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Wang LH, Tan DH, Zhong XS, Jia MQ, Ke X, Zhang YM, Cui T, Shi L. Review on toxicology and activity of tomato glycoalkaloids in immature tomatoes. Food Chem 2024; 447:138937. [PMID: 38492295 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the lack of selection and limited intelligence in mechanical picking, some immature tomatoes that contain alkaloids are thrown away. Tomatine alkaloids are steroidal alkaloids naturally present in Solanaceae plants, which are distributed in small amounts in immature tomato fruits and decrease as the fruits ripen. Tomato glycoalkaloids are harmful to human health. However, in small quantities, there is some evidence that these compounds might be beneficial, as other non-antioxidant bioactivities. This article considers recent research on the biological effects of tomato glycoalkaloids in immature tomatoes, providing reference value for the potential development of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - De-Hong Tan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue-Song Zhong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mei-Qi Jia
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue Ke
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tong Cui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Vendemiatti E, Hernández-De Lira IO, Snijders R, Torne-Srivastava T, Therezan R, Simioni Prants G, Lopez-Ortiz C, Reddy UK, Bleeker P, Schenck CA, Peres LEP, Benedito VA. Woolly mutation with the Get02 locus overcomes the polygenic nature of trichome-based pest resistance in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:911-923. [PMID: 38466177 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Type-IV glandular trichomes, which only occur in the juvenile developmental phase of the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), produce acylsugars that broadly protect against arthropod herbivory. Previously, we introgressed the capacity to retain type-IV trichomes in the adult phase from the wild tomato, Solanum galapagense, into the cultivated species cv. Micro-Tom (MT). The resulting MT-Galapagos enhanced trichome (MT-Get) introgression line contained 5 loci associated with enhancing the density of type-IV trichomes in adult plants. We genetically dissected MT-Get and obtained a subline containing only the locus on Chromosome 2 (MT-Get02). This genotype displayed about half the density of type-IV trichomes compared to the wild progenitor. However, when we stacked the gain-of-function allele of WOOLLY, which encodes a homeodomain leucine zipper IV transcription factor, Get02/Wo exhibited double the number of type-IV trichomes compared to S. galapagense. This discovery corroborates previous reports positioning WOOLLY as a master regulator of trichome development. Acylsugar levels in Get02/Wo were comparable to the wild progenitor, although the composition of acylsugar types differed, especially regarding fewer types with medium-length acyl chains. Agronomical parameters of Get02/Wo, including yield, were comparable to MT. Pest resistance assays showed enhanced protection against silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), and the fungus Septoria lycopersici. However, resistance levels did not reach those of the wild progenitor, suggesting the specificity of acylsugar types in the pest resistance mechanism. Our findings in trichome-mediated resistance advance the development of robust, naturally resistant tomato varieties, harnessing the potential of natural genetic variation. Moreover, by manipulating only 2 loci, we achieved exceptional results for a highly complex, polygenic trait, such as herbivory resistance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Vendemiatti
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA
| | - Inty Omar Hernández-De Lira
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA
| | - Roxane Snijders
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Tanmayee Torne-Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Rodrigo Therezan
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Simioni Prants
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lopez-Ortiz
- Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Umesh K Reddy
- Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Petra Bleeker
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Vagner Augusto Benedito
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA
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Wang Q, Zhou Q, Feng Y, Yang X. Foliar application protected vegetable against poisonous element cadmium and mitigated human health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171915. [PMID: 38522551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Foliar application has been reported as an effective method to facilitate plant growth and mitigate cadmium (Cd) accumulation. However, the application of foliar fertilizers on plant production, Cd uptake and health risks of Solanaceae family remains unknown. In this study, four foliar fertilizers were applied to investigate their effects on the production, Cd accumulation and human health risk assessment of two varieties of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), respectively. Compared with CK, the foliar application increased vegetable production to 104.16 %-123.70 % in peppers, and 100.83 %-105.17 % in eggplants, accordingly. The application of foliar fertilizers largely decreased Cd TF (transportation factor) by up to 23.32 % in JY, 18.37 % in GJ of pepper varieties, and up to 14.47 % in ZL, 15.24 % in HGR of eggplant varieties. Moreover, Cd BAF (bioaccumulation factor) also declined to different extents after the application of foliar fertilizers. As for human health risk assessments, foliar application diminished the hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) of both pepper and eggplant varieties. The results concluded that the application of composed foliar fertilizers was most effective, and could be a promising alternative for the improvement of vegetable production and mitigation of vegetable Cd accumulation and human health risks as well. The results further highlighted the understanding of foliar fertilizer application on vegetable production and health risks, which benefited better vegetable safe production and further guaranteed human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- College of Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiyao Zhou
- Management Committee of Yancheng Economic and Technological Development Zone, Yancheng 224000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Pagán OR. The complexities of ligand/receptor interactions: Exploring the role of molecular vibrations and quantum tunnelling. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300195. [PMID: 38459808 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Molecular vibrations and quantum tunneling may link ligand binding to the function of pharmacological receptors. The well-established lock-and-key model explains a ligand's binding and recognition by a receptor; however, a general mechanism by which receptors translate binding into activation, inactivation, or modulation remains elusive. The Vibration Theory of Olfaction was proposed in the 1930s to explain this subset of receptor-mediated phenomena by correlating odorant molecular vibrations to smell, but a mechanism was lacking. In the 1990s, inelastic electron tunneling was proposed as a plausible mechanism for translating molecular vibration to odorant physiology. More recently, studies of ligands' vibrational spectra and the use of deuterated ligand analogs have provided helpful information to study this admittedly controversial hypothesis in metabotropic receptors other than olfactory receptors. In the present work, based in part on published experiments from our laboratory using planarians as an experimental organism, I will present a rationale and possible experimental approach for extending this idea to ligand-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oné R Pagán
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zhang ZN, Long L, Zhao XT, Shang SZ, Xu FC, Zhao JR, Hu GY, Mi LY, Song CP, Gao W. The dual role of GoPGF reveals that the pigment glands are synthetic sites of gossypol in aerial parts of cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:314-328. [PMID: 37865884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol and the related terpenoids are stored in the pigment gland to protect cotton plants from biotic stresses, but little is known about the synthetic sites of these metabolites. Here, we showed that GoPGF, a key gene regulating gland formation, was expressed in gland cells and roots. The chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis demonstrated that GoPGF targets GhJUB1 to regulate gland morphogenesis. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) showed high accumulation of gossypol biosynthetic genes in gland cells. Moreover, integrated analysis of the ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data revealed that GoPGF binds to the promoter of several gossypol biosynthetic genes. The cotton callus overexpressing GoPGF had dramatically increased the gossypol levels, indicating that GoPGF can directly activate the biosynthesis of gossypol. In addition, the gopgf mutant analysis revealed the existence of both GoPGF-dependent and -independent regulation of gossypol production in cotton roots. Our study revealed that the pigment glands are synthetic sites of gossypol in aerial parts of cotton and that GoPGF plays a dual role in regulating gland morphogenesis and gossypol biosynthesis. The study provides new insights for exploring the complex relationship between glands and the metabolites they store in cotton and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Nan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Lu Long
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Shen-Zhai Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Gai-Yuan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China
| | - Ling-Yu Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Wei Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
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Parks HM, Cinelli MA, Bedewitz MA, Grabar JM, Hurney SM, Walker KD, Jones AD, Barry CS. Redirecting tropane alkaloid metabolism reveals pyrrolidine alkaloid diversity in Atropa belladonna. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1810-1825. [PMID: 36451537 PMCID: PMC10107824 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specialized metabolism is complex, with frequent examples of highly branched biosynthetic pathways, and shared chemical intermediates. As such, many plant-specialized metabolic networks are poorly characterized. The N-methyl Δ1 -pyrrolinium cation is a simple pyrrolidine alkaloid and precursor of pharmacologically important tropane alkaloids. Silencing of pyrrolidine ketide synthase (AbPyKS) in the roots of Atropa belladonna (Deadly Nightshade) reduces tropane alkaloid abundance and causes high N-methyl Δ1 -pyrrolinium cation accumulation. The consequences of this metabolic shift on alkaloid metabolism are unknown. In this study, we utilized discovery metabolomics coupled with AbPyKS silencing to reveal major changes in the root alkaloid metabolome of A. belladonna. We discovered and annotated almost 40 pyrrolidine alkaloids that increase when AbPyKS activity is reduced. Suppression of phenyllactate biosynthesis, combined with metabolic engineering in planta, and chemical synthesis indicates several of these pyrrolidines share a core structure formed through the nonenzymatic Mannich-like decarboxylative condensation of the N-methyl Δ1 -pyrrolinium cation with 2-O-malonylphenyllactate. Decoration of this core scaffold through hydroxylation and glycosylation leads to mono- and dipyrrolidine alkaloid diversity. This study reveals the previously unknown complexity of the A. belladonna root metabolome and creates a foundation for future investigation into the biosynthesis, function, and potential utility of these novel alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Parks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | | | - Josh M. Grabar
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Steven M. Hurney
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Kevin D. Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Cornelius S. Barry
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics Approaches to Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Tomato Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033025. [PMID: 36769343 PMCID: PMC9918255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore changes in proteins and metabolites under stress circumstances, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics methods are used. In-depth research over the previous ten years has gradually revealed the fundamental processes of plants' responses to environmental stress. Abiotic stresses, which include temperature extremes, water scarcity, and metal toxicity brought on by human activity and urbanization, are a major cause for concern, since they can result in unsustainable warming trends and drastically lower crop yields. Furthermore, there is an emerging reliance on agrochemicals. Stress is responsible for physiological transformations such as the formation of reactive oxygen, stomatal opening and closure, cytosolic calcium ion concentrations, metabolite profiles and their dynamic changes, expression of stress-responsive genes, activation of potassium channels, etc. Research regarding abiotic stresses is lacking because defense feedbacks to abiotic factors necessitate regulating the changes that activate multiple genes and pathways that are not properly explored. It is clear from the involvement of these genes that plant stress response and adaptation are complicated processes. Targeting the multigenicity of plant abiotic stress responses caused by genomic sequences, transcripts, protein organization and interactions, stress-specific and cellular transcriptome collections, and mutant screens can be the first step in an integrative approach. Therefore, in this review, we focused on the genomes, proteomics, and metabolomics of tomatoes under abiotic stress.
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Schenck CA, Anthony TM, Jacobs M, Jones AD, Last RL. Natural variation meets synthetic biology: Promiscuous trichome-expressed acyltransferases from Nicotiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:146-164. [PMID: 35477794 PMCID: PMC9434288 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acylsugars are defensive, trichome-synthesized sugar esters produced in plants across the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. Although assembled from simple metabolites and synthesized by a relatively short core biosynthetic pathway, tremendous within- and across-species acylsugar structural variation is documented across the family. To advance our understanding of the diversity and the synthesis of acylsugars within the Nicotiana genus, trichome extracts were profiled across the genus coupled with transcriptomics-guided enzyme discovery and in vivo and in vitro analysis. Differences in the types of sugar cores, numbers of acylations, and acyl chain structures contributed to over 300 unique annotated acylsugars throughout Nicotiana. Placement of acyl chain length into a phylogenetic context revealed that an unsaturated acyl chain type was detected in a few closely related species. A comparative transcriptomics approach identified trichome-enriched Nicotiana acuminata acylsugar biosynthetic candidate enzymes. More than 25 acylsugar variants could be produced in a single enzyme assay with four N. acuminata acylsugar acyltransferases (NacASAT1-4) together with structurally diverse acyl-CoAs and sucrose. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry screening of in vitro products revealed the ability of these enzymes to make acylsugars not present in Nicotiana plant extracts. In vitro acylsugar production also provided insights into acyltransferase acyl donor promiscuity and acyl acceptor specificity as well as regiospecificity of some ASATs. This study suggests that promiscuous Nicotiana acyltransferases can be used as synthetic biology tools to produce novel and potentially useful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Thilani M Anthony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - MacKenzie Jacobs
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia 26074, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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