1
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Urrego-Ortiz R, Builes S, Illas F, Bromley ST, Figueiredo MC, Calle-Vallejo F. Minimum conditions for accurate modeling of urea production via co-electrolysis. Commun Chem 2023; 6:196. [PMID: 37704802 PMCID: PMC10499819 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-electrolysis of carbon oxides and nitrogen oxides promise to simultaneously help restore the balance of the C and N cycles while producing valuable chemicals such as urea. However, co-electrolysis processes are still largely inefficient and numerous knowledge voids persist. Here, we provide a solid thermodynamic basis for modelling urea production via co-electrolysis. First, we determine the energetics of aqueous urea produced under electrochemical conditions based on experimental data, which enables an accurate assessment of equilibrium potentials and overpotentials. Next, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to model various co-electrolysis reactions producing urea. The calculated reaction free energies deviate significantly from experimental values for well-known GGA, meta-GGA and hybrid functionals. These deviations stem from errors in the DFT-calculated energies of molecular reactants and products. In particular, the error for urea is approximately -0.25 ± 0.10 eV. Finally, we show that all these errors introduce large inconsistencies in the calculated free-energy diagrams of urea production via co-electrolysis, such that gas-phase corrections are strongly advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Urrego-Ortiz
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Santiago Builes
- Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas e Ingeniería, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 # 7 sur 50, 050022, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan T Bromley
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Costa Figueiredo
- Eindhoven Institute of Renewable Energy Systems (EIRES), Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
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2
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Fuchs T, Briega-Martos V, Drnec J, Stubb N, Martens I, Calle-Vallejo F, Harrington DA, Cherevko S, Magnussen OM. Anodic and Cathodic Platinum Dissolution Processes Involve Different Oxide Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304293. [PMID: 37341165 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of Pt-containing oxygen reduction catalysts for fuel cell applications is strongly linked to the electrochemical surface oxidation and reduction of Pt. Here, we study the surface restructuring and Pt dissolution mechanisms during oxidation/reduction for the case of Pt(100) in 0.1 M HClO4 by combining operando high-energy surface X-ray diffraction, online mass spectrometry, and density functional theory. Our atomic-scale structural studies reveal that anodic dissolution, detected during oxidation, and cathodic dissolution, observed during the subsequent reduction, are linked to two different oxide phases. Anodic dissolution occurs predominantly during nucleation and growth of the first, stripe-like oxide. Cathodic dissolution is linked to a second, amorphous Pt oxide phase that resembles bulk PtO2 and starts to grow when the coverage of the stripe-like oxide saturates. In addition, we find the amount of surface restructuring after an oxidation/reduction cycle to be potential-independent after the stripe-like oxide has reached its saturation coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Fuchs
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Valentín Briega-Martos
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- Experimental division, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Natalie Stubb
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Isaac Martens
- Experimental division, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Advanced Materials and Polymers: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - David A Harrington
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf M Magnussen
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Romeo E, Illas F, Calle-Vallejo F. Evaluating Adsorbate-Solvent Interactions: Are Dispersion Corrections Necessary? J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2023; 127:10134-10139. [PMID: 37284294 PMCID: PMC10241112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating solvent-adsorbate interactions is paramount in models of aqueous (electro)catalytic reactions. Although a number of techniques exist, they are either highly demanding in computational terms or inaccurate. Microsolvation offers a trade-off between accuracy and computational expenses. Here, we dissect a method to swiftly outline the first solvation shell of species adsorbed on transition-metal surfaces and assess their corresponding solvation energy. Interestingly, dispersion corrections are generally not needed in the model, but caution is to be exercised when water-water and water-adsorbate interactions are of similar magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Romeo
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility
(ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry
and Technology, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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4
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Romeo E, Lezana-Muralles MF, Illas F, Calle-Vallejo F. Extracting Features of Active Transition Metal Electrodes for NO Electroreduction with Catalytic Matrices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:22176-22183. [PMID: 37098248 PMCID: PMC10176317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic reduction of oxidized nitrogen compounds (NOx) promises to help rebalance the nitrogen cycle. It is widely accepted that nitrate reduction to NH4+/NH3 involves NO as an intermediate, and NO hydrogenation is the potential-limiting step of NO reduction. Whether *NO hydrogenates to *NHO or *NOH is still a matter of debate, which makes it difficult to optimize catalysts for NOx electroreduction. Here, "catalytic matrices" are used to swiftly extract features of active transition metal catalysts for NO electroreduction. The matrices show that active catalysts statistically stabilize *NHO over *NOH and have undercoordinated sites. Besides, square-symmetry active sites with Cu and other elements may prove active for NO electroreduction. Finally, multivariate regressions are able to reproduce the main features found by the matrices, which opens the door for more sophisticated machine-learning studies. In sum, catalytic matrices may ease the analysis of complex electrocatalytic reactions on multifaceted materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Romeo
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computational (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - María Fernanda Lezana-Muralles
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computational (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Department de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computational (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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5
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Calle-Vallejo F. The ABC of Generalized Coordination Numbers and Their Use as a Descriptor in Electrocatalysis. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2207644. [PMID: 37102632 PMCID: PMC10369287 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The quest for enhanced electrocatalysts can be boosted by descriptor-based analyses. Because adsorption energies are the most common descriptors, electrocatalyst design is largely based on brute-force routines that comb materials databases until an energetic criterion is verified. In this review, it is shown that an alternative is provided by generalized coordination numbers (denoted by CN ¯ $\overline {{\rm{CN}}} $ or GCN), an inexpensive geometric descriptor for strained and unstrained transition metals and some alloys. CN ¯ $\overline {{\rm{CN}}} $ captures trends in adsorption energies on both extended surfaces and nanoparticles and is used to elaborate structure-sensitive electrocatalytic activity plots and selectivity maps. Importantly, CN ¯ $\overline {{\rm{CN}}} $ outlines the geometric configuration of the active sites, thereby enabling an atom-by-atom design, which is not possible using energetic descriptors. Specific examples for various adsorbates (e.g., *OH, *OOH, *CO, and *H), metals (e.g., Pt and Cu), and electrocatalytic reactions (e.g., O2 reduction, H2 evolution, CO oxidation, and reduction) are presented, and comparisons are made against other descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Advanced Materials and Polymers: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018, Av. Tolosa 72, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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6
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Galyamin D, Torrero J, Rodríguez I, Kolb MJ, Ferrer P, Pascual L, Salam MA, Gianolio D, Celorrio V, Mokhtar M, Garcia Sanchez D, Gago AS, Friedrich KA, Peña MA, Alonso JA, Calle-Vallejo F, Retuerto M, Rojas S. Active and durable R 2MnRuO 7 pyrochlores with low Ru content for acidic oxygen evolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2010. [PMID: 37037807 PMCID: PMC10086044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of green hydrogen in water electrolyzers is limited by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). State-of-the-art electrocatalysts are based on Ir. Ru electrocatalysts are a suitable alternative provided their performance is improved. Here we show that low-Ru-content pyrochlores (R2MnRuO7, R = Y, Tb and Dy) display high activity and durability for the OER in acidic media. Y2MnRuO7 is the most stable catalyst, displaying 1.5 V at 10 mA cm-2 for 40 h, or 5000 cycles up to 1.7 V. Computational and experimental results show that the high performance is owed to Ru sites embedded in RuMnOx surface layers. A water electrolyser with Y2MnRuO7 (with only 0.2 mgRu cm-2) reaches 1 A cm-2 at 1.75 V, remaining stable at 200 mA cm-2 for more than 24 h. These results encourage further investigation on Ru catalysts in which a partial replacement of Ru by inexpensive cations can enhance the OER performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Galyamin
- Grupo de Energía y Química Sostenibles, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC. C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Torrero
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics/Electrochemical Energy Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Isabel Rodríguez
- Grupo de Energía y Química Sostenibles, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC. C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel J Kolb
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Laura Pascual
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC. C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohamed Abdel Salam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diego Gianolio
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Verónica Celorrio
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Garcia Sanchez
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics/Electrochemical Energy Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aldo Saul Gago
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics/Electrochemical Energy Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kaspar Andreas Friedrich
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics/Electrochemical Energy Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miguel A Peña
- Grupo de Energía y Química Sostenibles, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC. C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC. C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Advanced Materials and Polymers: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María Retuerto
- Grupo de Energía y Química Sostenibles, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC. C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rojas
- Grupo de Energía y Química Sostenibles, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC. C/Marie Curie 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Arulmozhi N, Hanselman S, Tudor V, Chen X, van Velden D, Schneider GF, Calle-Vallejo F, Koper MTM. Energetics and Kinetics of Hydrogen Electrosorption on a Graphene-Covered Pt(111) Electrode. JACS Au 2023; 3:526-535. [PMID: 36873699 PMCID: PMC9976337 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Angstrom-scale space between graphene and its substrate provides an attractive playground for scientific exploration and can lead to breakthrough applications. Here, we report the energetics and kinetics of hydrogen electrosorption on a graphene-covered Pt(111) electrode using electrochemical experiments, in situ spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The graphene overlayer influences the hydrogen adsorption on Pt(111) by shielding the ions from the interface and weakening the Pt-H bond energy. Analysis of the proton permeation resistance with controlled graphene defect density proves that the domain boundary defects and point defects are the pathways for proton permeation in the graphene layer, in agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the lowest energy proton permeation pathways. Although graphene blocks the interaction of anions with the Pt(111) surfaces, anions do adsorb near the defects: the rate constant for hydrogen permeation is sensitively dependent on anion identity and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakkiran Arulmozhi
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Selwyn Hanselman
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Viorica Tudor
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - David van Velden
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F. Schneider
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical
and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University
of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility
(ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry
and Technology, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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8
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Hanselman S, Koper MTM, Calle-Vallejo F. Using micro-solvation and generalized coordination numbers to estimate the solvation energies of adsorbed hydroxyl on metal nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3211-3219. [PMID: 36625180 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04785c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-adsorbate interactions have a great impact on catalytic processes in aqueous systems. Implicit solvent calculations are inexpensive but inaccurate toward hydrogen bonds, while a full incorporation of explicit solvation is computationally demanding. Micro-solvation attempts to break this dilemma by including only those solvent molecules directly interacting with the solute and any nearby interfaces, thereby providing a compromise between accuracy and computational expenses. Here, we show that micro-solvation of *OH and its relation to adsorption sites is largely transferable across late transition metal nanoparticles. Solvation energies for *OH on nanoparticles of Ir, Pd, and Pt range from -0.63 ± 0.04 eV to -0.67 ± 0.12 eV, while those on Au and Ag are -0.75 ± 0.07 eV and -1.01 ± 0.05 eV, respectively. These results enable the use of average solvation corrections for *OH on late transition metal nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Hanselman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Hanselman S, Calle-Vallejo F, Koper MTM. Computational description of surface hydride phases on Pt(111) electrodes. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:014703. [PMID: 36610959 DOI: 10.1063/5.0125436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface platinum hydride structures may exist and play a potentially important role during electrocatalysis and cathodic corrosion of Pt(111). Earlier work on platinum hydrides suggests that Pt may form clusters with multiple equivalents of hydrogen. Here, using thermodynamic methods and density functional theory, we compared several surface hydride structures on Pt(111). The structures contain multiple monolayers of hydrogen in or near the surface Pt layer. The hydrogen in these structures may bind the subsurface or reconstruct the surface both in the set of initial configurations and in the resulting (meta)stable structures. Multilayer stable configurations share one monolayer of subsurface H stacking between the top two Pt layers. The structure containing two monolayers (MLs) of H is formed at -0.29 V vs normal hydrogen electrode, is locally stable with respect to configurations with similar H densities, and binds H neutrally. Structures with 3 and 4 ML H form at -0.36 and -0.44 V, respectively, which correspond reasonably well to the experimental onset potential of cathodic corrosion on Pt(111). For the 3 ML configuration, the top Pt layer is reconstructed by interstitial H atoms to form a well-ordered structure with Pt atoms surrounded by four, five, or six H atoms in roughly square-planar and octahedral coordination patterns. Our work provides insight into the operando surface state during low-potential reduction reactions on Pt(111) and shows a plausible precursor for cathodic corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Hanselman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Av. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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10
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Romeo E, Illas F, Calle-Vallejo F. A general but still unknown characteristic of active oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3622-3629. [PMID: 37006685 PMCID: PMC10056041 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The unsatisfactory electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a major hurdle for the sustainable production of hydrogen using water electrolyzers. Besides, most state-of-the-art catalysts are based on expensive...
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Romeo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona C/Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona C/Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group, European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Av. Tolosa 72 20018 San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Plaza de Euskadi 5 48009 Bilbao Spain
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11
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Urrego-Ortiz R, Builes S, Calle-Vallejo F. Automated versus Chemically Intuitive Deconvolution of Density Functional Theory (DFT)-Based Gas-Phase Errors in Nitrogen Compounds. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022; 61:13375-13382. [PMID: 36123997 PMCID: PMC9479071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Catalysis models involving metal surfaces and gases are
regularly
based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the generalized
gradient approximation (GGA). Such models may have large errors in
view of the poor DFT-GGA description of gas-phase molecules with multiple
bonds. Here, we analyze three correction schemes for the PBE-calculated
Gibbs energies of formation of 13 nitrogen compounds. The first scheme
is sequential and based on chemical intuition, the second one is an
automated optimization based on chemical bonds, and the third one
is an automated optimization that capitalizes on the errors found
by the first scheme. The mean and maximum absolute errors are brought
down close to chemical accuracy by the third approach by correcting
the inaccuracies in the NNO and ONO backbones and those in N–O
and N–N bonds. This work shows that chemical intuition and
automated optimization can be combined to swiftly enhance the predictiveness
of DFT-GGA calculations of gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Urrego-Ortiz
- Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas e Ingeniería, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 # 7 sur 50, 050022, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Santiago Builes
- Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas e Ingeniería, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 # 7 sur 50, 050022, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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12
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13
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Kluge RM, Psaltis E, Haid RW, Hou S, Schmidt TO, Schneider O, Garlyyev B, Calle-Vallejo F, Bandarenka AS. Revealing the Nature of Active Sites on Pt-Gd and Pt-Pr Alloys during the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:19604-19613. [PMID: 35442013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For large-scale applications of hydrogen fuel cells, the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have to be overcome. So far, only platinum (Pt)-group catalysts have shown adequate performance and stability. A well-known approach to increase the efficiency and decrease the Pt loading is to alloy Pt with other metals. Still, for catalyst optimization, the nature of the active sites is crucial. In this work, electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) is used to probe the ORR active areas on Pt5Gd and Pt5Pr in acidic media under reaction conditions. The technique detects localized fluctuations in the EC-STM signal, which indicates differences in the local activity. The in situ experiments, supported by coordination-activity plots based on density functional theory calculations, show that the compressed Pt-lanthanide (111) terraces contribute the most to the overall activity. Sites with higher coordination, as found at the bottom of step edges or concavities, remain relatively inactive. Sites of lower coordination, as found near the top of step edges, show higher activity, presumably due to an interplay of strain and steric hindrance effects. These findings should be vital in designing nanostructured Pt-lanthanide electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Kluge
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Eleftherios Psaltis
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Richard W Haid
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shujin Hou
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten O Schmidt
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Oliver Schneider
- Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, Schleißheimerstraße 90a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Batyr Garlyyev
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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14
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Urrego-Ortiz R, Builes S, Calle-Vallejo F. Impact of Intrinsic Density Functional Theory Errors on the Predictive Power of Nitrogen Cycle Electrocatalysis Models. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4784-4791. [PMID: 35465243 PMCID: PMC9017217 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Urrego-Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 No 7 sur 50, 050022 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Santiago Builes
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 No 7 sur 50, 050022 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Su HY, Sun K, Gu XK, Wang SS, Zhu J, Li WX, Sun C, Calle-Vallejo F. Finding Key Factors for Efficient Water and Methanol Activation at Metals, Oxides, MXenes, and Metal/Oxide Interfaces. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1237-1246. [PMID: 35096469 PMCID: PMC8788388 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Activating
water
and methanol is crucial in numerous catalytic,
electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic reactions. Despite extensive
research, the optimal active sites for water/methanol activation are
yet to be unequivocally elucidated. Here, we combine transition-state
searches and electronic charge analyses on various structurally different
materials to identify two features of favorable O–H bond cleavage
in H2O, CH3OH, and hydroxyl: (1) low barriers
appear when the charge of H moieties remains approximately constant
during the dissociation process, as observed on metal oxides, MXenes,
and metal/oxide interfaces. Such favorable kinetics is closely related
to adsorbate/substrate hydrogen bonding and is enhanced by nearly
linear O–H–O angles and short O–H distances.
(2) Fast dissociation is observed when the rotation of O–H
bonds is facile, which is favored by weak adsorbate binding and effective
orbital overlap. Interestingly, we find that the two features are
energetically proportional. Finally, we find conspicuous differences
between H2O/CH3OH and OH activation, which hints
toward the use of carefully engineered interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Keju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 Hebei Avenue, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiang-Kui Gu
- Department of Chemical Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Chemical Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei-Xue Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chenghua Sun
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Reichert AM, Piqué O, Parada WA, Katsounaros I, Calle-Vallejo F. Mechanistic insight into electrocatalytic glyoxal reduction on copper and its relation to CO 2 reduction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11205-11214. [PMID: 36320464 PMCID: PMC9516950 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03527h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper electrodes produce several industrially relevant chemicals and fuels during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Knowledge about the reaction pathways can help tune the reaction selectivity toward higher-value products. To probe the uncertain role of the C2 molecule glyoxal, we electrochemically reduced it on polycrystalline Cu and quantified its liquid-phase products, namely, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and acetaldehyde. The gas phase contained hydrogen and traces of ethylene. In contrast with previous hypothesis, a one-to-one comparison with CO2RR on Cu indicates that glyoxal is neither a major intermediate in the pathway toward ethylene nor in the pathway toward ethanol. In addition, great possibilities for the selective, low-temperature production of ethylene glycol are open, as computational modelling shows that ethylene glycol and ethanol are produced on different active sites. Thus, apart from the mechanistic insight into CO2RR, this study gives new directions to facilitate the electrification of chemical processes at refineries. Glyoxal is not likely a key intermediate of CO2 reduction to C2 species, but its electroreduction on Cu yields the commodity chemicals ethylene glycol and ethanol, produced at Cu terraces and defects, respectively.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Reichert
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oriol Piqué
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter A. Parada
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Katsounaros
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Iyengar P, Kolb MJ, Pankhurst J, Calle-Vallejo F, Buonsanti R. Theory-Guided Enhancement of CO2 Reduction to Ethanol on Ag–Cu Tandem Catalysts via Particle-Size Effects. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranit Iyengar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Manuel J. Kolb
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Pankhurst
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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18
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Sargeant E, Illas F, Rodríguez P, Calle-Vallejo F. Importance of the gas-phase error correction for O2 when using DFT to model the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Mangoufis-Giasin I, Piqué O, Khanipour P, Mayrhofer KJ, Calle-Vallejo F, Katsounaros I. Different promoting roles of ruthenium for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols on PtRu electrocatalysts. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie Teh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
| | - Oriol Piqué
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qi Hang Low
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
| | - Weihan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Boon Siang Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
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21
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Piqué O, Löffler M, Katsounaros I, Calle-Vallejo F. Computational-experimental study of the onset potentials for CO2 reduction on polycrystalline and oxide-derived copper electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Piqué O, Low QH, Handoko AD, Yeo BS, Calle-Vallejo F. Selectivity Map for the Late Stages of CO and CO 2 Reduction to C 2 Species on Copper Electrodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10784-10790. [PMID: 33527641 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical CO and CO2 reduction reactions (CORR and CO2 RR) using copper catalysts and renewable electricity hold promise as a carbon-neutral route to produce commodity chemicals and fuels. However, the exact mechanisms and structure sensitivity of Cu electrodes toward C2 products are still under debate. Herein, we investigate ethylene oxide reduction (EOR) as a proxy to the late stages of CORR to ethylene, and the results are compared to those of acetaldehyde reduction to ethanol. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that ethylene oxide undergoes ring opening before exclusively reducing to ethylene via *OH formation. Based on generalized coordination numbers (CN), a selectivity map for the late stages of CORR and CO2 RR shows that sites with moderate coordination (5.9 < CN < 7.5) are efficient for ethylene production, with pristine Cu(100) being more active than defective surfaces such as Cu(311). In contrast, kinks and edges are more active for ethanol production, while (111) terraces are relatively inert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Piqué
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qi Hang Low
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore (NUS), 7 Engineering Drive 1, Building E3A, #06-01, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Albertus D Handoko
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Boon Siang Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore (NUS), 7 Engineering Drive 1, Building E3A, #06-01, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Kluge RM, Haid RW, Stephens IEL, Calle-Vallejo F, Bandarenka AS. Monitoring the active sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction at model carbon surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10051-10058. [PMID: 33871000 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00434d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is ubiquitous as an electrode material in electrochemical energy conversion devices. If used as a support material, the evolution of H2 is undesired on carbon. However, recently, carbon-based materials have aroused significant interest as economic and eco-conscious alternatives to noble metal catalysts. The targeted design of improved carbon electrode materials requires atomic scale insight into the structure of the sites that catalyse H2 evolution. This work shows that electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy under reaction conditions (n-EC-STM) can be used to monitor the active sites of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite for the hydrogen evolution reaction. With down to atomic resolution, the most active sites in acidic medium are pinpointed near edge sites and defects, whereas the basal planes remain inactive. Density functional theory calculations support these findings and reveal that only specific defects on graphite are active. Motivated by these results, the extensive usage of n-EC-STM on doped carbon-based materials is encouraged to locate their active sites and guide the synthesis of enhanced electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Kluge
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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24
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Iyengar P, Kolb MJ, Pankhurst JR, Calle-Vallejo F, Buonsanti R. Elucidating the Facet-Dependent Selectivity for CO2 Electroreduction to Ethanol of Cu–Ag Tandem Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranit Iyengar
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Manuel J. Kolb
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - James R. Pankhurst
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics & Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
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25
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Kolb MJ, Loffreda D, Sautet P, Calle-Vallejo F. Structure-sensitive scaling relations among carbon-containing species and their possible impact on CO2 electroreduction. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Morales-García
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martı́ i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martı́ i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martı́ i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Piqué
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viñes
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Granda-Marulanda LP, Rendón-Calle A, Builes S, Illas F, Koper MTM, Calle-Vallejo F. A Semiempirical Method to Detect and Correct DFT-Based Gas-Phase Errors and Its Application in Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura P. Granda-Marulanda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300RA, The Netherlands
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Alejandra Rendón-Calle
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Departamento de Ingenierı́a de Procesos, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 #7 sur 50, Medellín 050022, Colombia
| | - Santiago Builes
- Departamento de Ingenierı́a de Procesos, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 #7 sur 50, Medellín 050022, Colombia
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300RA, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Quı́mica Fı́sica & Institut de Quı́mica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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29
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Su HY, Ma X, Sun K, Sun C, Xu Y, Calle-Vallejo F. Trends in C-O and N-O bond scission on rutile oxides described using oxygen vacancy formation energies. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4119-4124. [PMID: 34122877 PMCID: PMC8152721 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivity trends on transition metals can generally be understood through the d-band model, but no analogous theory exists for transition metal oxides. This limits the generality of analyses in oxide-based catalysis and surface chemistry and has motivated the appearance of numerous descriptors. Here we show that oxygen vacancy formation energy (ΔE Vac) is an inexpensive yet accurate and general descriptor for trends in transition-state energies, which are usually difficult to assess. For rutile-type oxides (MO2 with M = 3d metals from Ti to Ni), we show that ΔE Vac captures the trends in C-O and N-O bond scission of CO2, CH3OH, N2O, and NH2OH at oxygen vacancies. The proportionality between ΔE Vac and transition-state energies is rationalized by analyzing the oxygen-metal bonds, which change from ionic to covalent from TiO2 to NiO2. ΔE Vac may be used to design oxide catalysts, in particular those where lattice oxygen and/or oxygen vacancies participate in the catalytic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science Dalian 116023 China
| | - Xiufang Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Keju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University 438 Hebei Avenue Qinhuangdao 066004 China
| | - Chenghua Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China.,Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia
| | - Yongjun Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
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30
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Ting LRL, Piqué O, Lim SY, Tanhaei M, Calle-Vallejo F, Yeo BS. Enhancing CO2 Electroreduction to Ethanol on Copper–Silver Composites by Opening an Alternative Catalytic Pathway. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Rui Lin Ting
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
| | - Oriol Piqué
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Si Ying Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
| | - Mohammad Tanhaei
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Boon Siang Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574
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31
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Piqué O, Illas F, Calle-Vallejo F. Designing water splitting catalysts using rules of thumb: advantages, dangers and alternatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6797-6803. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breaking the OH–OOH scaling relation does not necessarily enhance water splitting electrocatalysis. Seeking “electrocatalytic symmetry” is a suitable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Piqué
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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32
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33
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Granda-Marulanda LP, Builes S, Koper MTM, Calle-Vallejo F. Influence of Van der Waals Interactions on the Solvation Energies of Adsorbates at Pt-Based Electrocatalysts. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2968-2972. [PMID: 31348598 PMCID: PMC6899950 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Solvation can significantly modify the adsorption energy of species at surfaces, thereby influencing the performance of electrocatalysts and liquid‐phase catalysts. Thus, it is important to understand adsorbate solvation at the nanoscale. Here we evaluate the effect of van der Waals (vdW) interactions described by different approaches on the solvation energy of *OH adsorbed on near‐surface alloys (NSAs) of Pt. Our results show that the studied functionals can be divided into two groups, each with rather similar average *OH solvation energies: (1) PBE and PW91; and (2) vdW functionals, RPBE, PBE‐D3 and RPBE‐D3. On average, *OH solvation energies are less negative by ∼0.14 eV in group (2) compared to (1), and the values for a given alloy can be extrapolated from one functional to another within the same group. Depending on the desired level of accuracy, these concrete observations and our tabulated values can be used to rapidly incorporate solvation into models for electrocatalysis and liquid‐phase catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago Builes
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 No 7 sur - 50, 050022, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Rück M, Bandarenka A, Calle-Vallejo F, Gagliardi A. Fast identification of optimal pure platinum nanoparticle shapes and sizes for efficient oxygen electroreduction. Nanoscale Adv 2019; 1:2901-2909. [PMID: 36133613 PMCID: PMC9418472 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in experimental synthesis of nanostructures have shown that the interplay between nanoparticle shapes and sizes is crucial to achieve catalysts with high mass activity toward oxygen electroreduction. This is particularly important for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), in which expensive and scarce Pt electrocatalysts are used. In this work, we propose a theoretical approach for oxygen electroreduction on PEMFCs to identify not only the size of optimal nanoparticles, but also their shapes. Remarkably, high mass activities up to 4.28 A mgPt -1 are predicted for rod-like nanostructures. Furthermore, we examine nanostructure size effects to guide chemical routes for experimental synthesis of the identified electrocatalysts. Our fast theoretical evaluation of thousands of different nanostructures aids in the search for active catalysts, as substantially enhanced mass activities over commercial Pt/C are predicted for pure Pt electrocatalysts, thus unveiling great potential to reduce the Pt loading in PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Rück
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich 80333 München Germany
| | | | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC), University of Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Alessio Gagliardi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich 80333 München Germany
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35
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Garlyyev B, Fichtner J, Piqué O, Schneider O, Bandarenka AS, Calle-Vallejo F. Revealing the nature of active sites in electrocatalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8060-8075. [PMID: 31857876 PMCID: PMC6844223 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02654a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous electrocatalysis plays a central role in the development of sustainable, carbon-neutral pathways for energy provision and the production of various chemicals. It determines the overall efficiency of electrochemical devices that involve catalysis at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In this perspective, we discuss key aspects for the identification of active centers at the surface of electrocatalysts and important factors that influence them. The role of the surface structure, nanoparticle shape/size and the electrolyte composition in the resulting catalytic performance is of particular interest in this work. We highlight challenges that from our point of view need to be tackled, and provide guidelines for the design of "real life" electrocatalysts for renewable energy provision systems as well as for the production of industrially important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batyr Garlyyev
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage , Technical University of Munich , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Johannes Fichtner
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage , Technical University of Munich , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Oriol Piqué
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica , Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain .
| | - Oliver Schneider
- Electrochemical Research Group , Technische Universität München , Schleißheimerstraße 90a , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage , Technical University of Munich , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany . .,Catalysis Research Center , TUM , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica , Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain .
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36
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Retuerto M, Calle-Vallejo F, Pascual L, Lumbeeck G, Fernandez-Diaz MT, Croft M, Gopalakrishnan J, Peña MA, Hadermann J, Greenblatt M, Rojas S. La 1.5Sr 0.5NiMn 0.5Ru 0.5O 6 Double Perovskite with Enhanced ORR/OER Bifunctional Catalytic Activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:21454-21464. [PMID: 31117426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites (ABO3) with transition metals in active B sites are considered alternative catalysts for the water oxidation to oxygen through the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and for the oxygen reduction through the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) back to water. We have synthesized a double perovskite (A2BB'O6) with different cations in A, B, and B' sites, namely, (La1.5Sr0.5)A(Ni0.5Mn0.5)B(Ni0.5Ru0.5)B'O6 (LSNMR), which displays an outstanding OER/ORR bifunctional performance. The composition and structure of the oxide has been determined by powder X-ray diffraction, powder neutron diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy to be monoclinic with the space group P21/ n and with cationic ordering between the ions in the B and B' sites. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy suggests that LSNMR presents a configuration of ∼Ni2+, ∼Mn4+, and ∼Ru5+. This bifunctional catalyst is endowed with high ORR and OER activities in alkaline media, with a remarkable bifunctional index value of ∼0.83 V (the difference between the potentials measured at -1 mA cm-2 for the ORR and +10 mA cm-2 for the OER). The ORR onset potential ( Eonset) of 0.94 V is among the best reported to date in alkaline media for ORR-active perovskites. The ORR mass activity of LSNMR is 1.1 A g-1 at 0.9 V and 7.3 A g-1 at 0.8 V. Furthermore, LSNMR is stable in a wide potential window down to 0.05 V. The OER potential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 is 1.66 V. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the high ORR/OER activity of LSNMR is related to the presence of active Mn sites for the ORR- and Ru-active sites for the OER by virtue of the high symmetry of the respective reaction steps on those sites. In addition, the material is stable to ORR cycling and also considerably stable to OER cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franqués 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Gunnar Lumbeeck
- EMAT , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , 2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | | | - Mark Croft
- Department of Physics , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 610 Taylor Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | | | | | - Joke Hadermann
- EMAT , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , 2020 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Martha Greenblatt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 610 Taylor Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Govindarajan
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling and Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jan Meijer
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling and Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Low QH, Loo NWX, Calle-Vallejo F, Yeo BS. Enhanced Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol Using Zinc Dendrites Pulse-Deposited on Silver Foam. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2256-2260. [PMID: 30565358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) can dynamise the carbon cycle by lowering anthropogenic CO2 emissions and sustainably producing valuable fuels and chemical feedstocks. Methanol is arguably the most desirable C1 product of CO2 RR, although it typically forms in negligible amounts. In our search for efficient methanol-producing CO2 RR catalysts, we have engineered Ag-Zn catalysts by pulse-depositing Zn dendrites onto Ag foams (PD-Zn/Ag foam). By themselves, Zn and Ag cannot effectively reduce CO2 to CH3 OH, while their alloys produce CH3 OH with Faradaic efficiencies of approximately 1 %. Interestingly, with nanostructuring PD-Zn/Ag foam reduces CO2 to CH3 OH with Faradaic efficiency and current density values reaching as high as 10.5 % and -2.7 mA cm-2 , respectively. Control experiments and DFT calculations pinpoint strained undercoordinated Zn atoms as the active sites for CO2 RR to CH3 OH in a reaction pathway mediated by adsorbed CO and formaldehyde. Surprisingly, the stability of the *CHO intermediate does not influence the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hang Low
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, SERIS, National University of Singapore (NUS), 7 Engineering Drive 1, Building E3A, #06-01, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Wei Xian Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Boon Siang Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, SERIS, National University of Singapore (NUS), 7 Engineering Drive 1, Building E3A, #06-01, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
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39
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Low QH, Loo NWX, Calle-Vallejo F, Yeo BS. Enhanced Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol Using Zinc Dendrites Pulse-Deposited on Silver Foam. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hang Low
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, SERIS; National University of Singapore (NUS); 7 Engineering Drive 1, Building E3A, #06-01 Singapore 117574 Singapore
| | - Nicholas Wei Xian Loo
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Physics and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB); University of Barcelona; c/Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Boon Siang Yeo
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, SERIS; National University of Singapore (NUS); 7 Engineering Drive 1, Building E3A, #06-01 Singapore 117574 Singapore
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40
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Hersbach TJP, McCrum IT, Anastasiadou D, Wever R, Calle-Vallejo F, Koper MTM. Alkali Metal Cation Effects in Structuring Pt, Rh, and Au Surfaces through Cathodic Corrosion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:39363-39379. [PMID: 30351902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathodic corrosion is an electrochemical etching process that alters metallic surfaces by creating nanoparticles and a variety of etching features. Because these features typically have a preferential orientation, cathodic corrosion can be applied to modify and nanostructure electrode surfaces. However, this application of cathodic corrosion is currently limited by an insufficient chemical understanding of its underlying mechanism. This includes the role of alkali metal cations, which are thought to be crucial in both enabling cathodic corrosion and controlling its final facet preference. This work addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the cathodic corrosion of Pt, Rh, and Au in LiOH, NaOH, and KOH through both experimental and theoretical methods. These methods demonstrate that cations are adsorbed during cathodic corrosion and play a major role in controlling the onset potential and final surface morphology in cathodic corrosion. Interestingly, an equally significant role appears to be played by adsorbed hydrogen, based on calculations using literature density functional theory data. Considering the significance of both hydrogen and electrolyte cations, it is hypothesized that cathodic corrosion might proceed via an intermediate ternary metal hydride. This fundamental insight leads to both metal-specific recommendations and more general guidelines for applying cathodic corrosion to structure metallic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J P Hersbach
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ian T McCrum
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Anastasiadou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Wever
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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41
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Rück M, Bandarenka A, Calle-Vallejo F, Gagliardi A. Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Rapid Prediction of Mass Activity of Nanostructured Platinum Electrocatalysts. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4463-4468. [PMID: 30028631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tailored Pt nanoparticle catalysts are promising candidates to accelerate the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. However, the search for active nanoparticle catalysts is hindered by the laborious effort of experimental synthesis and measurements. On the other hand, density functional theory-based approaches are still time-consuming and often not efficient. In this study, we introduce a computational model which enables rapid catalytic activity calculation of unstrained pure Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts. Regarding particle size effects on Pt nanoparticles, experimental catalytic mass activities from previous studies are accurately reproduced by our computational model. Moreover, beyond available experiments, our computational model identifies potential enhancement in mass activity up to 190% over the experimentally detected maximum. Importantly, the rapid activity calculation enabled by our computational model may pave the way for extensive nanoparticle screening to expedite the search for improved electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Rück
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , 80333 München , Germany
| | | | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTC) , University of Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Alessio Gagliardi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Technical University of Munich , 80333 München , Germany
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42
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Hersbach TJP, Mints VA, Calle-Vallejo F, Yanson AI, Koper MTM. Anisotropic etching of rhodium and gold as the onset of nanoparticle formation by cathodic corrosion. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:207-222. [PMID: 27722596 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cathodic corrosion is a phenomenon in which negatively polarized metal electrodes are degraded by cathodic etching and nanoparticle formation. Though these changes are dramatic and sometimes even visible by eye, the exact mechanisms underlying cathodic corrosion are still unclear. This work aims to improve the understanding of cathodic corrosion by studying its onset on rhodium and gold electrodes, which are subjected to various constant cathodic potentials in 10 M NaOH. After this polarization, the electrodes are studied using cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy, allowing a corrosion onset potential of -1.3 V vs. NHE for rhodium and -1.6 V vs. NHE for gold to be defined. The mildness of the potentials on both metals suggests that cathodic corrosion is less extreme and more ubiquitous than expected. Furthermore, we are able to observe well-defined rectangular etch pits on rhodium. Combined with rhodium cyclic voltammetry, this indicates a strong preference for forming (100) sites during corrosion. In contrast, a (111) preference is indicated on gold by voltammetry and the presence of well-oriented quasi-octahedral nanoparticles. This different etching behavior is suggested to be caused by preferential adsorption of sodium ions to surface defects, as is confirmed by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J P Hersbach
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Vladislav A Mints
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexei I Yanson
- Cosine Measurement Systems, Oosteinde 36, 2361 HE Warmond, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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43
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Calle-Vallejo F, Bandarenka AS. Enabling Generalized Coordination Numbers to Describe Strain Effects. ChemSusChem 2018; 11:1824-1828. [PMID: 29701917 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The world's growing energetic demand calls for efficient generation and interconversion of different types of energy. Heterogeneous catalysis can help cope with such demand, provided that rational, accurate and affordable design methods lead to the discovery of cost-effective and efficient catalysts. Here we derive a simple descriptor to simultaneously capture two parameters commonly used in catalytic materials design: strain and coordination. We test the descriptor with four different adsorbates on four active sites of two metals, and applying strain in the range of ±3 %, usually observed experimentally at catalytic metal surfaces. Furthermore, we use the descriptor to illustrate catalyst design availing strain and nearest-neighbor effects simultaneously for the oxygen reduction reaction, a reaction of high importance in fuel cells. The connection between coordination and strain helps in the search for robust yet rapid catalyst design methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physik-Department ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
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Katsounaros I, Figueiredo MC, Calle-Vallejo F, Li H, Gewirth AA, Markovic NM, Koper MT. On the mechanism of the electrochemical conversion of ammonia to dinitrogen on Pt(1 0 0) in alkaline environment. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pohl M, Watzele S, Calle-Vallejo F, Bandarenka AS. Nature of Highly Active Electrocatalytic Sites for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at Pt Electrodes in Acidic Media. ACS Omega 2017; 2:8141-8147. [PMID: 31457359 PMCID: PMC6645224 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the two processes in electrolytic water splitting. Known for more than two centuries, the HER still receives great attention in fundamental and applied science in view of its apparent simplicity (only two electrons are transferred), fast kinetics in acidic media, and promising technological applications in electrolyzers. However, the exact nature of active catalytic sites for this reaction is often uncertain, especially at nonuniform metal electrodes. Identification of such centers is important, as the HER will probably be central in future energy provision schemes, and it is simultaneously a convenient model reaction to study structure-composition-activity relations in catalysis. In this work, using simple coordination-activity considerations, we outline the location and geometric configuration of the active sites at various model Pt single-crystal electrodes. We show that when the coordination of such surface sites is optimized and their density at the surface is maximized, the experimental-specific HER activities are among the highest reported in the literature for pure platinum with a well-defined surface structure under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus
D. Pohl
- Physik-Department
ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Watzele
- Physik-Department
ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica & Institut
de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
- Physik-Department
ECS, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems
Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
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Pérez-Gallent E, Marcandalli G, Figueiredo MC, Calle-Vallejo F, Koper MTM. Structure- and Potential-Dependent Cation Effects on CO Reduction at Copper Single-Crystal Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16412-16419. [PMID: 29064691 PMCID: PMC5691319 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of the electrocatalytic reduction of CO to CH4 and C2H4 on copper electrodes prevents a straightforward elucidation of the reaction mechanism and the design of new and better catalysts. Although structural and electrolyte effects have been separately studied, there are no reports on structure-sensitive cation effects on the catalyst's selectivity over a wide potential range. Therefore, we investigated CO reduction on Cu(100), Cu(111), and Cu(polycrystalline) electrodes in 0.1 M alkaline hydroxide electrolytes (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH) between 0 and -1.5 V vs RHE. We used online electrochemical mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the product distribution as a function of electrode structure, cation size, and applied potential. First, cation effects are potential dependent, as larger cations increase the selectivity of all electrodes toward ethylene at E > -0.45 V vs RHE, but methane is favored at more negative potentials. Second, cation effects are structure-sensitive, as the onset potential for C2H4 formation depends on the electrode structure and cation size, whereas that for CH4 does not. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and density functional theory help to understand how cations favor ethylene over methane at low overpotentials on Cu(100). The rate-determining step to methane and ethylene formation is CO hydrogenation, which is considerably easier in the presence of alkaline cations for a CO dimer compared to a CO monomer. For Li+ and Na+, the stabilization is such that hydrogenated dimers are observable with FTIR at low overpotentials. Thus, potential-dependent, structure-sensitive cation effects help steer the selectivity toward specific products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pérez-Gallent
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Marcandalli
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Costa Figueiredo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Fisica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Katsounaros I, Figueiredo MC, Chen X, Calle-Vallejo F, Koper MTM. Structure- and Coverage-Sensitive Mechanism of NO Reduction on Platinum Electrodes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Katsounaros
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2300
RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta C. Figueiredo
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2300
RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2300
RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2300
RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2300
RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Calle-Vallejo F, Pohl MD, Bandarenka AS. Quantitative Coordination–Activity Relations for the Design of Enhanced Pt Catalysts for CO Electro-oxidation. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus D. Pohl
- Physik-Department
ECS,Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
- Physik-Department
ECS,Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
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He ZD, Hanselman S, Chen YX, Koper MTM, Calle-Vallejo F. Importance of Solvation for the Accurate Prediction of Oxygen Reduction Activities of Pt-Based Electrocatalysts. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2243-2246. [PMID: 28514862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Da He
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Selwyn Hanselman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yan-Xia Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Calle-Vallejo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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