1
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Muir JE, Jung M, Lindsay VNG. Synthesis of 1-(phenylsulfonyl)bicyclo[1.1.0]butane from Methyl Phenyl Sulfone and Epichlorohydrin. ORGANIC SYNTHESES; AN ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF SATISFACTORY METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS 2025; 102:185-202. [PMID: 40313471 PMCID: PMC12045109 DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.102.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Muir
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Myunggi Jung
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Vincent N G Lindsay
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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2
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Zhang X, Tian T, Liao P, Liu Z, Murali K, Bi X. Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Bicyclobutanes with Triftosylhydrazone Leading to Skipped Dienes. Org Lett 2025; 27:2300-2304. [PMID: 40040367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
Here, we report a protocol for the synthesis of skipped dienes through the cross-coupling of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with trifluoromethyl triftosylhydrazones. The reaction is run using TpBr3Cu(NCMe) as a catalyst to give access to a library of trifluoromethylated skipped dienes (32 examples, ≤98% yield) with excellent E/Z selectivity under mild and operationally safe conditions. The presented methods proved to be compatible with various functionalized bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and triftosylhydrazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Peiqiu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhaohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Liu Y, Tranin S, Chang YC, Piper EB, Fessard T, Van Hoveln R, Salome C, Brown MK. Facile Synthesis of Housanes by an Unexpected Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:6318-6325. [PMID: 39962893 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Rigid bicyclic hydrocarbons have emerged as important building blocks in the drug discovery industry. Despite progress in this general area, bicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes (housanes) are an understudied class of molecules. Herein we report an unconventional synthesis of borylated housanes. Our method features a broad scope and high diastereoselectivities in the synthesis of versatile intermediates. The route involves a strain-release diboration of bicyclo[1.1.0]butane and intramolecular deborylative alkylation. The versatility of the bridgehead boronic ester was demonstrated in several functionalizations. Lastly, the mechanism of the reaction was investigated, and an unusual stereospecific and diastereoselective ring expansion was uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Somanea Tranin
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yu-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Evan B Piper
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Ryan Van Hoveln
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Indiana State University, 600 Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, Indiana 47809, United States
| | | | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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4
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Zhong Z, Hocking BJW, Brown CP, Ma TK, White AJP, Mann DJ, Armstrong A, Bull JA. Synthesis and Functionalization of Sulfoximine-Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes: Functionalizable, Tuneable and Cysteine-Selective Chiral Warheads. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202420028. [PMID: 39551713 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202420028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024]
Abstract
Electrophilic covalent warheads with appropriate reactivity and selectivity are crucial to the investigation of protein function and the discovery of therapeutics. Here we report the synthesis of sulfoximine bicyclo[1.1.0] butanes (BCBs) as novel thiol reactive chiral warheads, achieved in one-pot from methylsulfoximines. Unusually the warhead can then be derivatized, keeping the BCB intact, over 3 vectors: i) sulfoximine N-modification instills a broad range of strain-release reactivity; ii) sp2-cross-coupling reactions on aryl-BCB-sulfoximines allows direct diversification, and iii) functionalization of the BCB motif itself is achieved by metalation and trapping with electrophiles. The BCB sulfoximines are shown to react selectively with cysteine including in a protein model (CDK2) under biocompatible conditions. Preliminary data indicate suitability for chemoproteomic applications, and enantioselective cysteine-labelling. The reactivity of sulfoximine BCBs with electron withdrawing groups on nitrogen is comparable to acrylamides with low to moderate reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Brad J W Hocking
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Charles P Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tsz-Kan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - David J Mann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alan Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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5
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Liu J, Qian Y, Zhao H, Liu Y, Qin Z, Zhang Z, Rong L. Electrochemical Selenized Reaction of N-Arylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane-1-carboxamides: Access to 3-(Arylselanyl)spiro[cyclobutane-1,3'-indolin]-2'-one Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:15914-15923. [PMID: 39440833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
A novel selenized reaction of N-arylbicyclo [1.1.0]butane-1-carboxamides with diselenide for the synthesis of polycyclic indoline derivatives is developed under electrochemical conditions. The synthesis is achieved by the bicyclo[1.1.0]butane strain-release reaction and intramolecular cyclization process. In addition, this approach features a wide range of substrates, good group tolerance, shorter reaction time, and mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Yuliang Qian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Haicheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Zhenglong Qin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Zifeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
| | - Liangce Rong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China
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6
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Guin A, Deswal S, Harariya MS, Biju AT. Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective formal ene reaction of thioindolinones/thiolactams with bicyclobutanes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12473-12479. [PMID: 39118603 PMCID: PMC11304820 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), featuring two fused cyclopropane rings, have found widespread application in organic synthesis. Their versatile reactivity towards radicals, nucleophiles, cations, and carbenes makes them suitable for various reactions, including ring-opening and annulation strategies. Despite this versatility, their potential as enophiles in an ene reaction remains underexplored. Considering this and given the challenges of achieving diastereoselectivity in ring-opening reactions of BCBs, herein, we present a unique method utilizing BCBs as enophiles in a mild and diastereoselective Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed formal ene reaction with thioindolinones/thiolactams, delivering 1,3-disubstituted cyclobutane derivatives in high yields and excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. Notably, structurally different thiolactam derivatives underwent diastereoselective addition to BCBs, affording the corresponding cyclobutanes. The synthesized thioindole-substituted cyclobutanes could serve as a versatile tool for subsequent functional group manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Guin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Shiksha Deswal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Mahesh Singh Harariya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
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7
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Tsien J, Hu C, Merchant RR, Qin T. Three-dimensional saturated C(sp 3)-rich bioisosteres for benzene. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:605-627. [PMID: 38982260 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Benzenes, the most ubiquitous structural moiety in marketed small-molecule drugs, are frequently associated with poor 'drug-like' properties, including metabolic instability, and poor aqueous solubility. In an effort to overcome these limitations, recent developments in medicinal chemistry have demonstrated the improved physicochemical profiles of C(sp3)-rich bioisosteric scaffolds relative to arenes. In the past two decades, we have witnessed an exponential increase in synthetic methods for accessing saturated bioisosteres of monosubstituted and para-substituted benzenes. However, until recent discoveries, analogous three-dimensional ortho-substituted and meta-substituted biososteres have remained underexplored, owing to their ring strain and increased s-character hybridization. This Review summarizes the emerging synthetic methodologies to access such saturated motifs and their impact on the application of bioisosteres for ortho-substituted, meta-substituted and multi-substituted benzene rings. It concludes with a perspective on the development of next-generation bioisosteres, including those within novel chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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8
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Takatsuki M, Aoyama H, Arisawa M, Sako M. Brønsted acid-catalyzed synthesis of spirocyclobutanes via heteroannulation of vinyloxyphenylbicyclobutanes with water. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4727-4731. [PMID: 38787695 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
We report a perchloric acid-catalyzed heteroannulation for the synthesis of spirocyclobutanes using vinyloxyphenylbicyclobutanes with water. This metal-free reaction yields high product outputs and is consistent with the formation of a cyclobutene intermediate originating from an isomerization of a bicyclobutane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takatsuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Aoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Makoto Sako
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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9
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Suresh R, Orbach N, Marek I. Synthesis of Stereodefined Polysubstituted Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13748-13753. [PMID: 38722207 PMCID: PMC11117409 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
We report a highly diastereoselective synthesis of polysubstituted bicyclobutanes possessing up to three stereodefined quaternary centers and five substituents. Our strategy involves a diastereoselective carbometalation of cyclopropenes followed by a cyclization to furnish the bicyclobutane ring system. This straightforward approach allows for the incorporation of a diverse range of substituents and functional groups, notably without the need for electron-withdrawing functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Suresh
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
and The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Noam Orbach
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
and The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
and The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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10
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Kraemer Y, Buldt JA, Kong WY, Stephens AM, Ragan AN, Park S, Haidar ZC, Patel AH, Shey R, Dagan R, McLoughlin CP, Fettinger JC, Tantillo DJ, Pitts CR. Overcoming a Radical Polarity Mismatch in Strain-Release Pentafluorosulfanylation of [1.1.0]Bicyclobutanes: An Entryway to Sulfone- and Carbonyl-Containing SF 5-Cyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319930. [PMID: 38237059 PMCID: PMC11045327 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The first assortment of achiral pentafluorosulfanylated cyclobutanes (SF5-CBs) are now synthetically accessible through strain-release functionalization of [1.1.0]bicyclobutanes (BCBs) using SF5Cl. Methods for both chloropentafluorosulfanylation and hydropentafluorosulfanylation of sulfone-based BCBs are detailed herein, as well as proof-of-concept that the logic extends to tetrafluoro(aryl)sulfanylation, tetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)sulfanylation, and three-component pentafluorosulfanylation reactions. The methods presented enable isolation of both syn and anti isomers of SF5-CBs, but we also demonstrate that this innate selectivity can be overridden in chloropentafluorosulfanylation; that is, an anti-stereoselective variant of SF5Cl addition across sulfone-based BCBs can be achieved by using inexpensive copper salt additives. Considering the SF5 group and CBs have been employed individually as nonclassical bioisosteres, structural aspects of these unique SF5-CB "hybrid isosteres" were then contextualized using SC-XRD. From a mechanistic standpoint, chloropentafluorosulfanylation ostensibly proceeds through a curious polarity mismatch addition of electrophilic SF5 radicals to the electrophilic sites of the BCBs. Upon examining carbonyl-containing BCBs, we also observed rare instances whereby radical addition to the 1-position of a BCB occurs. The nature of the key C(sp3)-SF5 bond formation step - among other mechanistic features of the methods we disclose - was investigated experimentally and with DFT calculations. Lastly, we demonstrate compatibility of SF5-CBs with various downstream functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jón Atiba Buldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wang-Yeuk Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander M Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Abbey N Ragan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Soojun Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zane C Haidar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ansh Hiten Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rachel Shey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Roee Dagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Connor P McLoughlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cody Ross Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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11
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Bai D, Guo X, Wang X, Xu W, Cheng R, Wei D, Lan Y, Chang J. Umpolung reactivity of strained C-C σ-bonds without transition-metal catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2833. [PMID: 38565533 PMCID: PMC10987681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Umpolung is an old and important concept in organic chemistry, which significantly expands the chemical space and provides unique structures. While, previous research focused on carbonyls or imine derivatives, the umpolung reactivity of polarized C-C σ-bonds still needs to explore. Herein, we report an umpolung reaction of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) with electron-deficient alkenes to construct the C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond at the electrophilic position of C-C σ-bonds in BCBs without any transition-metal catalysis. Specifically, this transformation relies on the strain-release driven bridging σ-bonds in bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), which are emerged as ene components, providing an efficient and straightforward synthesis route of various functionalized cyclobutenes and conjugated dienes, respectively. The synthetic utilities of this protocol are performed by several transformations. Preliminary mechanistic studies including density functional theory (DFT) calculation support the concerted Alder-ene type process of C-C σ-bond cleavage with hydrogen transfer. This work extends the umpolung reaction to C-C σ-bonds and provides high-value structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiuli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Ruoshi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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12
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Zhang J, Su JY, Zheng H, Li H, Deng WP. Eu(OTf) 3 -Catalyzed Formal Dipolar [4π+2σ] Cycloaddition of Bicyclo-[1.1.0]butanes with Nitrones: Access to Polysubstituted 2-Oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318476. [PMID: 38288790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have synthesized multifunctionalized 2-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes, which are considered potential bioisosteres for meta-substituted arenes, through Eu(OTf)3 -catalyzed formal dipolar [4π+2σ] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with nitrones. This methodology represents the initial instance of fabricating bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes adorned with multiple heteroatoms. The protocol exhibits both mild reaction conditions and a good tolerance for various functional groups. Computational density functional theory calculations support that the reaction mechanism likely involves a nucleophilic addition of nitrones to bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, succeeded by an intramolecular cyclization. The synthetic utility of this novel protocol has been demonstrated in the concise synthesis of the analogue of Rupatadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Jia-Yi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hanliang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, China
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13
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Das K, Pedada A, Singha T, Hari DP. Strain-enabled radical spirocyclization cascades: rapid access to spirocyclobutyl lactones and - lactams. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3182-3191. [PMID: 38425517 PMCID: PMC10901517 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05700c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirocyclobutane derivatives have gained significant attention in drug discovery programs due to their broad spectrum of biological activities and clinical applications. Ring-strain in organic molecules is a powerful tool to promote reactivity by releasing strain energy, allowing the construction of complex molecules selectively and efficiently. Herein, we report the first strain-enabled radical spirocyclization cascades for the synthesis of functionalized spirocyclobutyl lactones and - lactams, which are finding increasing applications in medicinal chemistry. The reaction of interelement compounds with bicyclobutane (BCB) allyl esters and - amides proceeds with high chemoselectivity under simple, catalyst-free conditions using blue light irradiation. The reaction has been successfully extended to synthesize bis-spirocycles. To introduce a more diverse set of functional groups, we have developed a dual photoredox/nickel catalytic system capable of mediating the carbosulfonylation of BCB allyl amides. The reaction shows broad applicability across various (hetero)aryl halides, aryl sulfinates, and BCB allyl amides, operates under mild conditions and demonstrates excellent functional group compatibility. The functional groups introduced during the cascade reactions served as versatile handles for further synthetic elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousik Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Abhilash Pedada
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Tushar Singha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India 560012
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14
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Anderson JM, Poole DL, Cook GC, Murphy JA, Measom ND. Organometallic Bridge Diversification of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304070. [PMID: 38117748 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) derivatives have attracted significant recent interest in drug discovery as alkyne, tert-butyl and arene bioisosteres, where their incorporation is frequently associated with increased compound solubility and metabolic stability. While strategies for functionalisation of the bridgehead (1,3) positions are extensively developed, platforms allowing divergent substitution at the bridge (2,4,5) positions remain limited. Recent reports have introduced 1-electron strategies for arylation and incorporation of a small range of other substituents, but are limited in terms of scope, yields or practical complexity. Herein, we show the synthesis of diverse 1,2,3-trifunctionalised BCPs through lithium-halogen exchange of a readily accessible BCP bromide. When coupled with medicinally relevant product derivatisations, our developed 2-electron "late stage" approach provides rapid and straightforward access to unprecedented BCP structural diversity (>20 hitherto-unknown motifs reported). Additionally, we describe a method for the synthesis of enantioenriched "chiral-at-BCP" bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes through a novel stereoselective bridgehead desymmetrisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Anderson
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK, SG1 2NY
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, UK, G1 1XL
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK, SG1 2NY
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK, SG1 2NY
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, UK, G1 1XL
| | - Nicholas D Measom
- Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK, SG1 2NY
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15
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McNamee RE, Frank N, Christensen KE, Duarte F, Anderson EA. Taming nonclassical carbocations to control small ring reactivity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9695. [PMID: 38215201 PMCID: PMC10786418 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Prediction of the outcome of ring opening of small organic rings under cationic conditions can be challenging due to the intermediacy of nonclassical carbocations. For example, the solvolysis of cyclobutyl or cyclopropylmethyl derivatives generates up to four products on nucleophilic capture or elimination via cyclopropylcarbinyl and bicyclobutonium ions. Here, we show that such reaction outcomes can be controlled by subtle changes to the structure of nonclassical carbocation. Using bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes as cation precursors, the regio- and stereochemistry of ring opening is shown to depend on the degree and nature of the substituents on the cationic intermediates. Reaction outcomes are rationalized using computational models, resulting in a flowchart to predict product formation from a given cation precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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16
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McNamee RE, Dasgupta A, Christensen KE, Anderson EA. Bridge Cross-Coupling of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:360-364. [PMID: 38156902 PMCID: PMC10789093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) have gained growing popularity in "strain release" chemistry for the synthesis of four-membered-ring systems and para- and meta-disubstituted arene bioisosteres as well as applications in chemoselective bioconjugation. However, functionalization of the bridge position of BCBs can be challenging due to the inherent strain of the ring system and reactivity of the central C-C bond. Here we report the first late-stage bridge cross-coupling of BCBs, mediated by directed metalation/palladium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. McNamee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Ayan Dasgupta
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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17
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Dasgupta A, Bhattacharjee S, Tong Z, Guin A, McNamee RE, Christensen KE, Biju AT, Anderson EA. Stereoselective Alder-Ene Reactions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes: Facile Synthesis of Cyclopropyl- and Aryl-Substituted Cyclobutenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1196-1203. [PMID: 38157245 PMCID: PMC10786042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), strained carbocycles comprising two fused cyclopropane rings, have become well-established building blocks in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology due to their diverse reactivity profile with radicals, nucleophiles, cations, and carbenes. The constraints of the bicyclic ring system confer high p-character on the interbridgehead C-C bond, leading to this broad reaction profile; however, the use of BCBs in pericyclic processes has to date been largely overlooked in favor of such stepwise, non-concerted additions. Here, we describe the use of BCBs as substrates for ene-like reactions with strained alkenes and alkynes, which give rise to cyclobutenes decorated with highly substituted cyclopropanes and arenes. The former products are obtained from highly stereoselective reactions with cyclopropenes, generated in situ from vinyl diazoacetates under blue light irradiation (440 nm). Cyclobutenes featuring a quaternary aryl-bearing carbon atom are prepared from equivalent reactions with arynes, which proceed in high yields under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies highlight the importance of electronic effects in this chemistry, while computational investigations support a concerted pathway and rationalize the excellent stereoselectivity of reactions with cyclopropenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dasgupta
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Subrata Bhattacharjee
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Zixuan Tong
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Avishek Guin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ryan E. McNamee
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Akkattu T. Biju
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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18
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Mandler MD, Mignone J, Jurica EA, Palkowitz MD, Aulakh D, Cauley AN, Farley CA, Zhang S, Traeger SC, Sarjeant A, Paiva A, Perez HL, Ellsworth BA, Regueiro-Ren A. Synthesis of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes from Iodo-Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7947-7952. [PMID: 37284784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a two-step process for the synthesis of substituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. A photo-Hunsdiecker reaction generates iodo-bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes under metal-free conditions at room temperature. These intermediates react with nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles to afford substituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butane products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Mandler
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James Mignone
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Jurica
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Darpandeep Aulakh
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Chemical & Synthetic Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Anthony N Cauley
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Christopher A Farley
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Chemical & Synthetic Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Sarah C Traeger
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Amy Sarjeant
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Chemical & Synthetic Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Anthony Paiva
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Heidi L Perez
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bruce A Ellsworth
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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19
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Lin SL, Chen YH, Liu HH, Xiang SH, Tan B. Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Cyclobutenes Enabled by Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Isomerization of BCBs. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21152-21158. [PMID: 37732875 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Chiral cyclobutene units are commonly found in natural products and biologically active molecules. Transition-metal-catalysis has been extensively used in asymmetric synthesis of such structures, while organocatalytic approaches remain elusive. In this study, bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes are involved in enantioselective transformation for the first time to offer a highly efficient route toward cyclobutenes with good regio- and enantiocontrol. The utilization of N-triflyl phosphoramide as a chiral Brønsted acid promoter enables this isomerization process to proceed under mild conditions with low catalyst loading as well as good functional group compatibility. The resulting chiral cyclobutenes could serve as platform molecules for downstream manipulations with excellent reservation of stereochemical integrity, demonstrating the synthetic practicality of the developed method. Control experiments have also been performed to verify the formation of a key carbocation intermediate at the benzylic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Li Lin
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye-Hui Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao-Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Shire B, Anderson EA. Conquering the Synthesis and Functionalization of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. JACS AU 2023; 3:1539-1553. [PMID: 37388694 PMCID: PMC10301682 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) have become established as attractive bioisosteres for para-substituted benzene rings in drug design. Conferring various beneficial properties compared with their aromatic "parents," BCPs featuring a wide array of bridgehead substituents can now be accessed by an equivalent variety of methods. In this perspective, we discuss the evolution of this field and focus on the most enabling and general methods for BCPs synthesis, considering both scope and limitation. Recent breakthroughs on the synthesis of bridge-substituted BCPs are described, as well as methodologies for postsynthesis functionalization. We further explore new challenges and directions for the field, such as the emergence of other rigid small ring hydrocarbons and heterocycles possessing unique substituent exit vectors.
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21
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Guin A, Bhattacharjee S, Harariya MS, Biju AT. Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective carbofunctionalization of bicyclobutanes employing naphthols. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6585-6591. [PMID: 37350821 PMCID: PMC10284142 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional radical-mediated ring-opening of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) for cyclobutane synthesis suffers from poor diastereoselectivity. Although few reports on BCB ring-opening via polar mechanisms are available, the Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective ring-opening of BCBs using carbon nucleophiles is still underdeveloped. Herein, we report a mild and diastereoselective Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed ring-opening of BCBs employing 2-naphthols. The anticipated carbofunctionalized trisubstituted cyclobutanes were obtained via a bicoordinated bismuth complex and the products are formed in good to excellent yields with high regio- and diastereoselectivity. The scope of the reaction was further extended using electron-rich phenols and naphthylamine. The functionalization of the synthesized trisubstituted cyclobutanes shows the synthetic utility of the present method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Guin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://orgchem.iisc.ac.in/atbiju/
| | - Subrata Bhattacharjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://orgchem.iisc.ac.in/atbiju/
| | - Mahesh Singh Harariya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://orgchem.iisc.ac.in/atbiju/
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://orgchem.iisc.ac.in/atbiju/
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22
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Tyler JL, Aggarwal VK. Synthesis and Applications of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl and Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Organometallics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300008. [PMID: 36786481 PMCID: PMC10947034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of metalated (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes in synthesis is currently experiencing a renaissance, as evidenced by the numerous reports in the last 5 years that have relied on such intermediates to undergo unique transformations or generate novel fragments. Since their discovery, these species have been demonstrated to participate in a wide range of reactions with carbon and heteroatom electrophiles, as well as metal complexes, to facilitate the rapid diversification of (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butane-containing compounds. Key to this is the relative acidity of the bridgehead C-H bonds which promotes facile deprotonation and subsequent functionalization of an unsubstituted position on the carbon framework via the intermediacy of a metalated (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butane. Additionally, the late-stage incorporation of deuterium atoms in strained fragments has led to the elucidation of numerous reaction mechanisms that involve strained bicycles. The continued investigation into the inimitable reactivity of metalated bicycles will cement their importance within the field of organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L. Tyler
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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23
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Bicyclobutanes as unusual building blocks for complexity generation in organic synthesis. Commun Chem 2023; 6:9. [PMID: 36697911 PMCID: PMC9837078 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicyclobutanes are among the most highly strained isolable organic compounds and their associated low activation barriers to reactivity make them intriguing building-blocks in organic chemistry. In recent years, numerous creative synthetic strategies exploiting their heightened reactivity have been presented and these discoveries have often gone hand-in-hand with the development of more practical routes for their synthesis. Their proclivity as strain-release reagents through their weak central C-C bond has been harnessed in a variety of addition, rearrangement and insertion reactions, providing rapid access to a rich tapestry of complex molecular scaffolds. This review will provide an overview of the different options available for bicyclobutane synthesis, the main classes of compounds that can be prepared from bicyclobutanes, and the associated modes of reactivity used.
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24
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Livingstone K, Siebold K, Meyer S, Martín-Heras V, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Skeletal Ring Contractions via I(I)/I(III) Catalysis: Stereoselective Synthesis of cis-α,α-Difluorocyclopropanes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14507-14516. [PMID: 36504915 PMCID: PMC9724094 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of α,α-difluorocyclopropanes, combined with limitations in the existing synthesis portfolio, inspired the development of an operationally simple, organocatalysis-based strategy to access cis-configured derivatives with high levels of stereoselectivity (up to >20:1 cis:trans). Leveraging an I(I)/I(III)-catalysis platform in the presence of an inexpensive HF source, it has been possible to exploit disubstituted bicyclobutanes (BCBs) as masked cyclobutene equivalents for this purpose. In situ generation of this strained alkene, enabled by Brønsted acid activation, facilitates an unprecedented 4 → 3 fluorinative ring contraction, to furnish cis-α,α-difluorinated cyclopropanes in a highly stereoselective manner (up to 88% yield). Mechanistic studies are disclosed together with conformational analysis (X-ray crystallography and NMR) to validate cis-α,α-difluorocyclopropanes as isosteres of the 1,4-dicarbonyl moiety. Given the importance of this unit in biology and the foundational no → π* interactions that manifest themselves in this conformation (e.g., collagen), it is envisaged that the title motif will find application in focused molecular design.
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25
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Kelly CB, Milligan JA, Tilley LJ, Sodano TM. Bicyclobutanes: from curiosities to versatile reagents and covalent warheads. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11721-11737. [PMID: 36320907 PMCID: PMC9580472 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique chemistry of small, strained carbocyclic systems has long captivated organic chemists from a theoretical and fundamental standpoint. A resurgence of interest in strained carbocyclic species has been prompted by their potential as bioisosteres, high fraction of sp3 carbons, and limited appearance in the patent literature. Among strained ring systems, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB) stands apart as the smallest bicyclic carbocycle and is amongst the most strained carbocycles known. Despite the fact that BCBs have been synthesized and studied for well over 50 years, they have long been regarded as laboratory curiosities. However, new approaches for preparing, functionalizing, and using BCBs in "strain-release" transformations have positioned BCBs to be powerful synthetic workhorses. Further, the olefinic character of the bridgehead bond enables BCBs to be elaborated into various other ring systems and function as covalent warheads for bioconjugation. This review will discuss the recent developments in the synthesis and functionalization of BCBs as well as the applications of these strained rings in synthesis and drug discovery. An overview of the properties and the historical context of this interesting structure will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Kelly
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development LLC 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477 USA
| | - John A Milligan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University 4201 Henry Avenue Philadelphia PA 19144 USA
| | - Leon J Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College 320 Washington Street Easton MA 02357 USA
| | - Taylor M Sodano
- Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development LLC 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477 USA
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26
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Bychek R, Mykhailiuk PK. A Practical and Scalable Approach to Fluoro-Substituted Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205103. [PMID: 35638404 PMCID: PMC9401599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After more than 20 years of trials, a practical scalable approach to fluoro-substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (F-BCPs) has been developed. The physicochemical properties of the F-BCPs have been studied, and the core was incorporated into the structure of the anti-inflammatory drug Flurbiprofen in place of the fluorophenyl ring.
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27
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Bychek R, Mykhailiuk PK. A Practical and Scalable Approach to Fluoro‐Substituted Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bychek
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 60 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
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28
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Abstract
Sulfone-substituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and housanes have found widespread application in organic synthesis due to their bench stability and high reactivity in strain-releasing processes in the presence of nucleophiles or radical species. Despite their increasing utility, their preparation typically requires multiple steps in low overall yield. In this work, we report an expedient and general one-pot procedure for the synthesis of 1-sulfonylbicyclo[1.1.0]butanes from readily available methyl sulfones and inexpensive epichlorohydrin via the dialkylmagnesium-mediated formation of 3-sulfonylcyclobutanol intermediates. Furthermore, the process was extended to the formation of 1-sulfonylbicyclo[2.1.0]pentane (housane) analogues when 4-chloro-1,2-epoxybutane was used as the electrophile instead of epichlorohydrin. Both procedures could be applied on a gram scale with similar efficiency and are shown to be fully stereospecific in the case of housanes when an enantiopure epoxide was employed, leading to a streamlined access to highly valuable optically active strain-release reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunggi Jung
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Vincent N G Lindsay
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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29
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Schwartz BD, Smyth AP, Nashar PE, Gardiner MG, Malins LR. Investigating Bicyclobutane-Triazolinedione Cycloadditions as a Tool for Peptide Modification. Org Lett 2022; 24:1268-1273. [PMID: 35014844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acyl bicyclobutanes are shown to engage in strain-promoted cycloaddition reactions with a diverse array of triazolinedione reagents. The synthesis of an orthogonally protected urazole building block enabled the facile preparation of amino acid- and peptide-derived triazolinediones that undergo cycloaddition reactions to afford novel peptide conjugates. The additive-free and fully atom-economical nature of the transformation is a promising starting point for the generalization of this cycloaddition reaction for the functionalization of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D Schwartz
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Aidan P Smyth
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe E Nashar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michael G Gardiner
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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30
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McNamee RE, Thompson AL, Anderson EA. Synthesis and Applications of Polysubstituted Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21246-21251. [PMID: 34904841 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) are valuable substrates in the "strain release" synthesis of polysubstituted four-membered ring systems, with applications including bioconjugation agents. The introduction of substituents onto the BCB bridges is challenging due to limitations in current methods for the preparation of this bicyclic scaffold, typically necessitating linear syntheses with limited functional group tolerance and/or substituent scope. Here, we report the synthesis of tri- and tetrasubstituted BCBs via directed metalation of readily accessed BCB amides; this straightforward "late stage" approach generates a wide variety of bridge-substituted BCBs that can be easily converted into other useful small ring building blocks. Access to a monodeuterated BCB afforded unprecedented insight into the mechanism of dihalocarbene insertion into BCBs to afford bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E McNamee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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Anderson JM, Measom ND, Murphy JA, Poole DL. Bridge Functionalisation of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Anderson
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEM University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL UK
| | - Nicholas D. Measom
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry WestCHEM University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L. Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
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Anderson JM, Measom ND, Murphy JA, Poole DL. Bridge Functionalisation of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24754-24769. [PMID: 34151501 PMCID: PMC9291545 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
"Escaping from flatland", by increasing the saturation level and three-dimensionality of drug-like compounds, can enhance their potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile. One approach that has attracted considerable recent attention is the bioisosteric replacement of aromatic rings, internal alkynes and tert-butyl groups with bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) units. While functionalisation of the tertiary bridgehead positions of BCP derivatives is well-documented, functionalisation of the three concyclic secondary bridge positions remains an emerging field. The unique properties of the BCP core present considerable synthetic challenges to the development of such transformations. However, the bridge positions provide novel vectors for drug discovery and applications in materials science, providing entry to novel chemical and intellectual property space. This Minireview aims to consolidate the major advances in the field, serving as a useful reference to guide further work that is expected in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Anderson
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2NYUK
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryWestCHEMUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowScotlandG1 1XLUK
| | - Nicholas D. Measom
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2NYUK
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryWestCHEMUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StreetGlasgowScotlandG1 1XLUK
| | - Darren L. Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2NYUK
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