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Di Liberto G, Pacchioni G. Modeling Single-Atom Catalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2307150. [PMID: 37749881 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structure calculations represent an essential complement of experiments to characterize single-atom catalysts (SACs), consisting of isolated metal atoms stabilized on a support, but also to predict new catalysts. However, simulating SACs with quantum chemistry approaches is not as simple as often assumed. In this work, the essential factors that characterize a reliable simulation of SACs activity are examined. The Perspective focuses on the importance of precise atomistic characterization of the active site, since even small changes in the metal atom's surroundings can result in large changes in reactivity. The dynamical behavior and stability of SACs under working conditions, as well as the importance of adopting appropriate methods to solve the Schrödinger equation for a quantitative evaluation of reaction energies are addressed. The Perspective also focuses on the relevance of the model adopted. For electrocatalysis this must include the effects of the solvent, the presence of electrolytes, the pH, and the external potential. Finally, it is discussed how the similarities between SACs and coordination compounds may result in reaction intermediates that usually are not observed on metal electrodes. When these aspects are not adequately considered, the predictive power of electronic structure calculations is quite limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli studi di Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano, 20125, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli studi di Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano, 20125, Italy
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2
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Schmidt TO, Haid RW, Gubanova EL, Kluge RM, Bandarenka AS. Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy as a Tool for the Detection of Active Electrocatalytic Sites. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTo advance meaningful guidelines in the design of electrocatalytically active catalysts, a knowledge of the nature of active sites is the starting point. However, multiple factors such as material composition, site coordination, electrolyte effects, the support material, surface strain, and others influence catalytic behavior. Therefore, the identification of active sites can be complex. A substantial contributor can be in-situ experiments, which are able to identify active centers in a specific system while the reaction takes place. An example of such a technique is electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), which relates locally confined noise features to local electrocatalytic activity. In this work, we spotlight recent achievements of this technique with respect to palladium (Pd) surfaces for the hydrogen reduction reaction, where strain due to hydride formation comes into play in addition to surface coordination. Secondly, we demonstrate the high resolution of the technique on graphite-based surfaces. Here, edge sites are particularly active. Thus, with the EC-STM technique, we take strain effects (like on Pd) or effects of coordination (like on carbon) into account. Therefore, we can determine active sites with great accuracy under reaction conditions.
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3
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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4
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Papaderakis AA, Polus K, Kant P, Box F, Etcheverry B, Byrne C, Quinn M, Walton A, Juel A, Dryfe RAW. Taming Electrowetting Using Highly Concentrated Aqueous Solutions. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:21071-21083. [PMID: 36561202 PMCID: PMC9761672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wetting of carbon surfaces is one of the most widespread, yet poorly understood, physical phenomena. Control over wetting properties underpins the operation of aqueous energy-storage devices and carbon-based filtration systems. Electrowetting, the variation in the contact angle with an applied potential, is the most straightforward way of introducing control over wetting. Here, we study electrowetting directly on graphitic surfaces with the use of aqueous electrolytes to show that reversible control of wetting can be achieved and quantitatively understood using models of the interfacial capacitance. We manifest that the use of highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes induces a fully symmetric and reversible wetting behavior without degradation of the substrate within the unprecedented potential window of 2.8 V. We demonstrate where the classical "Young-Lippmann" models apply, and break down, and discuss reasons for the latter, establishing relations among the applied bias, the electrolyte concentration, and the resultant contact angle. The approach is extended to electrowetting at the liquid|liquid interface, where a concentrated aqueous electrolyte drives reversibly the electrowetting response of an insulating organic phase with a significantly decreased potential threshold. In summary, this study highlights the beneficial effect of highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes on the electrowettability of carbon surfaces, being directly related to the performance of carbon-based aqueous energy-storage systems and electronic and microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios A. Papaderakis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry
Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kacper Polus
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Photon
Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Pallav Kant
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Finn Box
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Bruno Etcheverry
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Conor Byrne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Photon
Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Quinn
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Alex Walton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Photon
Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Juel
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Robert A. W. Dryfe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry
Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
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5
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Ding Y, Qiao ZA. Carbon Surface Chemistry: New Insight into the Old Story. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206025. [PMID: 36127265 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The enormous complexity of the carbon material family has provoked a phenomenological approach to develop its potential in different applications. Although the electronic, chemical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of carbon materials have been widely discussed based on defect control engineering, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of the carbon surface chemistry, which leads to many controversial conclusions. Here, by analyzing various defects on carbon surface, some commonly neglected aspects and misunderstandings in this field are pointed out, clarifying how surface chemistry affects the chemical behaviors of carbon in some specific chemical reactions. With this full-scale consideration of the carbon surface chemistry, the behaviors of carbon materials with various functions can be well defined, which is indispensable for their scalable applications. Perspectives on future developments of carbon surface chemistry are also provided to enable practically accessible design of advanced carbon in those applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Ding
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhen-An Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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Electrocatalytic activity of metal encapsulated, doped, and engineered fullerene-based nanostructured materials towards hydrogen evolution reaction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15608. [PMID: 36114360 PMCID: PMC9481569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of nanostructured materials as efficient catalyst for several processes has increased tremendously, and carbon-based nanostructured materials encompassing fullerene and its derivatives have been observed to possess enhanced catalytic activity when engineered with doping or decorated with metals, thus making them one of the most promising nanocage catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during electro-catalysis. Prompted by these, and the reported electrochemical, electronic and stability advantage, an attempt is put forward herein to inspect the metal encapsulated, doped, and decorated dependent HER activity of C24 engineered nanostructured materials as effective electro-catalyst for HER. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been utilized to evaluate the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction activity of four proposed bare systems: fullerene (C24), calcium encapsulated fullerene (CaencC24), nickel-doped calcium encapsulated fullerene (NidopCaencC24), and silver decorated nickel-doped calcium encapsulated (AgdecNidopCaencC24) engineered nanostructured materials at the TPSSh/GenECP/6-311+G(d,p)/LanL2DZ level of theory. The obtained results divulged that, a potential decrease in energy gap (Egap) occurred in the bare systems, while a sparing increase was observed upon adsorption of hydrogen onto the surfaces, these surfaces where also observed to maintain the least EH–L gap while the AgdecNidopCaencC24 surface exhibited an increased electrocatalytic activity when compared to others. The results also showed that the electronic properties of the systems evinced a correspondent result with their electrochemical properties, the Ag-decorated surface also exhibited a proficient adsorption energy \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$({E}_{ads}^{H})$$\end{document}(EadsH) and Gibb’s free energy (ΔGH) value. The engineered Ag-decorated and Ni-doped systems were found to possess both good surface stability and excellent electro-catalytic property for HER activities.
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7
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Synthesis of Self-Supported Cu/Cu3P Nanoarrays as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, it is essential to develop cheap, environmentally friendly and sustainable energy to replace noble metal electrocatalysts for use in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We report herein that a Cu/Cu3P nanoarray catalyst was directly grown on the surfaces of Cu nanosheets from its Cu/CuO nanoarray precursor by a low-temperature phosphidation process. In particular, the effects of phosphating distance, mass ratio and temperature on the morphology of Cu/Cu3P nanoarrays were studied in detail. This nanoarray, as an electrocatalyst, displays excellent catalytic performance and long-term stability in an acid solution for electrochemical hydrogen generation. Specifically, the Cu/Cu3P nanoarray-270 exhibits a low onset overpotential (96 mV) and a small Tafel slope (131 mV dec−1).
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8
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Schmidt TO, Ngoipala A, Arevalo RL, Watzele SA, Lipin R, Kluge RM, Hou S, Haid RW, Senyshyn A, Gubanova EL, Bandarenka AS, Vandichel M. Elucidation of Structure-Activity Relations in Proton Electroreduction at Pd Surfaces: Theoretical and Experimental Study. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202410. [PMID: 35726004 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship is a cornerstone topic in catalysis, which lays the foundation for the design and functionalization of catalytic materials. Of particular interest is the catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by palladium (Pd), which is envisioned to play a major role in realizing a hydrogen-based economy. Interestingly, experimentalists observed excess heat generation in such systems, which became known as the debated "cold fusion" phenomenon. Despite the considerable attention on this report, more fundamental knowledge, such as the impact of the formation of bulk Pd hydrides on the nature of active sites and the HER activity, remains largely unexplored. In this work, classical electrochemical experiments performed on model Pd(hkl) surfaces, "noise" electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (n-EC-STM), and density functional theory are combined to elucidate the nature of active sites for the HER. Results reveal an activity trend following Pd(111) > Pd(110) > Pd(100) and that the formation of subsurface hydride layers causes morphological changes and strain, which affect the HER activity and the nature of active sites. These findings provide significant insights into the role of subsurface hydride formation on the structure-activity relations toward the design of efficient Pd-based nanocatalysts for the HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten O Schmidt
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Apinya Ngoipala
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ryan L Arevalo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sebastian A Watzele
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Raju Lipin
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Regina M Kluge
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shujin Hou
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Richard W Haid
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anatoliy Senyshyn
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Elena L Gubanova
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Vandichel
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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9
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Kluge RM, Psaltis E, Haid RW, Hou S, Schmidt TO, Schneider O, Garlyyev B, Calle-Vallejo F, Bandarenka AS. Revealing the Nature of Active Sites on Pt-Gd and Pt-Pr Alloys during the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19604-19613. [PMID: 35442013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For large-scale applications of hydrogen fuel cells, the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have to be overcome. So far, only platinum (Pt)-group catalysts have shown adequate performance and stability. A well-known approach to increase the efficiency and decrease the Pt loading is to alloy Pt with other metals. Still, for catalyst optimization, the nature of the active sites is crucial. In this work, electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) is used to probe the ORR active areas on Pt5Gd and Pt5Pr in acidic media under reaction conditions. The technique detects localized fluctuations in the EC-STM signal, which indicates differences in the local activity. The in situ experiments, supported by coordination-activity plots based on density functional theory calculations, show that the compressed Pt-lanthanide (111) terraces contribute the most to the overall activity. Sites with higher coordination, as found at the bottom of step edges or concavities, remain relatively inactive. Sites of lower coordination, as found near the top of step edges, show higher activity, presumably due to an interplay of strain and steric hindrance effects. These findings should be vital in designing nanostructured Pt-lanthanide electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Kluge
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Eleftherios Psaltis
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Richard W Haid
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shujin Hou
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten O Schmidt
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Oliver Schneider
- Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, Schleißheimerstraße 90a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Batyr Garlyyev
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Hou S, Kluge RM, Haid RW, Gubanova EL, Watzele SA, Bandarenka AS, Garlyyev B. A Review on Experimental Identification of Active Sites in Model Bifunctional Electrocatalytic Systems for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Hou
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage Physik-Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Regina M. Kluge
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage Physik-Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Richard W. Haid
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage Physik-Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Elena L. Gubanova
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage Physik-Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Sebastian A. Watzele
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage Physik-Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage Physik-Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Batyr Garlyyev
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage Physik-Department Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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