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Affiliation(s)
- N.H. Horowitz
- College of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, William G. Kerckhoff Laboratories of the Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Cal
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Henrichsen E. Alkaline Phosphatase and Calcification: Histochemical Investigations on the Relationship between Alkaline Phosphatase and Calcification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/ort.1958.29.suppl-34.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sobel AE, Laurence PA, Burger M. SECTION OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES: NUCLEI FORMATION AND CRYSTAL GROWTH IN MINERALIZING TISSUES*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1960.tb00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Biochemistry meets biology: key findings for bone calcification and a lifetime philosophy of collaboration. Biochem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fell HB, Robison R. The development of the calcifying mechanism in avian cartilage and osteoid tissue. Biochem J 2006; 28:2243-53. [PMID: 16745632 PMCID: PMC1253461 DOI: 10.1042/bj0282243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H B Fell
- The Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, and the Biochemical Department, The Lister Institute, London
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Sobel AE, Cohen J, Kramer B. Phosphatase activity and calcification in strontium rickets. Biochem J 2006; 29:2646-50. [PMID: 16745948 PMCID: PMC1266809 DOI: 10.1042/bj0292646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A E Sobel
- The Pediatric Research Laboratory of the Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rosenheim
- The Biochemical Department, The Lister Institute, London
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Belfanti S, Contardi A, Ercoli A. Studies on the phosphatases: The influence of some electrolytes on the phosphatases of animal tissue. Phosphatases of the liver, kidney, serum and bones of the rabbit. Biochem J 2006; 29:517-27. [PMID: 16745694 PMCID: PMC1266516 DOI: 10.1042/bj0290517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Belfanti
- The Istituto Sieroterapico Milanese and R. Istituto Superiore Agrario, Milan
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Tankó B, Robison R. The hydrolysis of hexosediphosphoric ester by bone phosphatase: (a) The participation of phosphohexokinase; (b) the isolation of pure fructose-1-phosphate. Biochem J 2006; 29:961-72. [PMID: 16745750 PMCID: PMC1266576 DOI: 10.1042/bj0290961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Tankó
- The Biochemical Department, The Lister Institute, London
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Grant GA. The metabolism of galactose: The synthesis of lactose by slices of active mammary gland in vitro. Biochem J 2006; 29:1905-9. [PMID: 16745859 PMCID: PMC1266703 DOI: 10.1042/bj0291905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Grant
- The Department of Biochemistry, Lister Institute, London
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Sobel AE, Cohen J, Kramer B. The nature of the injury to the calcifying mechanism in rickets due to strontium. Biochem J 2006; 29:2640-5. [PMID: 16745947 PMCID: PMC1266808 DOI: 10.1042/bj0292640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A E Sobel
- The Pediatric Research Laboratory of the Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A
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Robison R, Law KA, Rosenheim AH. Deposition of strontium salts in hypertrophic cartilage in vitro. Biochem J 2006; 30:66-8. [PMID: 16745996 PMCID: PMC1263361 DOI: 10.1042/bj0300066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Robison
- The Biochemical Department, the Lister Institute, London
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Murray MM. The chemical composition of teeth: The calcium, magnesium and phosphorus contents of the teeth of different animals. A brief consideration of the mechanisn of calcification. Biochem J 2006; 30:1567-71. [PMID: 16746192 PMCID: PMC1263223 DOI: 10.1042/bj0301567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Murray
- The Department of Physiology, Bedford College, University of London
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rosenheim
- The Biochemical Department, The Lister Institute, London
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Niven JS, Robison R. The development of the calcifying mechanism in the long bones of the rabbit. Biochem J 2006; 28:2237-2242.1. [PMID: 16745631 PMCID: PMC1253460 DOI: 10.1042/bj0282237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Niven
- The Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, the Pathological Department of the University and Western Infirmary, Glasgow, and the Lister Institute, London
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22
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Abstract
The role of alkaline phosphatase in osteogenesis has been investigated by histochemical techniques with particular attention to its relationship to phosphate metabolism and matrix elaboration. The upper tibial epiphysis mainly, and other epiphyses as well of growing rabbits, and the costochondral junctions of newborn human beings were studied, as were bone grafts in growing rabbits. The findings in the newborn human beings were identical with those in the rabbits. Phosphatase activity and free phosphate localization do not universally coincide. The enzyme appears to be intimately related to preosseous cellular metabolism and to the elaboration of a bone matrix that is chemically calcifiable. It remains possible, however, that phosphatase may be in some way involved in making inorganic salts available to the calcifiable matrix. If this function does exist it is a secondary one, since the elaboration of bone matrix, which is always associated with phosphatase activity, can and does occur in the absence of calcification. Calcification may occur later, in the absence of the enzyme. There is evidence to suggest that cartilage matrix is utilized in the formation of bone matrix. Phosphatase is physiologically active only in the presence of living cells. Where it is demonstrable in the absence of living cells, as in the cartilage remnants of the metaphysis, it appears to be physiologically inactive. Since phosphatase is temporarily inactivated in weakly acid media, and readily reactivated by alkaline solutions it is possible that the enzyme might survive in a physiologically inactive state in weakly acid tissues, and yet remain capable of histochemical demonstration in vitro in an alkaline medium. Phosphatase is not related to the disappearance of chondroitin sulfate.
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Anderson HC, Hsu HH, Morris DC, Fedde KN, Whyte MP. Matrix vesicles in osteomalacic hypophosphatasia bone contain apatite-like mineral crystals. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1997; 151:1555-61. [PMID: 9403706 PMCID: PMC1858375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia, a heritable disease characterized by deficient activity of the tissue nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP), results in rickets and osteomalacia. Although identification of TNSALP gene defects in hypophosphatasia establishes a role of ALP in skeletal mineralization, the precise function remains unclear. The initial site of mineralization (primary mineralization) normally occurs within the lumen of TNSALP-rich matrix vesicles (MVs) of growth cartilage, bone, and dentin. We investigated whether defective calcification in hypophosphatasia is due to a paucity and/or a functional failure of MVs secondary to TNSALP deficiency. Nondecalcified autopsy bone and growth plate cartilage from five patients with perinatal (lethal) hypophosphatasia were studied by nondecalcified light and electron microscopy to assess MV numbers, size, shape, and ultrastructure and whether hypophosphatasia MVs contain apatite-like mineral, as would be the case if these MVs retained their ability to concentrate calcium and phosphate internally despite a paucity of TNSALP in their investing membranes. We found that hypophosphatasia MVs are present in approximately normal numbers and distribution and that they are capable of initiating internal mineralization. There is retarded extravesicular crystal propagation. Thus, in hypophosphatasia the failure of bones to calcify appears to involve a block of the vectorial spread of mineral from initial nuclei within MVs, outwards, into the matrix. We conclude that hypophosphatasia MVs can concentrate calcium and phosphate internally despite a deficiency of TNSALP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Anderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA
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Hsu HH. Mechanisms of initiating calcification. ATP-stimulated Ca- and Pi-depositing activity of isolated matrix vesicles. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:1351-6. [PMID: 7890114 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H H Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160-7410
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Szuwart T, Gath U, Althoff J, Höhling HJ. Biochemical and histological study of the ossification in the early developing pedicle of the fallow deer (Dama dama). Cell Tissue Res 1994; 277:123-9. [PMID: 8055532 DOI: 10.1007/bf00303088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To date, no histochemical data exist concerning the process of ossification of developing pedicles in deer. Four different zones of the growing pedicle (subcutaneous tissue; fibrous layer of the periosteum; cambial layer of the periosteum; woven bone of the primary spongiosa) were analysed in direct correlation to their histological appearance. The level of extractable specific alkaline phosphatase in the preosseous zones of the pedicle was 4-fold higher than levels in the epiphyseal growth plate previously reported. These results reflect that rapid bone formation takes place in the growing pedicle. Highest buffer-extractable alkaline phosphatase activity was found in the cambial layer directly in front of the mineralization area of the pedicle-bone, connected with maximal values for organically bound phosphate and inorganic phosphate. Moreover, the values for buffer-extractable alkaline phosphatase, organically bound phosphate and inorganic phosphate decreased with increasing mineralization in the zone of the primary spongiosa. The present histological and biochemical findings on the process of ossification in the pedicle show similarities to typical endochondral ossification. The process of pedicle growth may serve as a new and important system for chondrogenic and osteogenic studies, including a better understanding of antler development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Szuwart
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Münster, Germany
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Chung CH, Golub EE, Forbes E, Tokuoka T, Shapiro IM. Mechanism of action of beta-glycerophosphate on bone cell mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 51:305-11. [PMID: 1422975 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine whether beta-glycerophosphate (beta-GP) promoted mineralization in vitro by modulating bone cell metabolic activity and/or serving as a local source of inorganic phosphate ions (Pi). Using MC3T3-E1, ROS 17/2.8, and chick osteoblast-like cells in the presence of beta-GP or Pi, we examined mineral formation, lactate generation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and protein and phospholipid synthesis. Neither beta-GP nor Pi modulated any of the major biosynthetic activities of the bone cells. Thus, we found no change in the levels of phospholipids, and the total protein concentration remained constant. Measurement of lactate synthesis showed that beta-GP did not effect the rate of anaerobic glycolysis. Evaluation of medium Pi levels clearly indicated that beta-GP was hydrolyzed by bone cells; within 24 hours, almost 80% of 10 mM beta-GP was hydrolyzed. It is likely that this local increase in medium Pi concentration promoted rapid mineral deposition. Chemical, energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier transform infrared analysis of the mineral formed in the presence of beta-GP showed that it was nonapatitic; moreover, mineral particles were also seen in the culture medium itself. Experiments performed with a cell-free system indicated that mineral particles formed spontaneously in the presence of AP and beta-GP and were deposited into a collagen matrix. We conclude that medium supplementation with beta-GP or Pi should not exceed 2 mM. If this value is exceeded, then there will be nonphysiological mineral deposition in the bone cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chung
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6003
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Abstract
Fluoride concentrations in 42 urinary calculi were determined using a microdiffusion procedure in conjunction with a fluoride sensitive electrode. Mean values of 56, 230 and 1112 ng./mg. fluoride were obtained for uric acid, calcium oxalate monohydrate and apatite/struvite stones, respectively. Fluoride concentration was found to be related to calcium oxalate dihydrate levels as well as to apatite content. It is suggested that the former has zeolithic properties which might trap fluoride while formation and growth of the latter appears to be enhanced by elevated urinary fluoride levels.
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Abstract
Strontium chloride absorbed on absorbable gelatin sponge, U.S.P. appears to stimulate the formation of bone in the maxilla of Sprague Dawley rats.
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Anderson H, Hsu H. A new method to measure 45calcium accumulation by matrix vesicles in slices of rachitic growth plate cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0221-8747(78)90002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Anderson HC, Cecil R, Sajdera SW. Calcification of rachitic rat cartilage in vitro by extracellular matrix vesicles. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1975; 79:237-54. [PMID: 1146961 PMCID: PMC1912651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth plate cartilage from rachitic rats was studied to assess the role in calcification of extracellular matrix vesicles, which are thought to participate in the initial stage of mineralization of connective tissue. The concentration of matrix vesicles and their distribution within the longitudinal septa was found to be normal in rats made rachitic by feeding by a diet low in vitamin D and phosphate for 3 weeks after weaning. Rachitic cartilage matrix did not contain circumvesicular clusters of apatite as does normal cartilage; however, occasional vesicles did enclose one or a few apatite needles. When slices of rachitic cartilage were incubated at 37 C in a metastable calcium phosphate solution ([Ca++] times [PO SEE ARTICLE] equals 3.5 mM identical to 2), apatite formation was initiated in association with matrix vesicles. Under these conditions, mineralization was prominent in the upper hypertrophic cartilage, where matrix vesicles became encrusted with apatite after only 2 to 3 hours of incubation. Vesicular apatite accumulation was inhibited by preheating the cartilage to 60 C for 30 minutes. Measurements of 45Ca uptake by rachitic cartilage slices from metastable calcium phosphates solution also indicated inhibition of calcification by heat. Light microscopic autoradiographs showed 45Ca localization primarily in the matrix of longitudinal septa and substantiated the inhibition site of mineralization in healing rachitic cartilage. The presence of apatite within rachitic vesicles prior to heating and the inhibition of vesicle calcification by heat suggests an active, enzymatically and mediated mechanism of vesicular calcification.
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Komárková A, Bilyk I, Záhor Z, Czabanová V. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in the aorta and serum in rats with post-reproduction arteriopathy. Atherosclerosis 1974; 19:29-33. [PMID: 4810468 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(74)90041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wuthier RE. Zonal analysis of electrolytes in epiphyseal cartilage and bone of normal and rachitic chickens and pigs. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1971; 8:24-35. [PMID: 5135576 DOI: 10.1007/bf02010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Anderson HC, Matsuzawa T, Sajdera SW, Ali SY. Membranous particles in calcifying cartilage matrix. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1970; 32:619-30. [PMID: 5291227 DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1970.tb02737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bachra BN, Fischer HR. The effect of some inhibitors on the nucleation and crystal growth of apatite. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1969; 3:348-57. [PMID: 5348029 DOI: 10.1007/bf02058677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Eisenmann DR, Yaeger JA. Alterations in the formation of rat dentine and enamel induced by various ions. Arch Oral Biol 1969; 14:1045-64. [PMID: 5259650 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(69)90075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Alcock NW, Shils ME. Association of inorganic pyrophosphatase activity with normal calcification of rat costal cartilage in vivo. Biochem J 1969; 112:505-10. [PMID: 5809216 PMCID: PMC1187739 DOI: 10.1042/bj1120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Dialysed extracts of rat costal cartilage were shown to possess an enzyme that hydrolyses inorganic pyrophosphate. 2. Inorganic pyrophosphatase activity assayed in the presence of 2mm substrate was maximal at pH6.8. 3. Mg(2+) was essential for activity, which was greatest with 10mm or higher concentrations of Mg(2+). 4. Extracts prepared from cartilage taken from suckling rats (<20g.) showed little or no hydrolytic activity, but as rat weight increased inorganic pyrophosphatase activity was detected, increased to a maximum in tissue from animals weighing about 40g., and then rapidly declined. 5. The increase in inorganic pyrophosphatase activity was associated with an increase in the uptake of (45)Ca by the cartilage in vivo. 6. Accumulation of calcium, inorganic phosphate and magnesium occurred when inorganic pyrophosphatase activity was at its maximum. 7. Alkaline phosphatase activity, measured in the same extracts used to determine pyrophosphatase activity, was highest in the tissues of the animals weighing <20g., and decreased as inorganic pyrophosphatase activity increased to its maximum. 8. There was no direct relationship between alkaline phosphatase activity and the onset of calcification.
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Timmer J, Hadders HN, Hardonk MJ, Koudstaal J. An experimental investigation into the development of callus and induced bone tumours in mice studies by histological and enzyme histochemical methods. Br J Cancer 1968; 22:422-36. [PMID: 5245514 PMCID: PMC2008387 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1968.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Abstract
A very rapid method of agar gel electrophoresis on glass slides, together with a superior visualization technique employing simultaneous coupling of a hydrolysed naphthol substrate, have been developed for the identification of the tissues of origin of serum alkaline phosphatase. Combined with L-phenylalanine inhibition, specific for the intestinal enzyme, and heat inactivation, specific for the placental enzyme, the heterogeneity of serum alkaline phosphatase has been demonstrated. Normal adult serum contains predominantly liver-type alkaline phosphatase with a small but variable quantity of intestinal enzyme, and little or no bone enzyme. In childhood and in infancy there is in addition a bone isoenzyme present, the amount gradually falling to adult levels with age. In pregnancy, the rise in serum alkaline phosphatase is due to the placental enzyme.A study of nearly 2,000 sera has been undertaken and it is found that the bone enzyme is increased in osteoblastic bone diseases while in hepato-biliary disorders there is an increase in liver type enzyme. The main theories explaining the rise in serum alkaline phosphatase are examined.
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HOWELL DS. HISTOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RACHITIC CARTILAGE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1965; 8:337-54. [PMID: 14288054 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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GUTMAN AB. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity in diseases of the skeletal and hepatobiliary systems. A consideration of the current status. Am J Med 1959; 27:875-901. [PMID: 13830463 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(59)90173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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