QbD based robustness study results indicate that the developed impurities method fits the routine quality control laboratory use. National Environmental Index (NMEI), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical Eco-scale and Analytical Greenness (AGREE) tools expressed the method's greenness. HIGHLIGHTS The proposed method is QbD utilized and green chemistry assessed impurities determination method for OPT in nasal spray formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Analytical Development Department, Shenzhen, China.,GITAM Deemed to be University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- GITAM Deemed to be University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329, India
| | - Christian A Sandoval
- Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Analytical Development Department, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siva Krishna Muchakayala
- Douglas Pharma US, Inc., Analytical Research and Development, 1035 Louis Drive, Warminster, PA 18974, USA
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Muchakayala SK, Katari NK, Saripella KK, Schaaf H, Marisetti VM, Ettaboina SK, Rekulapally VK. Implementation of analytical quality by design and green chemistry principles to develop a ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of Fluocinolone Acetonide impurities from its drug substance and topical oil formulations. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Potturi MKR, Pulipaka S, Bypaneni VN, Raju Dantuluri H, Bhupatiraju RV. A Fast, Validated UPLC Method Coupled with PDA-QDa Detectors for Impurity Profiling in Betamethasone acetate and Betamethasone phosphate Injectable Suspension and Isolation, Identification, Characterization of Two Thermal Impurities. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2022; 80:837-852. [PMID: 35489418 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For impurity profiling of betamethasone acetate and betamethasone phosphate injectable suspensions, a quick, verified stability indicating UPLC technique incorporating the detectors PDA-QDa had been established. This method with an analysis time of 12 min could able to separate all possible degradation impurities. Two of the thermal impurities have been identified in positive mode of detection by using QDa detector and isolated by using preparative HPLC. The method works at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min in column: Poroshell 120 EC C18 (100 × 2.1) mm, 1.9 µm, maintained temperature precisely at 40 ºC. The M/Z values in ESI positive mode for the two new degradation impurities have been identified (M+H) as 393.22 (DP1), 363.17 (DP2) and confirmed by 1H NMR. The approach was also verified in accordance with the rules of ICH Q2 (R1). From LOQ quantity value to 150 % quantity of specified concentration (2 % for betamethasone and 0.5 % for other impurities), the technique of UPLC-PDA-QDa was proven to be linear and accurate. Precision and ruggedness results showed ˂ 5 % RSD. Accuracy results showed more than 95 % recovery from LOQ till 150 % of impurity specification. This UPLC-PDA-QDa methodology was found specific, precise, stable and robust for quantification of all possible degradation impurities. The proposed method has been transferred to quality control laboratories to access the impurity profile during product storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishnam Raju Potturi
- Department of Physical, Nuclear Chemistry & Chemical Oceanography, School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India; Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Bachupally, R.R District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Shyamala Pulipaka
- Department of Physical, Nuclear Chemistry & Chemical Oceanography, School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Hsn Raju Dantuluri
- Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Bachupally, R.R District, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India
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Kowtharapu LP, Katari NK, Sandoval CA, Muchakayala SK, Rekulapally VK. Unique Green chromatography method for the determination of serotonin receptor antagonist (Ondansetron HCl) related substances in a liquid formulation, robustness by Quality by design based Design of Experiments approach. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1711-1726. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Analytical Development Department Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shenzhen China
- Department of Chemistry School of Science GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry School of Science GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
| | - Christian A Sandoval
- Analytical Development Department Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Shenzhen China
| | - Siva Krishna Muchakayala
- Analytical Research & Development Douglas Pharma US Inc 1035 Louis Drive Warminster Pennsylvania 18974 USA
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Kowtharapu LP, Katari NK, Surekha CH, Sandoval CA, Muchakayala SK, Konduru N. A QBD and green liquid chromatography technique for the determination of mast cell stabilizer and histamine receptor antagonist (Olopatadine HCl) in multiple formulations. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5359. [PMID: 35203103 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell stabilizer and histamine receptor antagonist Olopatadine hydrochloride (OPT) assay method predicated on liquid chromatography have been established for the analysis in multiple formulations. The current method dealt with ophthalmic solution, nasal spray, and tablet formulation products. The isocratic chromatography method was optimized and validated with Boston green C8 (150 x 4.6) mm, 5 μm column. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate pH 3.5 buffer with acetonitrile in the ratio of 75:25 (v/v) as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 , column temperature 30 °C, and the detection was done at 299 nm. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and USP. The accuracy results were ranged from 99.9 % to 100.7 %, obtained % RSD from the precision was 0.5, and correlation coefficient from the linearity experiment was > 0.999. Solution stability was established for 24 hrs at room temperature and refrigerator conditions and found that the solutions were stable. Using quality by design-based experiments design, critical quality attributes were studied and established the robust method conditions. All the forced degradation studies peak purity was passed and found no interference at the retention time of the active component. The method validation data dictated that the developed method is linear, precise, accurate, specific, robust, and stable for the determination of OPT from multiple formulations. Analytical Eco-scale tool, modern technique green analytical procedure index (GAPI) tool, and ancient tool national environmental method index (NEMI) were used to evaluate the greenness of the method, and the analytical eco-score of 77 for the presented method was found to be excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Analytical Development Department, Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - C H Surekha
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Christian A Sandoval
- Analytical Development Department, Shenzhen DEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Naresh Konduru
- Analytical Research and Development, YunNan Longjin Careyou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kunming, China
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Eco-friendly and green chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of chlorocresol and betamethasone dipropionate in topical formulations using Box–Behnken design. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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