1
|
Cinelli MA, Cline J, Watson T. Applications of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study. J Vis Exp 2024. [PMID: 38526072 DOI: 10.3791/66620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many drugs utilized today are synthetic in origin, natural products still provide a rich source of novel chemical diversity and bioactivity, and can yield promising leads for resistant or emerging diseases. The challenge, however, is twofold: not only must researchers find natural products and elucidate their structures, but they must also identify what is worth isolating and assaying (and what is already known - a process known as dereplication). With the advent of modern analytical instrumentation, the pace of natural product discovery and dereplication has accelerated. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become an especially valuable technique for identifying and classifying chemical structures. Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are plant-derived compounds of great medicinal and toxicological significance. In this study, we developed an LC-MS/MS-based screening workflow utilizing the multiple MS/MS configurations available on a triple-quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometer to annotate and classify TA structures based on their distinct fragmentation patterns. By using a combination of data-dependent (DD) product ion scans, precursor ion scans (PrIS), and neutral loss scans (NLS), we applied this method to TA-rich extracts of the nightshades Datura stramonium and Datura metel. This method is rapid, sensitive, and was successfully employed for both preliminary dereplication of complex TA-containing samples and for the discovery of a novel candidate for isolation, purification (and eventual bioassay).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill Cline
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Michigan University
| | - Tyler Watson
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Michigan University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parks HM, Cinelli MA, Bedewitz MA, Grabar JM, Hurney SM, Walker KD, Jones AD, Barry CS. Redirecting tropane alkaloid metabolism reveals pyrrolidine alkaloid diversity in Atropa belladonna. New Phytol 2023; 237:1810-1825. [PMID: 36451537 PMCID: PMC10107824 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specialized metabolism is complex, with frequent examples of highly branched biosynthetic pathways, and shared chemical intermediates. As such, many plant-specialized metabolic networks are poorly characterized. The N-methyl Δ1 -pyrrolinium cation is a simple pyrrolidine alkaloid and precursor of pharmacologically important tropane alkaloids. Silencing of pyrrolidine ketide synthase (AbPyKS) in the roots of Atropa belladonna (Deadly Nightshade) reduces tropane alkaloid abundance and causes high N-methyl Δ1 -pyrrolinium cation accumulation. The consequences of this metabolic shift on alkaloid metabolism are unknown. In this study, we utilized discovery metabolomics coupled with AbPyKS silencing to reveal major changes in the root alkaloid metabolome of A. belladonna. We discovered and annotated almost 40 pyrrolidine alkaloids that increase when AbPyKS activity is reduced. Suppression of phenyllactate biosynthesis, combined with metabolic engineering in planta, and chemical synthesis indicates several of these pyrrolidines share a core structure formed through the nonenzymatic Mannich-like decarboxylative condensation of the N-methyl Δ1 -pyrrolinium cation with 2-O-malonylphenyllactate. Decoration of this core scaffold through hydroxylation and glycosylation leads to mono- and dipyrrolidine alkaloid diversity. This study reveals the previously unknown complexity of the A. belladonna root metabolome and creates a foundation for future investigation into the biosynthesis, function, and potential utility of these novel alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Parks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | | | - Josh M. Grabar
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Steven M. Hurney
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Kevin D. Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of ChemistryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Cornelius S. Barry
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tong S, Darwish S, Ariani HHN, Lozada KA, Salehi D, Cinelli MA, Silverman RB, Kaur K, Yang S. A Small Peptide Increases Drug Delivery in Human Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1036. [PMID: 35631623 PMCID: PMC9145755 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most fatal type of skin cancer and is notoriously resistant to chemotherapies. The response of melanoma to current treatments is difficult to predict. To combat these challenges, in this study, we utilize a small peptide to increase drug delivery to melanoma cells. A peptide library array was designed and screened using a peptide array-whole cell binding assay, which identified KK-11 as a novel human melanoma-targeting peptide. The peptide and its D-amino acid substituted analogue (VPWxEPAYQrFL or D-aa KK-11) were synthesized via a solid-phase strategy. Further studies using FITC-labeled KK-11 demonstrated dose-dependent uptake in human melanoma cells. D-aa KK-11 significantly increased the stability of the peptide, with 45.3% remaining detectable after 24 h with human serum incubation. Co-treatment of KK-11 with doxorubicin was found to significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin compared to doxorubicin alone, or sequential KK-11 and doxorubicin treatment. In vivo and ex vivo imaging revealed that D-aa KK-11 distributed to xenografted A375 melanoma tumors as early as 5 min and persisted up to 24 h post tail vein injection. When co-administered, D-aa KK-11 significantly enhanced the anti-tumor activity of a novel nNOS inhibitor (MAC-3-190) in an A375 human melanoma xenograft mouse model compared to MAC-3-190 treatment alone. No apparent systemic toxicities were observed. Taken together, these results suggest that KK-11 may be a promising human melanoma-targeted delivery vector for anti-melanoma cargo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Tong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.T.); (K.A.L.)
| | - Shaban Darwish
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.D.); (H.H.N.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Hanieh Hossein Nejad Ariani
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.D.); (H.H.N.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Kate Alison Lozada
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.T.); (K.A.L.)
| | - David Salehi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.D.); (H.H.N.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Maris A. Cinelli
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; (M.A.C.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; (M.A.C.); (R.B.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.D.); (H.H.N.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Sun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.T.); (K.A.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tong S, Cinelli MA, El-Sayed NS, Huang H, Patel A, Silverman RB, Yang S. Inhibition of interferon-gamma-stimulated melanoma progression by targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Sci Rep 2022; 12:1701. [PMID: 35105915 PMCID: PMC8807785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is shown to stimulate melanoma development and progression. However, the underlying mechanism has not been completely defined. Our study aimed to determine the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-mediated signaling in IFN-γ-stimulated melanoma progression and the anti-melanoma effects of novel nNOS inhibitors. Our study shows that IFN-γ markedly induced the expression levels of nNOS in melanoma cells associated with increased intracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels. Co-treatment with novel nNOS inhibitors effectively alleviated IFN-γ-activated STAT1/3. Further, reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis demonstrated that IFN-γ induced the expression of HIF1α, c-Myc, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), in contrast to IFN-α. Blocking the nNOS-mediated signaling pathway using nNOS-selective inhibitors was shown to effectively diminish IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression in melanoma cells. Using a human melanoma xenograft mouse model, the in vivo studies revealed that IFN-γ increased tumor growth compared to control, which was inhibited by the co-administration of nNOS inhibitor MAC-3-190. Another nNOS inhibitor, HH044, was shown to effectively inhibit in vivo tumor growth and was associated with reduced PD-L1 expression levels in melanoma xenografts. Our study demonstrates the important role of nNOS-mediated NO signaling in IFN-γ-stimulated melanoma progression. Targeting nNOS using highly selective small molecular inhibitors is a unique and effective strategy to improve melanoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Tong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, #297-Y, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Naglaa Salem El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, #297-Y, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Anika Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, #297-Y, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, #297-Y, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cinelli MA, Jones AD. Alkaloids of the Genus Datura: Review of a Rich Resource for Natural Product Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092629. [PMID: 33946338 PMCID: PMC8124590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Datura (Solanaceae) contains nine species of medicinal plants that have held both curative utility and cultural significance throughout history. This genus’ particular bioactivity results from the enormous diversity of alkaloids it contains, making it a valuable study organism for many disciplines. Although Datura contains mostly tropane alkaloids (such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine), indole, beta-carboline, and pyrrolidine alkaloids have also been identified. The tools available to explore specialized metabolism in plants have undergone remarkable advances over the past couple of decades and provide renewed opportunities for discoveries of new compounds and the genetic basis for their biosynthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies on the alkaloids of Datura that focuses on three questions: How do we find and identify alkaloids? Where do alkaloids come from? What factors affect their presence and abundance? We also address pitfalls and relevant questions applicable to natural products and metabolomics researchers. With both careful perspectives and new advances in instrumentation, the pace of alkaloid discovery—from not just Datura—has the potential to accelerate dramatically in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Correspondence: or (M.A.C.); (A.D.J.); Tel.: +1-906-360-8177 (M.A.C.); +1-517-432-7126 (A.D.J.)
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Correspondence: or (M.A.C.); (A.D.J.); Tel.: +1-906-360-8177 (M.A.C.); +1-517-432-7126 (A.D.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cinelli MA, Reidl CT, Li H, Chreifi G, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. First Contact: 7-Phenyl-2-Aminoquinolines, Potent and Selective Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors That Target an Isoform-Specific Aspartate. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4528-4554. [PMID: 32302123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), an enzyme implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, is an attractive strategy for treating or preventing these diseases. We previously developed several classes of 2-aminoquinoline-based nNOS inhibitors, but these compounds had drawbacks including off-target promiscuity, low activity against human nNOS, and only modest selectivity for nNOS over related enzymes. In this study, we synthesized new nNOS inhibitors based on 7-phenyl-2-aminoquinoline and assayed them against rat and human nNOS, human eNOS, and murine and (in some cases) human iNOS. Compounds with a meta-relationship between the aminoquinoline and a positively charged tail moiety were potent and had up to nearly 900-fold selectivity for human nNOS over human eNOS. X-ray crystallography indicates that the amino groups of some compounds occupy a water-filled pocket surrounding an nNOS-specific aspartate residue (absent in eNOS). This interaction was confirmed by mutagenesis studies, making 7-phenyl-2-aminoquinolines the first aminoquinolines to interact with this residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Cory T Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cinelli MA, Do HT, Miley GP, Silverman RB. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:158-189. [PMID: 31192483 PMCID: PMC6908786 DOI: 10.1002/med.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A considerable number of human diseases have an inflammatory component, and a key mediator of immune activation and inflammation is inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO) from l-arginine. Overexpressed or dysregulated iNOS has been implicated in numerous pathologies including sepsis, cancer, neurodegeneration, and various types of pain. Extensive knowledge has been accumulated about the roles iNOS plays in different tissues and organs. Additionally, X-ray crystal and cryogenic electron microscopy structures have shed new insights on the structure and regulation of this enzyme. Many potent iNOS inhibitors with high selectivity over related NOS isoforms, neuronal NOS, and endothelial NOS, have been discovered, and these drugs have shown promise in animal models of endotoxemia, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, arthritis, and other disorders. A major issue in iNOS inhibitor development is that promising results in animal studies have not translated to humans; there are no iNOS inhibitors approved for human use. In addition to assay limitations, both the dual modalities of iNOS and NO in disease states (ie, protective vs harmful effects) and the different roles and localizations of NOS isoforms create challenges for therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the structure, function, and regulation of iNOS, with focus on the development of iNOS inhibitors (historical and recent). A better understanding of iNOS' complex functions is necessary before specific drug candidates can be identified for classical indications such as sepsis, heart failure, and pain; however, newer promising indications for iNOS inhibition, such as depression, neurodegenerative disorders, and epilepsy, have been discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Ha T. Do
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Current address: Mersana Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Galen P. Miley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
In this study, we report the first asymmetric total synthesis of 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (19,20-EDP), a naturally occurring bioactive cytochrome P450 metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, a major constituent of fish oil. Our strategy involves direct asymmetric epoxidation to produce an enantiopure β-epoxyaldehyde that can be appended to the rest of the skipped polyene core by Wittig condensation. Our route is step-economical and late divergent and could be an appealing method by which to synthesize EDP analogues for biological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Kin Sing Stephen Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Woodman JW, Cinelli MA, Scharmen-Burgdolf A, Lee KSS. Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxidized Metabolites of Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Arachidonic Acids. J Vis Exp 2019:10.3791/59770. [PMID: 31305515 PMCID: PMC8274592 DOI: 10.3791/59770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The epoxidized metabolites of various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), termed epoxy fatty acids, have a wide range of roles in human physiology. These metabolites are produced endogenously by the cytochrome P450 class of enzymes. Because of their diverse and potent biological effects, there is considerable interest in studying these metabolites. Determining the unique roles of these metabolites in the body is a difficult task, as the epoxy fatty acids must first be obtained in significant amounts and with high purity. Obtaining compounds from natural sources is often labor intensive, and soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH) rapidly hydrolyze the metabolites. On the other hand, obtaining these metabolites via chemical reactions is very inefficient, due to the difficulty of obtaining pure regioisomers and enantiomers, low yields, and extensive (and expensive) purification. Here, we present an efficient enzymatic synthesis of 19(S),20(R)- and 16(S),17(R)-epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) from DHA via epoxidation with BM3, a bacterial CYP450 enzyme isolated originally from Bacillus megaterium (that is readily expressed in Escherichia coli). Characterization and determination of purity is performed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS). This procedure illustrates the benefits of enzymatic synthesis of PUFA epoxy metabolites, and is applicable to the epoxidation of other fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to produce the analogous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Woodman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Correction to Nitrile in the Hole: Discovery of a Small Auxiliary Pocket in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Leading to the Development of Potent and Selective 2-Aminoquinoline Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1075. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Cinelli MA. Topoisomerase 1B poisons: Over a half-century of drug leads, clinical candidates, and serendipitous discoveries. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1294-1337. [PMID: 30456874 DOI: 10.1002/med.21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are DNA processing enzymes that relieve supercoiling (torsional strain) in DNA, are necessary for normal cellular division, and act by nicking (and then religating) DNA strands. Type 1B topoisomerase (Top1) is overexpressed in certain tumors, and the enzyme has been extensively investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy. Various chemical agents can act as "poisons" of the enzyme's religation step, leading to Top1-DNA lesions, DNA breakage, and eventual cellular death. In this review, agents that poison Top1 (and have thus been investigated for their anticancer properties) are surveyed, including natural products (such as camptothecins and indolocarbazoles), semisynthetic camptothecin and luotonin derivatives, and synthetic compounds (such as benzonaphthyridines, aromathecins, and indenoisoquinolines), as well as targeted therapies and conjugates. Top1 has also been investigated as a therapeutic target in certain viral and parasitic infections, as well as autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurological disorders, and a summary of literature describing alternative indications is also provided. This review should provide both a reference for the medicinal chemist and potentially offer clues to aid in the development of new Top1 poisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cinelli MA, Yang J, Scharmen A, Woodman J, Karchalla LM, Lee KSS. Enzymatic synthesis and chemical inversion provide both enantiomers of bioactive epoxydocosapentaenoic acids. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2237-2252. [PMID: 30209076 PMCID: PMC6210906 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d089136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy PUFAs are endogenous cytochrome P450 (P450) metabolites of dietary PUFAs. Although these metabolites exert numerous biological effects, attempts to study their complex biology have been hampered by difficulty in obtaining the epoxides as pure regioisomers and enantiomers. To remedy this, we synthesized 19,20- and 16,17-epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) (the two most abundant EDPs in vivo) by epoxidation of DHA with WT and the mutant (F87V) P450 enzyme BM3 from Bacillus megaterium WT epoxidation yielded a 4:1 mixture of 19,20:16,17-EDP exclusively as (S,R) enantiomers. Epoxidation with the mutant (F87V) yielded a 1.6:1 mixture of 19,20:16,17-EDP; the 19,20-EDP fraction was ∼9:1 (S,R):(R,S), but the 16,17-EDP was exclusively the (S,R) enantiomer. To access the (R,S) enantiomers of these EDPs, we used a short (four-step) chemical inversion sequence, which utilizes 2-(phenylthio)ethanol as the epoxide-opening nucleophile, followed by mesylation of the resulting alcohol, oxidation of the thioether moiety, and base-catalyzed elimination. This short synthesis cleanly converts the (S,R)-epoxide to the (R,S)-epoxide without loss of enantiopurity. This method, also applicable to eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, provides a simple, cost-effective procedure for accessing larger amounts of these metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amy Scharmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Joey Woodman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Lalitha M Karchalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Kin Sing Stephen Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pensa AV, Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Mukherjee P, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Hydrophilic, Potent, and Selective 7-Substituted 2-Aminoquinolines as Improved Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7146-7165. [PMID: 28776992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a target for development of antineurodegenerative agents. Most nNOS inhibitors mimic l-arginine and have poor bioavailability. 2-Aminoquinolines showed promise as bioavailable nNOS inhibitors but suffered from low human nNOS inhibition, low selectivity versus human eNOS, and significant binding to other CNS targets. We aimed to improve human nNOS potency and selectivity and reduce off-target binding by (a) truncating the original scaffold or (b) introducing a hydrophilic group to interrupt the lipophilic, promiscuous pharmacophore and promote interaction with human nNOS-specific His342. We synthesized both truncated and polar 2-aminoquinoline derivatives and assayed them against recombinant NOS enzymes. Although aniline and pyridine derivatives interact with His342, benzonitriles conferred the best rat and human nNOS inhibition. Both introduction of a hydrophobic substituent next to the cyano group and aminoquinoline methylation considerably improved isoform selectivity. Most importantly, these modifications preserved Caco-2 permeability and reduced off-target CNS binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Pensa
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, First School of Medicine, Charles University and BIOCEV 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Nitrile in the Hole: Discovery of a Small Auxiliary Pocket in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Leading to the Development of Potent and Selective 2-Aminoquinoline Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3958-3978. [PMID: 28422508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibition is a promising strategy to treat neurodegenerative disorders, but the development of nNOS inhibitors is often hindered by poor pharmacokinetics. We previously developed a class of membrane-permeable 2-aminoquinoline inhibitors and later rearranged the scaffold to decrease off-target binding. However, the resulting compounds had decreased permeability, low human nNOS activity, and low selectivity versus human eNOS. In this study, 5-substituted phenyl ether-linked aminoquinolines and derivatives were synthesized and assayed against purified NOS isoforms. 5-Cyano compounds are especially potent and selective rat and human nNOS inhibitors. Activity and selectivity are mediated by the binding of the cyano group to a new auxiliary pocket in nNOS. Potency was enhanced by methylation of the quinoline and by introduction of simple chiral moieties, resulting in a combination of hydrophobic and auxiliary pocket effects that yielded high (∼500-fold) n/e selectivity. Importantly, the Caco-2 assay also revealed improved membrane permeability over previous compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Holden JK, Lewis MC, Cinelli MA, Abdullatif Z, Pensa AV, Silverman RB, Poulos TL. Targeting Bacterial Nitric Oxide Synthase with Aminoquinoline-Based Inhibitors. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5587-5594. [PMID: 27607918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is produced in Gram-positive pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus by the bacterial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Inhibition of bacterial nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) has been identified as a promising antibacterial strategy for targeting methicillin-resistant S. aureus [Holden, J. K., et al. (2015) Chem. Biol. 22, 785-779]. One class of NOS inhibitors that demonstrates antimicrobial efficacy utilizes an aminoquinoline scaffold. Here we report on a variety of aminoquinolines that target the bacterial NOS active site, in part, by binding to a hydrophobic patch that is unique to bNOS. Through mutagenesis and crystallographic studies, our findings demonstrate that aminoquinolines are an excellent scaffold for further aiding in the development of bNOS specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Holden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew C Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ziad Abdullatif
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Anthony V Pensa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ⊥Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and #Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holden JK, Kang S, Beasley FC, Cinelli MA, Li H, Roy SG, Dejam D, Edinger AL, Nizet V, Silverman RB, Poulos TL. Nitric Oxide Synthase as a Target for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:785-92. [PMID: 26091171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major economic burden to hospitals, and confer high rates of morbidity and mortality among those infected. Exploitation of novel therapeutic targets is thus necessary to combat this dangerous pathogen. Here, we report on the identification and characterization, including crystal structures, of two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors that function as antimicrobials against MRSA. These data provide the first evidence that bacterial NOS (bNOS) inhibitors can work synergistically with oxidative stress to enhance MRSA killing. Crystal structures show that each inhibitor contacts an active site Ile residue in bNOS that is Val in the mammalian NOS isoforms. Mutagenesis studies show that the additional nonpolar contacts provided by the Ile in bNOS contribute to tighter binding toward the bacterial enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Holden
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Soosung Kang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Federico C Beasley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Saurabh G Roy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dillon Dejam
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Departments of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cinelli MA, Li H, Pensa AV, Kang S, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Correction to Phenyl Ether- and Aniline-Containing 2-Aminoquinolines as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1246. [PMID: 26807481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Cinelli MA, Li H, Pensa AV, Kang S, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Phenyl Ether- and Aniline-Containing 2-Aminoquinolines as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8694-712. [PMID: 26469213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excess nitric oxide (NO) produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. As a result, inhibition of nNOS and reduction of NO levels is desirable therapeutically, but many nNOS inhibitors are poorly bioavailable. Promising members of our previously reported 2-aminoquinoline class of nNOS inhibitors, although orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant, suffer from unfavorable off-target binding to other CNS receptors, and they resemble known promiscuous binders. Rearranged phenyl ether- and aniline-linked 2-aminoquinoline derivatives were therefore designed to (a) disrupt the promiscuous binding pharmacophore and diminish off-target interactions and (b) preserve potency, isoform selectivity, and cell permeability. A series of these compounds was synthesized and tested against purified nNOS, endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) enzymes. One compound, 20, displayed high potency, selectivity, and good human nNOS inhibition, and retained some permeability in a Caco-2 assay. Most promisingly, CNS receptor counterscreening revealed that this rearranged scaffold significantly reduces off-target binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Anthony V Pensa
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Soosung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic.,BIOCEV , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in the human body, playing a crucial role in cell and neuronal communication, regulation of blood pressure, and in immune activation. However, overproduction of NO by the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is one of the fundamental causes underlying neurodegenerative disorders and neuropathic pain. Therefore, developing small molecules for selective inhibition of nNOS over related isoforms (eNOS and iNOS) is therapeutically desirable. The aims of this review focus on the regulation and dysregulation of NO signaling, the role of NO in neurodegeneration and pain, the structure and mechanism of nNOS, and the use of this information to design selective inhibitors of this enzyme. Structure-based drug design, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of these inhibitors, and extensive target validation through animal studies are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li H, Jamal J, Plaza C, Pineda SH, Chreifi G, Jing Q, Cinelli MA, Silverman RB, Poulos TL. Structures of human constitutive nitric oxide synthases. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2014; 70:2667-74. [PMID: 25286850 PMCID: PMC4188008 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714017064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mammals produce three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS): neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS). The overproduction of NO by nNOS is associated with a number of neurodegenerative disorders; therefore, a desirable therapeutic goal is the design of drugs that target nNOS but not the other isoforms. Crystallography, coupled with computational approaches and medicinal chemistry, has played a critical role in developing highly selective nNOS inhibitors that exhibit exceptional neuroprotective properties. For historic reasons, crystallography has focused on rat nNOS and bovine eNOS because these were available in high quality; thus, their structures have been used in structure-activity-relationship studies. Although these constitutive NOSs share more than 90% sequence identity across mammalian species for each NOS isoform, inhibitor-binding studies revealed that subtle differences near the heme active site in the same NOS isoform across species still impact enzyme-inhibitor interactions. Therefore, structures of the human constitutive NOSs are indispensible. Here, the first structure of human neuronal NOS at 2.03 Å resolution is reported and a different crystal form of human endothelial NOS is reported at 1.73 Å resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Joumana Jamal
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Carla Plaza
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Stephanie Hai Pineda
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Qing Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 517 Bison Avenue, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cinelli MA, Li H, Chreifi G, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Simplified 2-aminoquinoline-based scaffold for potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1513-30. [PMID: 24472039 PMCID: PMC3954451 DOI: 10.1021/jm401838x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Since high levels of nitric oxide
(NO) are implicated in neurodegenerative
disorders, inhibition of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase
(nNOS) and reduction of NO levels are therapeutically desirable. Nonetheless,
many nNOS inhibitors mimic l-arginine and are poorly bioavailable.
2-Aminoquinoline-based scaffolds were designed with the hope that
they could (a) mimic aminopyridines as potent, isoform-selective arginine
isosteres and (b) possess chemical properties more conducive to oral
bioavailability and CNS penetration. A series of these compounds was
synthesized and assayed against purified nNOS enzymes, endothelial
NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Several compounds built on a
7-substituted 2-aminoquinoline core are potent and isoform-selective;
X-ray crystallography indicates that aminoquinolines exert inhibitory
effects by mimicking substrate interactions with the conserved active
site glutamate residue. The most potent and selective compounds, 7 and 15, were tested in a Caco-2 assay and showed
good permeability and low efflux, suggesting high potential for oral
bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Wever
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Maris A. Cinelli
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Albert A. Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cinelli MA, Reddy PVN, Lv PC, Liang JH, Chen L, Agama K, Pommier Y, van Breemen RB, Cushman M. Identification, synthesis, and biological evaluation of metabolites of the experimental cancer treatment drugs indotecan (LMP400) and indimitecan (LMP776) and investigation of isomerically hydroxylated indenoisoquinoline analogues as topoisomerase I poisons. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10844-62. [PMID: 23215354 DOI: 10.1021/jm300519w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated analogues of the anticancer topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitors indotecan (LMP400) and indimitecan (LMP776) have been prepared because (1) a variety of potent Top1 poisons are known that contain strategically placed hydroxyl groups, which provides a clear rationale for incorporating them in the present case, and (2) the hydroxylated compounds could conceivably serve as synthetic standards for the identification of metabolites. Indeed, incubating LMP400 and LMP776 with human liver microsomes resulted in two major metabolites of each drug, which had HPLC retention times and mass fragmentation patterns identical to those of the synthetic standards. The hydroxylated indotecan and indimitecan metabolites and analogues were tested as Top1 poisons and for antiproliferative activity in a variety of human cancer cell cultures and in general were found to be very potent. Differences in activity resulting from the placement of the hydroxyl group are explained by molecular modeling analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peterson KE, Cinelli MA, Morrell AE, Mehta A, Dexheimer TS, Agama K, Antony S, Pommier Y, Cushman M. Alcohol-, diol-, and carbohydrate-substituted indenoisoquinolines as topoisomerase I inhibitors: investigating the relationships involving stereochemistry, hydrogen bonding, and biological activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4937-53. [PMID: 21710981 DOI: 10.1021/jm101338z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-relaxing enzyme topoisomerase I (Top1) can be inhibited by heterocyclic compounds such as indolocarbazoles and indenoisoquinolines. Carbohydrate and hydroxyl-containing side chains are essential for the biological activity of indolocarbazoles. The current study investigated how similar functionalities could be "translated" to the indenoisoquinoline system and how stereochemistry and hydrogen bonding affect biological activity. Herein is described the preparation and assay of indenoisoquinolines substituted with short-chain alcohols, diols, and carbohydrates. Several compounds (including those derived from sugars) display potent Top1 poisoning and antiproliferative activities. The Top1 poisoning activity of diol-substituted indenoisoquinolines is dependent upon stereochemistry. Although the effect is striking, molecular modeling and docking studies do not indicate any reason for the difference in activity due to similar calculated interactions between the ligand and Top1-DNA complex and ambiguity about the binding mode. A stereochemical dependence was also observed for carbohydrate-derived indenoisoquinolines. Although similar trends were observed in other classes of Top1 inhibitors, the exact nature of this effect has yet to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Peterson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marler L, Conda-Sheridan M, Cinelli MA, Morrell AE, Cushman M, Chen L, Huang K, Van Breemen R, Pezzuto JM. Cancer chemopreventive potential of aromathecins and phenazines, novel natural product derivatives. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:4873-4882. [PMID: 21187465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the search for agents with cancer chemopreventive potential, 14-chloromethyl-12H-5,11a-diazadibenzo[b,h]fluoren-11-one (compound 1), originally synthesized as a potential topoisomerase I inhibitor, and 2,4-dibromo-1-hydroxyphenazine (compound 2), an analog of a substance found in the marine bacteria Streptomyces CNS284, were found to significantly enhance NADP(H):quinone oxidoreductase 1 (QR1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) levels in cell culture. However, following a short-term absorption study, analyses of livers from the treatment groups did not reveal a significant increase in QR1 or GST activity, or GSH levels. This was consistent with RT-PCR analyses of tissue samples. The compounds were absorbed, as judged by LC/MS analyses of serum and tissue samples, although levels were well below the concentrations required to mediate in vitro responses. Metabolites of compound 2 formed in vitro by human liver microzones were characterized using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. In sum, the in vivo activity of these compounds appears to be diminished by low bioavailability, but this experimental approach indicates the importance of systematic biomarker investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marler
- College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cinelli MA, Morrell AE, Dexheimer TS, Agama K, Agrawal S, Pommier Y, Cushman M. The structure-activity relationships of A-ring-substituted aromathecin topoisomerase I inhibitors strongly support a camptothecin-like binding mode. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5535-52. [PMID: 20630766 PMCID: PMC2911012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aromathecins are inhibitors of human topoisomerase I (Top1). These compounds are composites of several heteroaromatic systems, namely the camptothecins and indenoisoquinolines, and they possess notable Top1 inhibition and cytotoxicity when substituted at position 14. The SAR of these compounds overlaps with indenoisoquinolines, suggesting that they may intercalate into the Top1-DNA complex similarly. Nonetheless, the proposed binding mode for aromathecins is purely hypothetical, as an X-ray structure is unavailable. In the present communication, we have synthesized eight novel series of A-ring-substituted (positions 1-3) aromathecins, through a simple, modular route, as part of a comprehensive SAR study. Certain groups (such as 2,3-ethylenedioxy) moderately improve Top1 inhibition, and, often, antiproliferative activity, whereas other groups (2,3-dimethoxy and 3-substituents) attenuate bioactivity. Strikingly, these trends are very similar to those previously observed for the A-ring of camptothecins, and this considerable SAR overlap lends further support (in the absence of crystallographic data) to the hypothesis that aromathecins bind in the Top1 cleavage complex as interfacial inhibitors in a 'camptothecin-like' pose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew E. Morrell
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Thomas S. Dexheimer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Keli Agama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Surbhi Agrawal
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cinelli MA, Cordero B, Dexheimer TS, Pommier Y, Cushman M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 14-(aminoalkyl-aminomethyl)aromathecins as topoisomerase I inhibitors: investigating the hypothesis of shared structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7145-55. [PMID: 19783447 PMCID: PMC2769207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aromathecin topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitors offer promising scaffolds for the development of novel cancer chemotherapeutics. They are 'composites' of the camptothecin and indenoisoquinoline top1 inhibitors. Interestingly, some structure-activity relationship (SAR) overlap between the aromathecins and the indenoisoquinolines has been observed. For both classes, placement of certain polar groups in similar regions of the heteroaromatic system improves top1 inhibitory and antiproliferative activities. A series of water-soluble aromathecins substituted at position 14 with diaminoalkanes of various lengths has been prepared. These compounds all possess similar antiproliferative potency, but a general trend is observed: aromathecins with longer diaminoalkane substituents (>6 carbons) possess lower anti-top1 activity than their smaller counterparts (2-4 carbons), presumably as a result of unfavorable hydrophobic interactions. This trend is also noted with the indenoisoquinolines, revealing additional SAR overlap that supports the hypothesis that there is a 'universal' top1 inhibitor SAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brenda Cordero
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Thomas S. Dexheimer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cinelli MA, Morrell A, Dexheimer TS, Scher ES, Pommier Y, Cushman M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 14-substituted aromathecins as topoisomerase I inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4609-19. [PMID: 18630891 DOI: 10.1021/jm800259e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aromathecin or "rosettacin" class of topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitors is effectively a "composite" of the natural products camptothecin and luotonin A and the synthetic indenoisoquinolines. The aromathecins have aroused considerable interest following the isolation and total synthesis of 22-hydroxyacuminatine, a rare cytotoxic natural product containing the 12 H-5,11a-diazadibenzo[ b, h]fluoren-11-one system. We have developed two novel syntheses of this system and prepared a series of 14-substituted aromathecins as novel antiproliferative topoisomerase I poisons. These inhibitors are proposed to act via an intercalation and "poisoning" mechanism identical to camptothecin and the indenoisoquinolines. Many of these compounds possess greater antiproliferative activity and anti-top1 activity than the parent unsubstituted compound (rosettacin) and previously synthesized aromathecins, as well as greater top1 inhibitory activity than 22-hydroxyacuminatine. In addition to potentially aiding solubility and localization to the DNA-enzyme complex, nitrogenous substituents located at the 14-position of the aromathecin system have been proposed to project into the major groove of the top1-DNA complex and hydrogen-bond to major-groove amino acids, thereby stabilizing the ternary complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue CancerCenter, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|