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Salgueiro VC, Passemar C, Vázquez-Iniesta L, Lerma L, Floto A, Prados-Rosales R. Extracellular vesicles in mycobacteria: new findings in biogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, and diagnostics. mBio 2024; 15:e0255223. [PMID: 38567992 PMCID: PMC11077946 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mycobacterial species 15 years back, we have learned that this phenomenon is conserved in the Mycobacterium genus and has critical roles in bacterial physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the tuberculosis (TB) causative agent, produces EVs both in vitro and in vivo including a diverse set of biomolecules with demonstrated immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, Mtb EVs (MEVs) have been shown to possess vaccine properties and carry biomarkers with diagnostic capacity. Although information on MEV biogenesis relative to other bacterial species is scarce, recent studies have shed light on how MEVs originate and are released to the extracellular space. In this minireview, we discuss past and new information about the vesiculogenesis phenomenon in Mtb, including biogenesis, MEV cargo, aspects in the context of host-pathogen interactions, and applications that could help to develop effective tools to tackle the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C. Salgueiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charlotte Passemar
- Cambridge Center for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucía Vázquez-Iniesta
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lerma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Floto
- Cambridge Center for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, and Microbiology. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Bartlett HP, Dawson CC, Glickman CM, Osborn DW, Evans CR, Garcia BJ, Frost LC, Cummings JE, Whittel N, Slayden RA, Holder JW. Targeting intracellular nontuberculous mycobacteria and M. tuberculosis with a bactericidal enzymatic cocktail. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0353423. [PMID: 38534149 PMCID: PMC11064574 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03534-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To address intracellular mycobacterial infections, we developed a cocktail of four enzymes that catalytically attack three layers of the mycobacterial envelope. This cocktail is delivered to macrophages, through a targeted liposome presented here as ENTX_001. Endolytix Cocktail 1 (EC1) leverages mycobacteriophage lysin enzymes LysA and LysB, while also including α-amylase and isoamylase for degradation of the mycobacterial envelope from outside of the cell. The LysA family of proteins from mycobacteriophages has been shown to cleave the peptidoglycan layer, whereas LysB is an esterase that hydrolyzes the linkage between arabinogalactan and mycolic acids of the mycomembrane. The challenge of gaining access to the substrates of LysA and LysB provided exogenously was addressed by adding amylase enzymes that degrade the extracellular capsule shown to be present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This enzybiotic approach avoids antimicrobial resistance, specific receptor-mediated binding, and intracellular DNA surveillance pathways that limit many bacteriophage applications. We show this cocktail of enzymes is bactericidal in vitro against both rapid- and slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) as well as M. tuberculosis strains. The EC1 cocktail shows superior killing activity when compared to previously characterized LysB alone. EC1 is also powerfully synergistic with standard-of-care antibiotics. In addition to in vitro killing of NTM, ENTX_001 demonstrates the rescue of infected macrophages from necrotic death by Mycobacteroides abscessus and Mycobacterium avium. Here, we demonstrate shredding of mycobacterial cells by EC1 into cellular debris as a mechanism of bactericide.IMPORTANCEThe world needs entirely new forms of antibiotics as resistance to chemical antibiotics is a critical problem facing society. We addressed this need by developing a targeted enzyme therapy for a broad range of species and strains within mycobacteria and highly related genera including nontuberculous mycobacteria such as Mycobacteroides abscessus, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One advantage of this approach is the ability to drive our lytic enzymes through encapsulation into macrophage-targeted liposomes resulting in attack of mycobacteria in the cells that harbor them where they hide from the adaptive immune system and grow. Furthermore, this approach shreds mycobacteria independent of cell physiology as the drug targets the mycobacterial envelope while sidestepping the host range limitations observed with phage therapy and resistance to chemical antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason E. Cummings
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas Whittel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard A. Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Cifuente JO, Colleoni C, Kalscheuer R, Guerin ME. Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4863-4934. [PMID: 38606812 PMCID: PMC11046441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O. Cifuente
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University
of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF -Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural
Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Surarak T, Chumnumwat S, Nosoongnoen W, Tragulpiankit P. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of isoniazid affected by NAT2 polymorphisms in patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13795. [PMID: 38629592 PMCID: PMC11022300 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genetic polymorphisms might alter isoniazid metabolism leading to toxicity. We reviewed the impact of NAT2 genotype status on the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of isoniazid, a treatment for tuberculosis (TB). A systematic search for research articles published in Scopus, PubMed, and Embase until August 31, 2023, was conducted without filters or limits on the following search terms and Boolean operators: "isoniazid" AND "NAT2." Studies were selected if NAT2 phenotypes with pharmacokinetics or efficacy or safety of isoniazid in patients with TB were reported. Patient characteristics, NAT2 status, isoniazid pharmacokinetic parameters, early treatment failure, and the prevalence of drug-induced liver injury were extracted. If the data were given as a median, these values were standardized to the mean. Forty-one pharmacokinetics and 53 safety studies were included, but only one efficacy study was identified. The average maximum concentrations of isoniazid were expressed as supratherapeutic concentrations in adults (7.16 ± 4.85 μg/mL) and children (6.43 ± 3.87 μg/mL) in slow acetylators. The mean prevalence of drug-induced liver injury was 36.23 ± 19.84 in slow acetylators, which was significantly different from the intermediate (19.49 ± 18.20) and rapid (20.47 ± 20.68) acetylators. Subgroup analysis by continent showed that the highest mean drug-induced liver injury prevalence was in Asian slow acetylators (42.83 ± 27.61). The incidence of early treatment failure was decreased by genotype-guided isoniazid dosing in one study. Traditional weight-based dosing of isoniazid in most children and adults yielded therapeutic isoniazid levels (except for slow acetylators). Drug-induced liver injury was more commonly observed in slow acetylators. Genotype-guided dosing may prevent early treatment failure.
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5
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Singh L, Karthikeyan S, Thakur KG. Biochemical and structural characterization reveals Rv3400 codes for β-phosphoglucomutase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4943. [PMID: 38501428 PMCID: PMC10949319 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adapt to various host environments and utilize a variety of sugars and lipids as carbon sources. Among these sugars, maltose and trehalose, also play crucial role in bacterial physiology and virulence. However, some key enzymes involved in trehalose and maltose metabolism in Mtb are not yet known. Here we structurally and functionally characterized a conserved hypothetical gene Rv3400. We determined the crystal structure of Rv3400 at 1.7 Å resolution. The crystal structure revealed that Rv3400 adopts Rossmann fold and shares high structural similarity with haloacid dehalogenase family of proteins. Our comparative structural analysis suggested that Rv3400 could perform either phosphatase or pyrophosphatase or β-phosphoglucomutase (β-PGM) activity. Using biochemical studies, we further confirmed that Rv3400 performs β-PGM activity and hence, Rv3400 encodes for β-PGM in Mtb. Our data also confirm that Mtb β-PGM is a metal dependent enzyme having broad specificity for divalent metal ions. β-PGM converts β-D-glucose-1-phosphate to β-D-glucose-6-phosphate which is required for the generation of ATP and NADPH through glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, respectively. Using site directed mutagenesis followed by biochemical studies, we show that two Asp residues in the highly conserved DxD motif, D29 and D31, are crucial for enzyme activity. While D29A, D31A, D29E, D31E and D29N mutants lost complete activity, D31N mutant retained about 30% activity. This study further helps in understanding the role of β-PGM in the physiology of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latika Singh
- Division of Protein Science and EngineeringCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR‐IMTECH)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Subramanian Karthikeyan
- Division of Protein Science and EngineeringCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR‐IMTECH)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Krishan Gopal Thakur
- Division of Protein Science and EngineeringCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research—Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR‐IMTECH)ChandigarhIndia
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Lu L, Wang J, Wang C, Zhu J, Wang H, Liao L, Zhao Y, Wang X, Yang C, He Z, Li M. Plant-derived virulence arresting drugs as novel antimicrobial agents: Discovery, perspective, and challenges in clinical use. Phytother Res 2024; 38:727-754. [PMID: 38014754 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emerges as a severe crisis to public health and requires global action. The occurrence of bacterial pathogens with multi-drug resistance appeals to exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. Antivirulence treatment has been a positive substitute in seeking to circumvent AMR, which aims to target virulence factors directly to combat bacterial infections. Accumulated evidence suggests that plant-derived natural products, which have been utilized to treat infectious diseases for centuries, can be abundant sources for screening potential virulence-arresting drugs (VADs) to develop advanced therapeutics for infectious diseases. This review sums up some virulence factors and their actions in various species of bacteria, as well as recent advances pertaining to plant-derived natural products as VAD candidates. Furthermore, we also discuss natural VAD-related clinical trials and patents, the perspective of VAD-based advanced therapeutics for infectious diseases and critical challenges hampering clinical use of VADs, and genomics-guided identification for VAD therapeutic. These newly discovered natural VADs will be encouraging and optimistic candidates that may sustainably combat AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Chongrui Wang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Wang
- Safety Evaluation Center, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control (Sichuan Testing Center of Medical Devices), Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Li Liao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Langzhong People's Hospital, Langzhong, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyou He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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7
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Ishida E, Corrigan DT, Chen T, Liu Y, Kim RS, Song L, Rutledge TM, Magee DM, LaBaer J, Lowary TL, Lin PL, Achkar JM. Mucosal and systemic antigen-specific antibody responses correlate with protection against active tuberculosis in nonhuman primates. EBioMedicine 2024; 99:104897. [PMID: 38096687 PMCID: PMC10758715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports that antibodies can protect against active tuberculosis (TB) but knowledge of potentially protective antigens, especially in the airways, is limited. The main objective of this study was to identify antigen-specific airway and systemic immunoglobulin isotype responses associated with the outcome of controlled latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection (LTBI) versus uncontrolled infection (TB) in nonhuman primates. METHODS In a case-control design, using non-parametric group comparisons with false discovery rate adjustments, we assessed antibodies in 57 cynomolgus macaques which, following low-dose airway Mtb infection, developed either LTBI or TB. We investigated airway and systemic IgG, IgA, and IgM responses in paired bronchoalveolar lavage and plasma samples prior to, two-, and 5-6-months post Mtb infection using an antigen-unbiased approach with Mtb glycan and proteome-wide microarrays. FINDINGS Macaques that developed LTBI (n = 36) had significantly increased airway and plasma IgA reactivities to specific arabinomannan (AM) motifs prior to Mtb infection compared to those that developed TB (n = 21; p < 0.01, q < 0.05). Furthermore, LTBI macaques had higher plasma IgG reactivity to protein MTB32A (Rv0125) early post Mtb infection (p < 0.05) and increasing airway IgG responses to some proteins over time. INTERPRETATION Our results support a protective role of pre-existing mucosal (lung) and systemic IgA to specific Mtb glycan motifs, suggesting that prior exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria could be protective against TB. They further suggest that IgG to Mtb proteins early post infection could provide an additional protective mechanism. These findings could inform TB vaccine development strategies. FUNDING NIH/NIAID AI117927, AI146329, and AI127173 to JMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Ishida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ryung S Kim
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lusheng Song
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Tara M Rutledge
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Mitchell Magee
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Salgueiro V, Bertol J, Gutierrez C, Palacios A, Pasquina-Lemonche L, Espalliat A, Lerma L, Weinrick B, Lavin JL, Elortza F, Azkalgorta M, Prieto A, Buendía-Nacarino P, Luque-García JL, Neyrolles O, Cava F, Hobbs JK, Sanz J, Prados-Rosales R. Maintenance of cell wall remodeling and vesicle production are connected in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.19.567727. [PMID: 38187572 PMCID: PMC10769192 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.19.567727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) under various conditions. EVs produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) have raised significant interest for their potential in cell communication, nutrient acquisition, and immune evasion. However, the relevance of vesicle secretion during tuberculosis infection remains unknown due to the limited understanding of mycobacterial vesicle biogenesis. We have previously shown that a transposon mutant in the LCP-related gene virR ( virR mut ) manifested a strong attenuated phenotype during experimental macrophage and murine infections, concomitant to enhanced vesicle release. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of VirR in the vesicle production process in Mtb . We employ genetic, transcriptional, proteomics, ultrastructural and biochemical methods to investigate the underlying processes explaining the enhanced vesiculogenesis phenomenon observed in the virR mutant. Our results establish that VirR is critical to sustain proper cell permeability via regulation of cell envelope remodeling possibly through the interaction with similar cell envelope proteins, which control the link between peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan. These findings advance our understanding of mycobacterial extracellular vesicle biogenesis and suggest that these set of proteins could be attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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9
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Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
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10
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Rojas-Espinosa O, Arce-Mendoza AY, Islas-Trujillo S, Muñiz-Buenrostro A, Arce-Paredes P, Popoca-Galván O, Moreno-Altamirano B, Rivero Silva M. Necrosis, netosis, and apoptosis in pulmonary tuberculosis and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Clues from the patient's serum. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102426. [PMID: 38180029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two inflammatory diseases whose pathology involves neutrophils (NEU) as key participants. Countless inflammatory elements produced at the lesion sites leak into the blood and are distributed systemically. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the serum of patients with PTB, T2DM, and PTB + T2DM on the cellular and nuclear morphology of healthy NEU. Monolayers of NEU were prepared and incubated with sera from PTB (n꓿ 10), T2DM (n꓿10), PTB + T2DM (n꓿ 10) patients, or sera from healthy people (n = 10). Monolayers were stained for histones, elastase, and myeloperoxidase for NETosis, annexin V for apoptosis, and Iris fuchsia for necrosis. Hoechst stain (DNA) was used to identify the nuclear alterations. Necrosis was the predominant alteration. Sera from PTB + T2DM were the most potent change inducers. Normal sera did not induce cell alterations. The blood of TBP and T2DM patients carries a myriad of abnormal elements that induce necrosis of NEU in normal people, thus reflecting what might occur in the neutrophils of the patients themselves. These findings reinforce the participation of NEU in the pathology of these diseases. Necrosis is expected to be the most frequent neutrophil-induced alteration in tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rojas-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Alma Yolanda Arce-Mendoza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Islas-Trujillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Antonio Muñiz-Buenrostro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Patricia Arce-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Omar Popoca-Galván
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Bertha Moreno-Altamirano
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Rivero Silva
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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11
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Krishnan A, Khan FI, Sukumar S, Khan MKA. Identification of potential molecular targets and repurposed drugs for tuberculosis using network-based screening approach, molecular docking, and simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37948198 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2279699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The spread of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis has hampered efforts to control the disease worldwide. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall envelope is dynamic, with complex features that protect it from the host immunological response. As a result, the bacterial cell wall components represent a potential target for drug discovery. Protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN) are critical for understanding disease conditions and identifying precise therapeutic targets. We used a rational theoretical approach by constructing a PPIN with the proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The PPIN was constructed through the STRING database and embB was identified as a key protein by using four topological measures, betweenness, closeness, degree, and eigenvector, in the CytoNCA tool in Cytoscape. The 'Drug repurposing' approach was employed to find suitable inhibitors against embB. We used the Schrödinger suites for molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energy calculations to validate the binding of protein with the ligand. FDA-approved drugs from the ZINC database and DrugBank were screened against embB (PDB ID: 7BVF) using high-throughput virtual screening, standard precision, and extra precision docking. The drugs were screened based on the XP docking score of the standard drug ethambutol. Accordingly, from the top five hits, azilsartan and dihydroergotamine were selected based on the binding free energy values and were further subjected to Molecular Dynamics Simulation studies for 100 ns. Our study confirms that Azilsartan and Dihydroergotamine form stable complexes with embB and can be used as potential lead molecules based on further in vitro and in vivo experimental validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunika Krishnan
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sudarkodi Sukumar
- Lakshmikumaran and Sridharan Attorneys, Wallace Garden, Nungambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Md Khurshid Alam Khan
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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12
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Schnitker F, Liu Y, Keitsch S, Soddemann M, Verhasselt HL, Kehrmann J, Grassmé H, Kamler M, Gulbins E, Wu Y. Reduced Sphingosine in Cystic Fibrosis Increases Susceptibility to Mycobacterium abscessus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14004. [PMID: 37762308 PMCID: PMC10530875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and often leads to pulmonary infections caused by various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and nontuberculous mycobacteria, particularly Mycobacterium abscessus. Unfortunately, M. abscessus infections are increasing in prevalence and are associated with the rapid deterioration of CF patients. The treatment options for M. abscessus infections are limited, requiring the urgent need to comprehend infectious pathogenesis and develop new therapeutic interventions targeting affected CF patients. Here, we show that the deficiency of CFTR reduces sphingosine levels in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages from CF mice and humans. Decreased sphingosine contributes to the susceptibility of CF tissues to M. abscessus infection, resulting in a higher incidence of infections in CF mice. Notably, treatment of M. abscessus with sphingosine demonstrated potent bactericidal activity against the pathogen. Most importantly, restoration of sphingosine levels in CF cells, whether human or mouse, and in the lungs of CF mice, provided protection against M. abscessus infections. Our findings demonstrate that pulmonary sphingosine levels are important in controlling M. abscessus infection. These results offer a promising therapeutic avenue for CF patients with pulmonary M. abscessus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schnitker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (F.S.); (Y.L.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (F.S.); (Y.L.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (E.G.)
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Thoracic Transplantation, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany;
| | - Simone Keitsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (F.S.); (Y.L.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Matthias Soddemann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (F.S.); (Y.L.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Hedda Luise Verhasselt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (H.L.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Kehrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (H.L.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (F.S.); (Y.L.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Markus Kamler
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Thoracic Transplantation, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany;
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (F.S.); (Y.L.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (E.G.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (F.S.); (Y.L.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (H.G.); (E.G.)
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13
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Krishnan V, Nath S, Nair P, Das B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its clever approaches to escape the deadly macrophage. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:300. [PMID: 37667129 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt.b), a deadly disease causer, is a facultative parasite. This microorganism has developed several methods to defend itself, once internalized within specialised vacuoles in the macrophages. A wide array of receptors like the complement receptor mannose receptors, scavenger receptor assists the entry of the microbe within the phagocytic macrophages. However, Mt.b is clever enough to protect itself from the hostile environment of the macrophage thereby prevailing within it. The microbe can efficiently inhibit processes like phagosome-lysosome fusion, acidification of phagosomes, release of proinflammatory cytokines and stop crucial events like apoptosis. Additionally, it also adopts resistance to killing by reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates. There are multiple genes both in host and the pathogen which are involved in this successful survival of Mt.b. The regulation of phagolysosome fusion is mediated by proteins such as Coronin, TlyA, SapM, PnkG, EsxH. The microbe has certain mechanisms to even acquire iron from the host cell, to withstand iron deprivation as a mode of host's defence mechanism. This review focuses on the various defensive adaptations acquired by Mt.b for fighting against the deprived conditions existing within the macrophages and their capability of proliferating successfully within it, thereby resulting in a diseased condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India
| | | | - Preetha Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India
| | - Bannhi Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560052, India.
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14
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Komarova BS, Novikova NS, Gerbst AG, Sinitsyna OA, Rubtsova EA, Kondratyeva EG, Sinitsyn AP, Nifantiev NE. Combination of 3- O-Levulinoyl and 6- O-Trifluorobenzoyl Groups Ensures α-Selectivity in Glucosylations: Synthesis of the Oligosaccharides Related to Aspergillus fumigatus α-(1 → 3)-d-Glucan. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12542-12564. [PMID: 37593939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Stereospecific α-glucosylation of primary and secondary OH-group at carbohydrate acceptors is achieved using glucosyl N-phenyl-trifluoroacetimidate (PTFAI) donor protected with an electron-withdrawing 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoyl (TFB) group at O-6 and the participating levulinoyl (Lev) group at O-3. New factors have been revealed that might explain α-stereoselectivity in the case of TFB and pentafluorobenzoyl (PFB) groups at O-6. They are of conformational nature and confirmed by DFT calculations. The potential of this donor, as well as the orthogonality of TFB and Lev protecting groups, is showcased by the synthesis of α-(1 → 3)-linked pentaglucoside corresponding to Aspergillus fumigatus α-(1 → 3)-d-glucan and of its hexasaccharide derivative, bearing β-glucosamine residue at the non-reducing end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhena S Komarova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia S Novikova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey G Gerbst
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Sinitsyna
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory 1-11, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Rubtsova
- FRC "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33-2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Elena G Kondratyeva
- FRC "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33-2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Arkady P Sinitsyn
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory 1-11, Moscow 119992, Russia
- FRC "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33-2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Mahajan PS, Girigosavi P, Chauware V, Mokashi ND, Nema V. Issues with the current drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis cure and potential of cell envelope proteins for new drug discovery. Indian J Tuberc 2023; 70:286-296. [PMID: 37562902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been the smartest pathogen ever and a challenge to drug development. Its replicative machinery is unique, so targeting the same for killing the pathogen remains a challenge. Our body typically throws out the drugs before they see the bacterium multiply. The pathogen has also learned how to remove drugs from its internal chambers and not allow them to reach their targets. Another strategy for Mtb is the mutation of the targets to reject drug binding and bypass the drug's inhibitory actions. In this review, we tried to explore possible targets on the outer side of the bacterial cell. We have also explored if those targets are promising enough and if there are drugs or inhibitors available. We also discuss the essential proteins and why they remain to be a good target. We concluded that the cell envelope has got a few proteins that can be targeted in isolation or maybe along with other machinery while making the outer environment more conducive for penetration of current drugs or newly proposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik S Mahajan
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, India
| | - Payal Girigosavi
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, India
| | - Vijay Chauware
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, India
| | - Nitin D Mokashi
- Postgraduate Institute, Yashwantrao Chavan Memorial Hospital, Pune, 411018, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, India.
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16
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Italia A, Shaik MM, Peri F. Emerging Extracellular Molecular Targets for Innovative Pharmacological Approaches to Resistant Mtb Infection. Biomolecules 2023; 13:999. [PMID: 37371579 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging pharmacological strategies that target major virulence factors of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are presented and discussed. This review is divided into three parts corresponding to structures and functions important for Mtb pathogenicity: the cell wall, the lipoarabinomannan, and the secretory proteins. Within the cell wall, we further focus on three biopolymeric sub-components: mycolic acids, arabinogalactan, and peptidoglycan. We present a comprehensive overview of drugs and drug candidates that target cell walls, envelopes, and secretory systems. An understanding at a molecular level of Mtb pathogenesis is provided, and potential future directions in therapeutic strategies are suggested to access new drugs to combat the growing global threat of antibiotic-resistant Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Italia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Mohammed Monsoor Shaik
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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17
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Anes E, Pires D, Mandal M, Azevedo-Pereira JM. ESAT-6 a Major Virulence Factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:968. [PMID: 37371548 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), is one of the most successfully adapted human pathogens. Human-to-human transmission occurs at high rates through aerosols containing bacteria, but the pathogen evolved prior to the establishment of crowded populations. Mtb has developed a particular strategy to ensure persistence in the host until an opportunity for transmission arises. It has refined its lifestyle to obviate the need for virulence factors such as capsules, flagella, pili, or toxins to circumvent mucosal barriers. Instead, the pathogen uses host macrophages, where it establishes intracellular niches for its migration into the lung parenchyma and other tissues and for the induction of long-lived latency in granulomas. Finally, at the end of the infection cycle, Mtb induces necrotic cell death in macrophages to escape to the extracellular milieu and instructs a strong inflammatory response that is required for the progression from latency to disease and transmission. Common to all these events is ESAT-6, one of the major virulence factors secreted by the pathogen. This narrative review highlights the recent advances in understanding the role of ESAT-6 in hijacking macrophage function to establish successful infection and transmission and its use as a target for the development of diagnostic tools and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Abstract
Mycobacteria are responsible for several human and animal diseases. NOD2 is a pattern recognition receptor that has an important role in mycobacterial recognition. However, the mechanisms by which mutations in NOD2 alter the course of mycobacterial infection remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to review the totality of studies directly addressing the relationship between NOD2 and mycobacteria as a foundation for moving the field forward. NOD2 was linked to mycobacterial infection at 3 levels: (1) genetic, through association with mycobacterial diseases of humans; (2) chemical, through the distinct NOD2 ligand in the mycobacterial cell wall; and (3) immunologic, through heightened NOD2 signaling caused by the unique modification of the NOD2 ligand. The immune response to mycobacteria is shaped by NOD2 signaling, responsible for NF-κB and MAPK activation, and the production of various immune effectors like cytokines and nitric oxide, with some evidence linking this to bacteriologic control. Absence of NOD2 during mycobacterial infection of mice can be detrimental, but the mechanism remains unknown. Conversely, the success of immunization with mycobacteria has been linked to NOD2 signaling and NOD2 has been targeted as an avenue of immunotherapy for diseases even beyond mycobacteria. The mycobacteria-NOD2 interaction remains an important area of study, which may shed light on immune mechanisms in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Dubé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
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19
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Gillmann KM, Temme JS, Marglous S, Brown CE, Gildersleeve JC. Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies: Basic research and clinical applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 74:102281. [PMID: 36905763 PMCID: PMC10732169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies have important applications in human health and basic research. Therapeutic antibodies that recognize cancer- or pathogen-associated glycans have been investigated in numerous clinical trials, resulting in two FDA-approved biopharmaceuticals. Anti-glycan antibodies are also utilized to diagnose, prognosticate, and monitor disease progression, as well as to study the biological roles and expression of glycans. High-quality anti-glycan mAbs are still in limited supply, highlighting the need for new technologies for anti-glycan antibody discovery. This review discusses anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies with applications to basic research, diagnostics, and therapeutics, focusing on recent advances in mAbs targeting cancer- and infectious disease-associated glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Gillmann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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20
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Yimcharoen M, Saikaew S, Wattananandkul U, Phunpae P, Intorasoot S, Tayapiwatana C, Butr-Indr B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Adaptation in Response to Isoniazid Treatment in a Multi-Stress System That Mimics the Host Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050852. [PMID: 37237755 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is an antibiotic that is widely used to treat tuberculosis (TB). Adaptation to environmental stress is a survival strategy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is associated with antibiotic resistance development. Here, mycobacterial adaptation following INH treatment was studied using a multi-stress system (MS), which mimics host-derived stress. Mtb H37Rv (drug-susceptible), mono-isoniazid resistant (INH-R), mono-rifampicin resistant (RIF-R), and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were cultivated in the MS with or without INH. The expression of stress-response genes (hspX, tgs1, icl1, and sigE) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM)-related genes (pimB, mptA, mptC, dprE1, dprE2, and embC), which play important roles in the host-pathogen interaction, were measured using real-time PCR. The different adaptations of the drug-resistant (DR) and drug-susceptible (DS) strains were presented in this work. icl1 and dprE1 were up-regulated in the DR strains in the MS, implying their roles as markers of virulence and potential drug targets. In the presence of INH, hspX, tgs1, and sigE were up-regulated in the INH-R and RIF-R strains, while icl1 and LAM-related genes were up-regulated in the H37Rv strain. This study demonstrates the complexity of mycobacterial adaptation through stress response regulation and LAM expression in response to INH under the MS, which could potentially be applied for TB treatment and monitoring in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Yimcharoen
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sukanya Saikaew
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Usanee Wattananandkul
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ponrut Phunpae
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sorasak Intorasoot
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Bordin Butr-Indr
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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21
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Glycoside hydrolases active on microbial exopolysaccharide α-glucans: structures and function. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:505-520. [PMID: 36876882 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature and is an important energy source for living organisms. Glucose exists primarily as oligomers or polymers and organisms break it down and consume it. Starch is an important plant-derived α-glucan in the human diet. The enzymes that degrade this α-glucan have been well studied as they are ubiquitous throughout nature. Some bacteria and fungi produce α-glucans with different glucosidic linkages compared with that of starch, and their structures are quite complex and not fully understood. Compared with enzymes that degrade the α-(1→4) and α-(1→6) linkages in starch, biochemical and structural studies of the enzymes that catabolize α-glucans from these microorganisms are limited. This review focuses on glycoside hydrolases that act on microbial exopolysaccharide α-glucans containing α-(1→6), α-(1→3), and α-(1→2) linkages. Recently acquired information regarding microbial genomes has contributed to the discovery of enzymes with new substrate specificities compared with that of previously studied enzymes. The discovery of new microbial α-glucan-hydrolyzing enzymes suggests previously unknown carbohydrate utilization pathways and reveals strategies for microorganisms to obtain energy from external sources. In addition, structural analysis of α-glucan degrading enzymes has revealed their substrate recognition mechanisms and expanded their potential use as tools for understanding complex carbohydrate structures. In this review, the author summarizes the recent progress in the structural biology of microbial α-glucan degrading enzymes, touching on previous studies of microbial α-glucan degrading enzymes.
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22
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Mittal E, Roth AT, Seth A, Singamaneni S, Beatty W, Philips JA. Single cell preparations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis damage the mycobacterial envelope and disrupt macrophage interactions. eLife 2023; 12:e85416. [PMID: 36852737 PMCID: PMC9998084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, investigators have studied the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with macrophages, which serve as a major cellular niche for the bacilli. Because Mtb are prone to aggregation, investigators rely on varied methods to disaggregate the bacteria for these studies. Here, we examined the impact of routinely used preparation methods on bacterial cell envelope integrity, macrophage inflammatory responses, and intracellular Mtb survival. We found that both gentle sonication and filtering damaged the mycobacterial cell envelope and markedly impacted the outcome of infections in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Unexpectedly, sonicated bacilli were hyperinflammatory, eliciting dramatically higher TLR2-dependent gene expression and elevated secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α. Despite evoking enhanced inflammatory responses, sonicated bacilli replicated normally in macrophages. In contrast, Mtb that had been passed through a filter induced little inflammatory response, and they were attenuated in macrophages. Previous work suggests that the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid, phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM), dampens macrophage inflammatory responses to Mtb. However, we found that the impact of PDIM depended on the method used to prepare Mtb. In conclusion, widely used methodologies to disaggregate Mtb may introduce experimental artifacts in Mtb-host interaction studies, including alteration of host inflammatory signaling, intracellular bacterial survival, and interpretation of bacterial mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekansh Mittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Andrew T Roth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Anushree Seth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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23
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Supramolecular organization and dynamics of mannosylated phosphatidylinositol lipids in the mycobacterial plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212755120. [PMID: 36693100 PMCID: PMC9945971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212755120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a disease that claims ~1.6 million lives annually. The current treatment regime is long and expensive, and missed doses contribute to drug resistance. Therefore, development of new anti-TB drugs remains one of the highest public health priorities. Mtb has evolved a complex cell envelope that represents a formidable barrier to antibiotics. The Mtb cell envelop consists of four distinct layers enriched for Mtb specific lipids and glycans. Although the outer membrane, comprised of mycolic acid esters, has been extensively studied, less is known about the plasma membrane, which also plays a critical role in impacting antibiotic efficacy. The Mtb plasma membrane has a unique lipid composition, with mannosylated phosphatidylinositol lipids (phosphatidyl-myoinositol mannosides, PIMs) comprising more than 50% of the lipids. However, the role of PIMs in the structure and function of the membrane remains elusive. Here, we used multiscale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the structure-function relationship of the PIM lipid family and decipher how they self-organize to shape the biophysical properties of mycobacterial plasma membranes. We assess both symmetric and asymmetric assemblies of the Mtb plasma membrane and compare this with residue distributions of Mtb integral membrane protein structures. To further validate the model, we tested known anti-TB drugs and demonstrated that our models agree with experimental results. Thus, our work sheds new light on the organization of the mycobacterial plasma membrane. This paves the way for future studies on antibiotic development and understanding Mtb membrane protein function.
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24
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A Structural View at Vaccine Development against M. tuberculosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020317. [PMID: 36672252 PMCID: PMC9857197 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading global cause of death from an infectious bacterial agent. Limiting tuberculosis epidemic spread is therefore an urgent global public health priority. As stated by the WHO, to stop the spread of the disease we need a new vaccine, with better coverage than the current Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine. This vaccine was first used in 1921 and, since then, there are still no new licensed tuberculosis vaccines. However, there is extremely active research in the field, with a steep acceleration in the past decades, due to the advance of technologies and more rational vaccine design strategies. This review aims to gather latest updates in vaccine development in the various clinical phases and to underline the contribution of Structural Vaccinology (SV) to the development of safer and effective antigens. In particular, SV and the development of vaccine adjuvants is making the use of subunit vaccines, which are the safest albeit the less antigenic ones, an achievable goal. Indeed, subunit vaccines overcome safety concerns but need to be rationally re-engineered to enhance their immunostimulating effects. The larger availability of antigen structural information as well as a better understanding of the complex host immune response to TB infection is a strong premise for a further acceleration of TB vaccine development.
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25
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Bhanot A, Lunge A, Kumar N, Kidwai S, Singh R, Sundriyal S, Agarwal N. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpC1: SAR studies and antimycobacterial evaluation. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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26
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Corrigan DT, Ishida E, Chatterjee D, Lowary TL, Achkar JM. Monoclonal antibodies to lipoarabinomannan/arabinomannan - characteristics and implications for tuberculosis research and diagnostics. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:22-35. [PMID: 35918247 PMCID: PMC9771891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to the mycobacterial surface lipoglycan lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its related capsular polysaccharide arabinomannan (AM) are increasingly important for investigations focused on both understanding mechanisms of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and developing next-generation point-of-care tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics. We provide here an overview of the growing pipeline of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to LAM/AM. Old and new methodologies for their generation are reviewed and we outline and discuss their glycan epitope specificity and other features with implications for the TB field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Elise Ishida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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27
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Thakur M, Muniyappa K. Macrophage activation highlight an important role for NER proteins in the survival, latency and multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 138:102284. [PMID: 36459831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the most extensively studied DNA repair processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The NER pathway is a highly conserved, ATP-dependent multi-step process involving several proteins/enzymes that function in a concerted manner to recognize and excise a wide spectrum of helix-distorting DNA lesions and bulky adducts by nuclease cleavage on either side of the damaged bases. As such, the NER pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is essential for its survival within the hostile environment of macrophages and disease progression. This review focuses on present published knowledge about the crucial roles of Mtb NER proteins in the survival and multiplication of the pathogen within the macrophages and as potential targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - K Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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28
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Jang EH, Kim JS, Yu SR, Bahn YS. Unraveling Capsule Biosynthesis and Signaling Networks in Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0286622. [PMID: 36287085 PMCID: PMC9769619 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02866-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans-an opportunistic basidiomycete pathogen and the major etiological agent of fungal meningoencephalitis-is a key virulence factor that prevents its phagocytosis by host innate immune cells. However, the complex signaling networks for their synthesis and attachment remain elusive. In this study, we systematically analyzed capsule biosynthesis and signaling networks using C. neoformans transcription factor (TF) and kinase mutant libraries under diverse capsule-inducing conditions. We found that deletion of GAT201, YAP1, BZP4, and ADA2 consistently caused capsule production defects in all tested media, indicating that they are capsule-regulating core TFs. Epistatic and expression analyses showed that Yap1 and Ada2 control Gat201 upstream, whereas Bzp4 and Gat201 independently regulate capsule production. Next, we searched for potential upstream kinases and found that mutants lacking PKA1, BUD32, POS5, IRE1, or CDC2801 showed reduced capsule production under all three capsule induction conditions, whereas mutants lacking HOG1 and IRK5 displayed enhanced capsule production. Pka1 and Irk5 controlled the induction of GAT201 and BZP4, respectively, under capsule induction conditions. Finally, we monitored the transcriptome profiles governed by Bzp4, Gat201, and Ada2 under capsule-inducing conditions and demonstrated that these TFs regulate redundant and unique sets of downstream target genes. Bzp4, Ada2, and Gat201 govern capsule formation in C. neoformans by regulating the expression of various capsule biosynthesis genes and chitin/chitosan synthesis genes in a positive and negative manner, respectively. In conclusion, this study provides further insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms of capsule production-related signaling pathways in C. neoformans. IMPORTANCE Over the past decades, human fungal pathogens, including C. neoformans, have emerged as a major public threat since the AIDS pandemic, only to gain more traction in connection to COVID-19. Polysaccharide capsules are rare fungal virulence factors that are critical for protecting C. neoformans from phagocytosis by macrophages. To date, more than 75 proteins involved in capsule synthesis and cell wall attachment have been reported in C. neoformans; however, their complex upstream signaling networks remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that Ada2, Yap1, Bzp4, and Gat201 were key capsule-inducing transcriptional regulators. Yap1 and Ada2 function upstream of Gat201, whereas Bzp4 and Gat201 function independently. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling revealed that Bzp4, Gat201, and Ada2 promote capsule production and attachment by positively and negatively regulating genes involved in capsule synthesis and chitin/chitosan synthesis, respectively. Thus, this study provides comprehensive insights into the complex capsule-regulating signaling pathway in C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ryong Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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29
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Xu X, Dong B, Peng L, Gao C, He Z, Wang C, Zeng J. Anti-tuberculosis drug development via targeting the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1056608. [PMID: 36620019 PMCID: PMC9810820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1056608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses a dynamic cell envelope, which consists of a peptidoglycan layer, a mycolic acid layer, and an arabinogalactan polysaccharide. This envelope possesses a highly complex and unique structure representing a barrier that protects and assists the growth of M. tuberculosis and allows its adaptation to the host. It regulates the immune response of the host cells, causing their damage. Therefore, the cell envelope of M. tuberculosis is an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. The emergence of multidrug-resistant as well as extensively drug resistant tuberculosis and co-infection with HIV prevented an effective control of this disease. Thus, the discovery and development of new drugs is a major keystone for TB treatment and control. This review mainly summarizes the development of drug enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the cell wall in M. tuberculosis, and other potential drug targets in this pathway, to provide more effective strategies for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baoyu Dong
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqun He
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China-PUMC CC Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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30
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Correia-Neves M, Nigou J, Mousavian Z, Sundling C, Källenius G. Immunological hyporesponsiveness in tuberculosis: The role of mycobacterial glycolipids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035122. [PMID: 36544778 PMCID: PMC9761185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids constitute a major part of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). They are potent immunomodulatory molecules recognized by several immune receptors like pattern recognition receptors such as TLR2, DC-SIGN and Dectin-2 on antigen-presenting cells and by T cell receptors on T lymphocytes. The Mtb glycolipids lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its biosynthetic relatives, phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipomannan (LM), as well as other Mtb glycolipids, such as phenolic glycolipids and sulfoglycolipids have the ability to modulate the immune response, stimulating or inhibiting a pro-inflammatory response. We explore here the downmodulating effect of Mtb glycolipids. A great proportion of the studies used in vitro approaches although in vivo infection with Mtb might also lead to a dampening of myeloid cell and T cell responses to Mtb glycolipids. This dampened response has been explored ex vivo with immune cells from peripheral blood from Mtb-infected individuals and in mouse models of infection. In addition to the dampening of the immune response caused by Mtb glycolipids, we discuss the hyporesponse to Mtb glycolipids caused by prolonged Mtb infection and/or exposure to Mtb antigens. Hyporesponse to LAM has been observed in myeloid cells from individuals with active and latent tuberculosis (TB). For some myeloid subsets, this effect is stronger in latent versus active TB. Since the immune response in individuals with latent TB represents a more protective profile compared to the one in patients with active TB, this suggests that downmodulation of myeloid cell functions by Mtb glycolipids may be beneficial for the host and protect against active TB disease. The mechanisms of this downmodulation, including tolerance through epigenetic modifications, are only partly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B's), Portuguese (PT) Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Zaynab Mousavian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Gunilla Källenius,
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31
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Poulton NC, Rock JM. Unraveling the mechanisms of intrinsic drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:997283. [PMID: 36325467 PMCID: PMC9618640 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.997283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the most difficult infections to treat, requiring several months of multidrug therapy to produce a durable cure. The reasons necessitating long treatment times are complex and multifactorial. However, one major difficulty of treating TB is the resistance of the infecting bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to many distinct classes of antimicrobials. This review will focus on the major gaps in our understanding of intrinsic drug resistance in Mtb and how functional and chemical-genetics can help close those gaps. A better understanding of intrinsic drug resistance will help lay the foundation for strategies to disarm and circumvent these mechanisms to develop more potent antitubercular therapies.
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32
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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33
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Wang Y, Shi Q, Chen Q, Zhou X, Yuan H, Jia X, Liu S, Li Q, Ge L. Emerging advances in identifying signal transmission molecules involved in the interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:956311. [PMID: 35959378 PMCID: PMC9359464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.956311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an ancient chronic infectious disease and is still the leading cause of death worldwide due to a single infectious disease. MTB can achieve immune escape by interacting with host cells through its special cell structure and secreting a variety of effector proteins. Innate immunity-related pattern recognition receptors (PPR receptors) play a key role in the regulation of signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on the latest research progress on related signal transduction molecules in the interaction between MTB and the host. In addition, we provide new research ideas for the development of new anti-tuberculosis drug targets and lead compounds and provide an overview of information useful for approaching future tuberculosis host-oriented treatment research approaches and strategies, which has crucial scientific guiding significance and research value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiyuan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Yuan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Jia
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Li, ; Lijun Ge,
| | - Lijun Ge
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Li, ; Lijun Ge,
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34
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Nobre RN, Esteves AM, Borges N, Rebelo S, Liu Y, Mancia F, Santos H. Production and Purification of Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides from Mycobacterium smegmatis Biomass. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e458. [PMID: 35758621 PMCID: PMC9245178 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is regarded as the most successful pathogen of humankind and a major threat to global health. The mycobacterial cell wall is vital for cell growth, virulence, and resistance to antibiotics, and thus constitutes a unique target for drug development. To characterize the enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of the cell wall components, considerable amounts of substrates are required. Since many mycobacterial cell wall lipids, particularly phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs), are not commercially available, isolation from cell biomass is the most straightforward way to obtain these compounds. In this study, we optimized a protocol to extract and purify PIM species, in particular Ac1 PIM2 and Ac1 PIM4 , which can be further used for the identification and characterization of target enzymes. PIMs were extracted from Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 ΔPimE using organic solvents, and purified through three consecutive chromatography steps. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used in-between purification steps to evaluate the success of lipid separation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for product quantification and to assess purity. Typically, from a 60 g batch of M. smegmatis biomass we were able to isolate approximately 9 mg of Ac1 PIM2 and 1.8 mg of Ac1 PIM4 . This is the first time the purification of phosphatidylinositol tetramannoside has been reported. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Growth of M. smegmatis mc2 155 ∆PimE Basic Protocol 2: Extraction of lipids from M. smegmatis mc2 155 ∆PimE Basic Protocol 3: Treatment of the lipid extract for isolation of phospholipids Basic Protocol 4: Isolation of phosphatidylinositol mannosides Basic Protocol 5: Quantification of phosphatidylinositol mannosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo N. Nobre
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República – EAN, Apartado 127, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Esteves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República – EAN, Apartado 127, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nuno Borges
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República – EAN, Apartado 127, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sara Rebelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República – EAN, Apartado 127, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Yaqi Liu
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, Russ Berrie pavilion, room 520B, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, Russ Berrie pavilion, room 520B, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República – EAN, Apartado 127, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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35
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Hendricks-Leukes NR, Jonas MR, Mlamla ZC, Smith M, Blackburn JM. Dual-Approach Electrochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Patient-Derived Biological Specimens: Proof of Concept for a Generalizable Method to Detect and Identify Bacterial Pathogens. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1403-1418. [PMID: 35561012 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent surge in infectious disease-causing pathogens, resulting in global catastrophe, has merited a pivotal quest toward point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is still the top bacterium-based infectious disease-causing pathogen worldwide. In a concerted effort toward simplifying and decentralizing the discriminatory screening of MTB causing pathogens, electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering (EC-SERS) was adopted to create a customized screening tool. The development strategy combined five key factors, including (i) a simplified Tollens'-based chemical synthesis method for bulk supply of silver nanoparticles, (ii) the deliberate surface modification of nanoparticles with carefully selected polyelectrolytes to resemble the conditioning layer usually found on a natural substratum, (iii) uniform SERS-active films formed through simple unprogrammed assembly, (iv) the controlled manipulation of the local electric field through applied voltage using a technique that does not conform to the limitations of classical EC-SERS, and (v) the inherent specificity of the target-specific SERS vibrational signature. The EC-SERS platform was able to discriminatively detect and identify TB-derived mycobacteria, including three clinically relevant MTB strains, TB-H37Rv, TB-HN878, and TB-CDC1551. Moreover, a customized voltage stepping protocol, compatible with either the inclusion of a short preincubation step or with in situ EC-SERS is illustrated. From the obtained SERS vibrational signatures, a band indicating a mode unique to TB-derived/TB-affiliated mycobacteria and thus not observed for other bacterial types used in this study was illustrated. Furthermore, provisional investigation, done as prelude for assessing the potential for translational adaptability of the EC-SERS technique toward POC clinical settings for sputum and urine specimens, was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette R. Hendricks-Leukes
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Mario R. Jonas
- Department of Pathology, Division of Human Genetics, Sickle Africa Data Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Zandile C. Mlamla
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Muneerah Smith
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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36
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Mycobacterial Adhesion: From Hydrophobic to Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020454. [PMID: 35208908 PMCID: PMC8875947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is crucial for the infective lifestyles of bacterial pathogens. Adhesion to non-living surfaces, other microbial cells, and components of the biofilm extracellular matrix are crucial for biofilm formation and integrity, plus adherence to host factors constitutes a first step leading to an infection. Adhesion is, therefore, at the core of pathogens’ ability to contaminate, transmit, establish residency within a host, and cause an infection. Several mycobacterial species cause diseases in humans and animals with diverse clinical manifestations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which enters through the respiratory tract, first adheres to alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells leading up to transmigration across the alveolar epithelium and containment within granulomas. Later, when dissemination occurs, the bacilli need to adhere to extracellular matrix components to infect extrapulmonary sites. Mycobacteria causing zoonotic infections and emerging nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens follow divergent routes of infection that probably require adapted adhesion mechanisms. New evidence also points to the occurrence of mycobacterial biofilms during infection, emphasizing a need to better understand the adhesive factors required for their formation. Herein, we review the literature on tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial adhesion to living and non-living surfaces, to themselves, to host cells, and to components of the extracellular matrix.
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37
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Allué-Guardia A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Olmo-Fontánez AM, Peters J, Maselli DJ, Wang Y, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. Host- and Age-Dependent Transcriptional Changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Biosynthesis Genes after Exposure to Human Alveolar Lining Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020983. [PMID: 35055170 PMCID: PMC8780516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection, caused by the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), resulted in almost 1.4 million deaths in 2019, and the number of deaths is predicted to increase by 20% over the next 5 years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon reaching the alveolar space, M.tb comes into close contact with the lung mucosa before and after its encounter with host alveolar compartment cells. Our previous studies show that homeostatic, innate soluble components of the alveolar lining fluid (ALF) can quickly alter the cell envelope surface of M.tb upon contact, defining subsequent M.tb-host cell interactions and infection outcomes in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated that ALF from 60+ year old elders (E-ALF) vs. healthy 18- to 45-year-old adults (A-ALF) is dysfunctional, with loss of homeostatic capacity and impaired innate soluble responses linked to high local oxidative stress. In this study, a targeted transcriptional assay shows that M.tb exposure to human ALF alters the expression of its cell envelope genes. Specifically, our results indicate that A-ALF-exposed M.tb upregulates cell envelope genes associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism, as well as genes associated with redox homeostasis and transcriptional regulators. Conversely, M.tb exposure to E-ALF shows a lesser transcriptional response, with most of the M.tb genes unchanged or downregulated. Overall, this study indicates that M.tb responds and adapts to the lung alveolar environment upon contact, and that the host ALF status, determined by factors such as age, might play an important role in determining infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.G.-V.); (A.M.O.-F.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.-G.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.G.-V.); (A.M.O.-F.)
| | - Angélica M. Olmo-Fontánez
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.G.-V.); (A.M.O.-F.)
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jay Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (J.P.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Diego J. Maselli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (J.P.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (J.T.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (J.T.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.G.-V.); (A.M.O.-F.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.-G.); (J.B.T.)
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38
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Park WJ, Yoon YK, Kim Y, Park JS, Pansuriya R, Cho SN, Seok YJ, Ganapathy R. Development of a bivalent conjugate vaccine candidate against rotaviral diarrhea and tuberculosis using polysaccharide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis conjugated to ΔVP8* protein from rotavirus. Vaccine 2021; 39:6644-6652. [PMID: 34642087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of carbohydrate antigens with a carrier protein is a clinically proven strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharide. In addition to its primary role, which is to help generate a T cell-mediate long-lasting immune response directed against the carbohydrate antigen, the carrier protein in a glycoconjugate vaccine can also play an important role as a protective antigen. Among carrier proteins currently used in licensed conjugate vaccines, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D has been used as an antigenically active carrier protein. Our previous studies also indicate that some carrier proteins provide B cell epitopes, along with T cell helper epitopes. Herein we investigated the dual role of truncated rotavirus spike protein ΔVP8* as a carrier and a protective antigen. Capsular polysaccharide lipoarabinomannan (LAM), purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), was chemically conjugated with ΔVP8*. Mouse immunization experiments showed that the resultant conjugates elicited strong and specific immune responses against the polysaccharide antigen, and the responses were comparable to those induced by Diphtheria toxoid (DT)-based conjugates. The conjugate vaccine induced enhanced antibody titers and functional antibodies against ΔVP8* when compared to immunization with the unconjugated ΔVP8*. Thus, these results indicate that ΔVP8* can be a relevant carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccine and the glycoconjugates consisting of ΔVP8* with LAM are effective bivalent vaccine candidates against rotavirus and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Jin Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- College of Medicine and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang-Nae Cho
- College of Medicine and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jae Seok
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Ganapathy
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Anso I, Basso LGM, Wang L, Marina A, Páez-Pérez ED, Jäger C, Gavotto F, Tersa M, Perrone S, Contreras FX, Prandi J, Gilleron M, Linster CL, Corzana F, Lowary TL, Trastoy B, Guerin ME. Molecular ruler mechanism and interfacial catalysis of the integral membrane acyltransferase PatA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj4565. [PMID: 34652941 PMCID: PMC8519569 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids are prominent components of bacterial membranes that play critical roles not only in maintaining the structural integrity of the cell but also in modulating host-pathogen interactions. PatA is an essential acyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs), key structural elements and virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We demonstrate by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance that PatA is an integral membrane acyltransferase tightly anchored to anionic lipid bilayers, using a two-helix structural motif and electrostatic interactions. PatA dictates the acyl chain composition of the glycolipid by using an acyl chain selectivity “ruler.” We established this by a combination of structural biology, enzymatic activity, and binding measurements on chemically synthesized nonhydrolyzable acyl–coenzyme A (CoA) derivatives. We propose an interfacial catalytic mechanism that allows PatA to acylate hydrophobic PIMs anchored in the inner membrane of mycobacteria, through the use of water-soluble acyl-CoA donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itxaso Anso
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Luis G. M. Basso
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alberto Marina
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Edgar D. Páez-Pérez
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Christian Jäger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Floriane Gavotto
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Montse Tersa
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Sebastián Perrone
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - F.-Xabier Contreras
- Instituto Biofisika, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC,UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jacques Prandi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Carole L. Linster
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento Química and Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Rioja, Spain
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, #128, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Section 4, #1, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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40
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Ishida E, Corrigan DT, Malonis RJ, Hofmann D, Chen T, Amin AG, Chatterjee D, Joe M, Lowary TL, Lai JR, Achkar JM. Monoclonal antibodies from humans with Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure or latent infection recognize distinct arabinomannan epitopes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1181. [PMID: 34642445 PMCID: PMC8511196 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface polysacharide arabinomannan (AM) and related glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) play critical roles in tuberculosis pathogenesis. Human antibody responses to AM/LAM are heterogenous and knowledge of reactivity to specific glycan epitopes at the monoclonal level is limited, especially in individuals who can control M. tuberculosis infection. We generated human IgG mAbs to AM/LAM from B cells of two asymptomatic individuals exposed to or latently infected with M. tuberculosis. Here, we show that two of these mAbs have high affinity to AM/LAM, are non-competing, and recognize different glycan epitopes distinct from other anti-AM/LAM mAbs reported. Both mAbs recognize virulent M. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria with marked differences, can be used for the detection of urinary LAM, and can detect M. tuberculosis and LAM in infected lungs. These mAbs enhance our understanding of the spectrum of antibodies to AM/LAM epitopes in humans and are valuable for tuberculosis diagnostic and research applications. Elise Ishida et al. generate human monoclonal antibodies that can selectively recognize specific oligosaccharide epitopes of the polysaccharides arabinomannan and lipoarabinomannan, which are critical for M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. The authors demonstrate the utility of these antibodies in both diagnostic and laboratory settings, making them important tools for M. tuberculosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Ishida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Hofmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anita G Amin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maju Joe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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41
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Allué-Guardia A, Garcia-Vilanova A, M Olmo-Fontánez A, Peters J, Maselli DJ, Wang Y, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. Host- and age-dependent transcriptional changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope biosynthesis genes after exposure to human alveolar lining fluid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34580670 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.08.459334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection, caused by the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M . tb ), resulted in almost 1.4 million deaths in 2019 and the number of deaths is predicted to increase by 20% over the next 5 years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon reaching the alveolar space, M . tb comes in close contact with the lung mucosa before and after its encounter with host alveolar compartment cells. Our previous studies show that homeostatic innate soluble components of the alveolar lining fluid (ALF) can quickly alter the cell envelope surface of M . tb upon contact, defining subsequent M . tb -host cell interactions and infection outcomes in vitro and in vivo . We also demonstrated that ALF from 60+ year old elders (E-ALF) vs . healthy 18- to 45-year-old adults (A-ALF) is dysfunctional with loss of homeostatic capacity and impaired innate soluble responses linked to high local oxidative stress. In this study, a targeted transcriptional assay demonstrates that M . tb exposure to human ALF alters the expression of its cell envelope genes. Specifically, our results indicate that A-ALF-exposed M . tb upregulates cell envelope genes associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism, as well as genes associated with redox homeostasis and transcriptional regulators. Conversely, M . tb exposure to E-ALF shows lesser transcriptional response, with most of the M . tb genes unchanged or downregulated. Overall, this study indicates that M . tb responds and adapts to the lung alveolar environment upon contact, and that the host ALF status determined by factors such as age might play an important role in determining infection outcome.
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42
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Rivera-Calzada A, Famelis N, Llorca O, Geibel S. Type VII secretion systems: structure, functions and transport models. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:567-584. [PMID: 34040228 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) have a key role in the secretion of effector proteins in non-pathogenic mycobacteria and pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main causative agent of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria, still accounting for 1.4 million deaths annually, rely on paralogous T7SSs to survive in the host and efficiently evade its immune response. Although it is still unknown how effector proteins of T7SSs cross the outer membrane of the diderm mycobacterial cell envelope, recent advances in the structural characterization of these secretion systems have revealed the intricate network of interactions of conserved components in the plasma membrane. This structural information, added to recent advances in the molecular biology and regulation of mycobacterial T7SSs as well as progress in our understanding of their secreted effector proteins, is shedding light on the inner working of the T7SS machinery. In this Review, we highlight the implications of these studies and the derived transport models, which provide new scenarios for targeting the deathly human pathogen M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Rivera-Calzada
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nikolaos Famelis
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Biomedicine, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Geibel
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Biomedicine, Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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43
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Umare MD, Khedekar PB, Chikhale RV. Mycobacterial Membrane Protein Large 3 (MmpL3) Inhibitors: A Promising Approach to Combat Tuberculosis. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3136-3148. [PMID: 34288519 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a prominent aliment throughout the world and a leading cause of mortality among infectious diseases. Drug development for multi-drug resistance and reducing the current therapy time is the top priority. Mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3) is a promising target with high potential, however, it has not been explored to its greatest potential. It is a membrane transporter that translocates trehalose-monomycolate which is a precursor for the synthesis of mycolic acid that is essential for the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall and is pathogenic in nature. In this review, we have discussed the current development of MmpL3 inhibitors, different scaffolds, their derivatives, and their synthetic schemes and provide insight into the challenges in developing these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit D Umare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033, MS, India
| | - Pramod B Khedekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440033, MS, India
| | - Rupesh V Chikhale
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 N 1AX, UK
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44
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Gallant J, Heunis T, Beltran C, Schildermans K, Bruijns S, Mertens I, Bitter W, Sampson SL. PPE38-Secretion-Dependent Proteins of M. tuberculosis Alter NF-kB Signalling and Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702359. [PMID: 34276695 PMCID: PMC8284050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously shown that secretion of PE-PGRS and PPE-MPTR proteins is abolished in clinical M. tuberculosis isolates with a deletion in the ppe38-71 operon, which is associated with increased virulence. Here we investigate the proteins dependent on PPE38 for their secretion and their role in the innate immune response using temporal proteomics and protein turnover analysis in a macrophage infection model. A decreased pro-inflammatory response was observed in macrophages infected with PPE38-deficient M. tuberculosis CDC1551 as compared to wild type bacteria. We could show that dampening of the pro-inflammatory response is associated with activation of a RelB/p50 pathway, while the canonical inflammatory pathway is active during infection with wild type M. tuberculosis CDC1551. These results indicate a molecular mechanism by which M. tuberculosis PE/PPE proteins controlled by PPE38 have an effect on modulating macrophage responses through NF-kB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gallant
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Beltran
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Sven Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Wilbert Bitter
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samantha L. Sampson
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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45
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Burke A, Smith D, Coulter C, Bell SC, Thomson R, Roberts JA. Clinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Drug Treatment of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in Cystic Fibrosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1081-1102. [PMID: 33982266 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are an emerging group of pulmonary infectious pathogens of increasing importance to the management of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). NTM include slow-growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and rapidly growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium abscessus. The incidence of NTM in the CF population is increasing and infection contributes to significant morbidity to the patient and costs to the health system. Treating M. abscessus requires the combination of multiple costly antibiotics for months, with potentially significant toxicity associated with treatment. Although international guidelines for the treatment of NTM infection in CF are available, there are a lack of robust pharmacokinetic studies in CF patients to inform dosing and drug choice. This paper aims to outline the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors informing the optimal treatment of NTM infections in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Burke
- Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Smith
- Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chris Coulter
- Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Bell
- Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel Thomson
- Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Immunology Department, Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France.
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47
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Jackson M, Stevens CM, Zhang L, Zgurskaya HI, Niederweis M. Transporters Involved in the Biogenesis and Functionalization of the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5124-5157. [PMID: 33170669 PMCID: PMC8107195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biology of mycobacteria is dominated by a complex cell envelope of unique composition and structure and of exceptionally low permeability. This cell envelope is the basis of many of the pathogenic features of mycobacteria and the site of susceptibility and resistance to many antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. This review is focused on the transporters that assemble and functionalize this complex structure. It highlights both the progress and the limits of our understanding of how (lipo)polysaccharides, (glyco)lipids, and other bacterial secretion products are translocated across the different layers of the cell envelope to their final extra-cytoplasmic location. It further describes some of the unique strategies evolved by mycobacteria to import nutrients and other products through this highly impermeable barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Casey M. Stevens
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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48
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Rens C, Chao JD, Sexton DL, Tocheva EI, Av-Gay Y. Roles for phthiocerol dimycocerosate lipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33629944 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a pathogen is well established: tuberculosis is the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent worldwide. The threat of multi- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria has renewed global concerns about this pathogen and understanding its virulence strategies will be essential in the fight against tuberculosis. The current review will focus on phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs), a long-known and well-studied group of complex lipids found in the M. tuberculosis cell envelope. Numerous studies show a role for PDIMs in several key steps of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, with recent studies highlighting its involvement in bacterial virulence, in association with the ESX-1 secretion system. Yet, the mechanisms by which PDIMs help M. tuberculosis to control macrophage phagocytosis, inhibit phagosome acidification and modulate host innate immunity, remain to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Rens
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph D Chao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Danielle L Sexton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elitza I Tocheva
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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49
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Allué-Guardia A, García JI, Torrelles JB. Evolution of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains and Their Adaptation to the Human Lung Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:612675. [PMID: 33613483 PMCID: PMC7889510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.612675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, multi (MDR), extensively (XDR), extremely (XXDR) and total (TDR) drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains have emerged as a threat to public health worldwide, stressing the need to develop new tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment strategies. It is estimated that in the next 35 years, drug-resistant TB will kill around 75 million people and cost the global economy $16.7 trillion. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic alone may contribute with the development of 6.3 million new TB cases due to lack of resources and enforced confinement in TB endemic areas. Evolution of drug-resistant M.tb depends on numerous factors, such as bacterial fitness, strain's genetic background and its capacity to adapt to the surrounding environment, as well as host-specific and environmental factors. Whole-genome transcriptomics and genome-wide association studies in recent years have shed some insights into the complexity of M.tb drug resistance and have provided a better understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss M.tb phenotypic and genotypic changes driving resistance, including changes in cell envelope components, as well as recently described intrinsic and extrinsic factors promoting resistance emergence and transmission. We will further explore how drug-resistant M.tb adapts differently than drug-susceptible strains to the lung environment at the cellular level, modulating M.tb-host interactions and disease outcome, and novel next generation sequencing (NGS) strategies to study drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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50
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Morgun E, Cao L, Wang CR. Role of Group 1 CD1-Restricted T Cells in Host Defense and Inflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:1-21. [PMID: 35381140 PMCID: PMC10128144 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells are members of the unconventional T cell family that recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c molecules. Although they developmentally mirror invariant natural killer T cells, they have diverse antigen specificity and functional capacity, with both anti-microbial and autoreactive targets. The role of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells has been best established in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in which a wide variety of lipid antigens have been identified and their ability to confer protection against Mtb infection in a CD1 transgenic mouse model has been shown. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have also been implicated in other infections, inflammatory conditions, and malignancies. In particular, autoreactive group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have been shown to play a role in several skin inflammatory conditions. The prevalence of group 1 CD1 autoreactive T cells in healthy individuals suggests the presence of regulatory mechanisms to suppress autoreactivity in homeostasis. The more recent use of group 1 CD1 tetramers and mouse models has allowed for better characterization of their phenotype, functional capacity, and underlying mechanisms of antigen-specific and autoreactive activation. These discoveries may pave the way for the development of novel vaccines and immunotherapies that target group 1 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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