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Bürger M, Chory J. Structural and chemical biology of deacetylases for carbohydrates, proteins, small molecules and histones. Commun Biol 2018; 1:217. [PMID: 30534609 PMCID: PMC6281622 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deacetylation is the removal of an acetyl group and occurs on a plethora of targets and for a wide range of biological reasons. Several pathogens deacetylate their surface carbohydrates to evade immune response or to support biofilm formation. Furthermore, dynamic acetylation/deacetylation cycles govern processes from chromatin remodeling to posttranslational modifications that compete with phosphorylation. Acetylation usually occurs on nitrogen and oxygen atoms and are referred to as N- and O-acetylation, respectively. This review discusses the structural prerequisites that enzymes must have to catalyze the deacetylation reaction, and how they adapted by formation of specific substrate and metal binding sites. Marco Bürger and Joanne Chory discuss the structural requirements for enzymes carrying out deacetylation reactions for various functions across phyla. They explore how these enzymes have adapted to and achieved specificity on a large number of target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bürger
- 1Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Joanne Chory
- 1Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.,2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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Sista Kameshwar AK, Qin W. Understanding the structural and functional properties of carbohydrate esterases with a special focus on hemicellulose deacetylating acetyl xylan esterases. Mycology 2018; 9:273-295. [PMID: 30533253 PMCID: PMC6282417 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1492979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl and methyl esterifications are two major naturally found substitutions in the plant cell-wall polysaccharides. The non-cellulosic plant cell-wall polysaccharides such as pectin and hemicellulose are differentially esterified by the O-acetyl and methyl groups to cease the action of various hydrolytic enzymes secreted by different fungi and bacterial species. Thus, microorganisms have emerged with a special class of enzymes known as carbohydrate esterases (CE). The CE catalyse O-de, N-deacetylation of acetylated saccharide residues (esters or amides, where sugars play the role of alcohol/amine/acid). Carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) database has classified CE into 16 classes, of which hemicellulose deacetylating CE were grouped into eight classes (CE-1 to CE-7 and CE-16). Various plant biomass degrading fungi and bacteria secretes acetyl xylan esterases (AcXE); however, these enzymes exhibit varied substrate specificities. AcXE and xylanases-coupled pretreatment methods exhibit significant applications, such as enhancing animal feedstock, baking industry, production of food additives, paper and pulp, xylitol production and biorefinery-based industries, respectively. Thus, understanding the structural and functional properties of acetyl xylan esterase will significantly aid in developing the efficient AcXE with wide range of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Audu IG, Brosse N, Winter H, Hoffmann A, Bremer M, Fischer S, Laborie MP. Acetyl Groups in Typha capensis: Fate of Acetates during Organosolv and Ionosolv Pulping. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E619. [PMID: 30966652 PMCID: PMC6404047 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During biomass fractionation, any native acetylation of lignin and heteropolysaccharide may affect the process and the resulting lignin structure. In this study, Typha capensis (TC) and its lignin isolated by milling (MWL), ionosolv (ILL) and organosolv (EOL) methods were investigated for acetyl group content using FT-Raman, ¹H NMR, 2D-NMR, back-titration, and Zemplén transesterification analytical methods. The study revealed that TC is a highly acetylated grass; extractive free TC (TCextr) and TC MWL exhibited similar values of acetyl content: 6 wt % and 8 wt % by Zemplén transesterification, respectively, and 11 wt % by back-titration. In contrast, lignin extracted from organosolv and [EMIm][OAc] pulping lost 80% of the original acetyl groups. With a high acetyl content in the natural state, TC could be an interesting raw material in biorefinery in which acetic acid could become an important by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idi Guga Audu
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Laboratoire d'Étude et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois LERMAB, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy CEDEX, France.
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Étude et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois LERMAB, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy CEDEX, France.
| | - Heiko Winter
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Anton Hoffmann
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
| | - Martina Bremer
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
| | - Marie-Pierre Laborie
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Xiong L, Kameshwar AKS, Chen X, Guo Z, Mao C, Chen S, Qin W. The ACEII recombinant Trichoderma reesei QM9414 strains with enhanced xylanase production and its applications in production of xylitol from tree barks. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:215. [PMID: 28031033 PMCID: PMC5192574 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ACEII transcription factor plays a significant role in regulating the expression of cellulase and hemicellulase encoding genes. Apart from ACEII, transcription factors such as XYR1, CRE1, HAP2/3/5 complex and ACEI function in a coordinated pattern for regulating the gene expression of cellulases and hemicellulases. Studies have demonstrated that ACEII gene deletion results in decreased total cellulase and xylanase activities with reduced transcript levels of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Results In this study, we have successfully transformed the ACEII transcription factor encoding gene in Trichoderma reesei to significantly improve its degrading abilities. Transformation experiments on parental strain T. reesei QM9414 has resulted in five genetically engineered strains T/Ace2-2, T/Ace2-5, T/Ace2-8, T/Ace5-4 and T/Ace10-1. Among which, T/Ace2-2 has exhibited significant increase in enzyme activity by twofolds, when compared to parental strain. The T/Ace2-2 was cultured on growth substrates containing 2% bark supplemented with (a) sugar free + MA medium (b) glucose + MA medium and (c) xylose + MA medium. The bark degradation efficiency of genetically modified T/Ace2-2 strain was assessed by analyzing the xylitol production yield using HPAEC. By 6th day, about 10.52 g/l of xylitol was produced through enzymatic conversion of bark (2% bark + MA + xylose) by the T/Ace2-2 strain and by 7th day the conversion rate was found to be 0.21 g/g. Obtained results confirmed that bark growth medium supplemented with d-xylose has profoundly increased the conversion rate of bark by T/Ace2-2 strain when compared to sugar free and glucose supplemented growth media. Results obtained from scanning electron microscopy has endorsed our current results. Bark samples inoculated with T/Ace2-2 strain has showed large number of degraded cells with clearly visible cavities and fractures, by exposing the microfibrillar interwoven complex. Conclusion We propose a cost effective and ecofriendly method for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass such as bark to produce xylitol by using genetically modified T. reesei. Efficient conversion rate and production yield obtained in our current study provides a great scope for the xylitol industries, as our method bypasses the pretreatment of bark achieving clean and low-cost xylitol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xiong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu City, 610031, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | | | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyun Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu City, 610031, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Canquan Mao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu City, 610031, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sanfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Veličković D, Ropartz D, Guillon F, Saulnier L, Rogniaux H. New insights into the structural and spatial variability of cell-wall polysaccharides during wheat grain development, as revealed through MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2079-91. [PMID: 24600018 PMCID: PMC3991742 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AX) and (1→3),(1→4)-β-glucans (BG) are the major components of wheat grain cell walls. Although incompletely described at the molecular level, it is known that the chemical and distributional heterogeneity of these compounds impacts the quality and use of wheat. In this work, an emerging technique based on MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was employed to map variations in the quantity, localization, and structure of these polysaccharides in the endosperm during wheat maturation. MALDI MSI couples detailed structural information with the spatial localization observed at the micrometer scale. The enzymic hydrolysis of AX and BG was performed directly on the grain sections, resulting in the efficient formation of smaller oligosaccharides that are easily measurable through MS, with no relocation across the grain. The relative quantification of the generated oligosaccharides was achieved. The method was validated by confirming data previously obtained using other analytical techniques. Furthermore, in situ analysis of grain cell walls through MSI revealed previously undetectable intense acetylation of AX in young compared to mature grains, together with findings concerning the feruloylation of AX and different structural features of BG. These results provide new insights into the physiological roles of these polysaccharides in cell walls and the specificity of the hydrolytic enzymes involved.
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Humberstone F, Briggs D. Partial Purification of Acetic Acid Esterase from Malted Barley. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2002.tb00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Purification of an Arabinofuranosidase and Two β-Xylopyranosidases from Germinated Wheat. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2003.tb00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Koutaniemi S, Guillon F, Tranquet O, Bouchet B, Tuomainen P, Virkki L, Petersen HL, Willats WGT, Saulnier L, Tenkanen M. Substituent-specific antibody against glucuronoxylan reveals close association of glucuronic acid and acetyl substituents and distinct labeling patterns in tree species. PLANTA 2012; 236:739-51. [PMID: 22526506 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunolabeling can be used to locate plant cell wall carbohydrates or other components to specific cell types or to specific regions of the wall. Some antibodies against xylans exist; however, many partly react with the xylan backbone and thus provide limited information on the type of substituents present in various xylans. We have produced a monoclonal antibody which specifically recognizes glucopyranosyl uronic acid (GlcA), or its 4-O-methyl ether (meGlcA), substituents in xylan and has no cross-reactivity with linear or arabinofuranosyl-substituted xylans. The UX1 antibody binds most strongly to (me)GlcA substitutions at the non-reducing ends of xylan chains, but has a low cross-reactivity with internal substitutions as well, at least on oligosaccharides. The antibody labeled plant cell walls from both mono- and dicotyledons, but in most tissues an alkaline pretreatment was needed for antibody binding. The treatment removed acetyl groups from xylan, indicating that the vicinity of glucuronic acid substituents is also acetylated. The novel labeling patterns observed in the xylem of tree species suggested that differences within the cell wall exist both in acetylation degree and in glucuronic acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Koutaniemi
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Peng F, Peng P, Xu F, Sun RC. Fractional purification and bioconversion of hemicelluloses. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:879-903. [PMID: 22306329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Humberstone FJ, Briggs DE. Extraction and Assay of Acetic Acid Esterase From Malted Barley*. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2000.tb00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Biely P. Microbial carbohydrate esterases deacetylating plant polysaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1575-88. [PMID: 22580218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several plant polysaccharides are partially esterified with acetic acid. One of the roles of this modification is protection of plant cell walls against invading microorganisms. Acetylation of glycosyl residues of polysaccharides prevents hydrolysis of their glycosidic linkages by the corresponding glycoside hydrolases. In this way the acetylation also represents an obstacle of enzymatic saccharification of plant hemicelluloses to fermentable sugars which appears to be a hot topic of current research. We can eliminate this obstacle by alkaline extraction or pretreatment leading to saponification of ester linkages. However, this task has been accomplished in a different way in the nature. The acetyl groups became targets of microbial carbohydrate esterases that evolved to overcome the complexity of the plant cell walls and that cooperate with glycoside hydrolases in plant polysaccharide degradation. This article concentrates on enzymes deacetylating plant hemicelluloses excluding pectin. They are currently grouped in at least 8 families, specifically in CE families 1-7 and 16, originally assigned as acetylxylan esterases, the enzymes acting on hardwood acetyl glucuronoxylan and its fragments generated by endo-β-1,4-xylanases. There are esterases deacetylating softwood galactoglucomannan, but they have not been classified yet. The enzymes present in CE families 1-7 differ in structure and substrate and positional specificity. There are families behaving as endo-type and exo-type deacetylates, i.e. esterases deacetylating internal sugar residues of partially acetylated polysaccharides and also esterases deacetylating non-reducing end sugar residues in oligosaccharides. With one exception, the enzymes of all mentioned CE families belong to serine type esterases. CE family 4 harbors enzymes that are metal-dependent aspartic esterases. Three-dimensional structures have been solved for members of the first seven CE families, however, there is still insufficient knowledge about their substrate specificity and real physiological role. Current knowledge on catalytic properties of the selected families of CEs is summarized in this review. Some of the families are emerging also as new biocatalysts for regioselective acylation and deacylation of carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Abstract
Conversion of plant cell walls to ethanol constitutes second generation bioethanol production. The process consists of several steps: biomass selection/genetic modification, physiochemical pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, fermentation and separation. Ultimately, it is desirable to combine as many of the biochemical steps as possible in a single organism to achieve CBP (consolidated bioprocessing). A commercially ready CBP organism is currently unreported. Production of second generation bioethanol is hindered by economics, particularly in the cost of pretreatment (including waste management and solvent recovery), the cost of saccharification enzymes (particularly exocellulases and endocellulases displaying kcat ~1 s−1 on crystalline cellulose), and the inefficiency of co-fermentation of 5- and 6-carbon monosaccharides (owing in part to redox cofactor imbalances in Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
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Puls J. Chemistry and biochemistry of hemicelluloses: Relationship between hemicellulose structure and enzymes required for hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19971200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Peng F, Ren JL, Xu F, Sun RC. Chemicals from Hemicelluloses: A Review. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1067.ch009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li Ren
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Dinsdale D, Morris EJ, Bacon JS. Electron microscopy of the microbial populations present and their modes of attack on various cellulosic substrates undergoing digestion in the sheep rumen. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 36:160-8. [PMID: 16345303 PMCID: PMC243047 DOI: 10.1128/aem.36.1.160-168.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton fibers and various cell wall preparations from grass leaves and from the feces of sheep fed on dried grass were placed in the sheep rumen in bags made from 5-mum-mesh nylon cloth. After periods of from 3 to 48 h, bags were removed, and the contents were fixed, embedded, sectioned, and stained for electron microscopy. Some of the bacteria present were seen to be closely associated with the cell walls, either tunneling within them or making very close contact. Evidence was obtained for differential digestion of cell walls and of the layers within them. Distinct differences were noticed between bacterial populations attacking the more susceptible wall types and those attacking feces cell walls and cotton fibers. Among the latter, the dominant form was a long, thin rod with a typical gramnegative cell wall structure, different from that described for Bacteroides succinogenes S85 or for Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dinsdale
- The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, United Kingdom
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Latha GM, Muralikrishna G. Effect of finger millet (Eleusine coracana, Indaf-15) malt esterases on the functional characteristics of non-starch polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liavoga AB, Bian Y, Seib PA. Release of D-xylose from wheat straw by acid and xylanase hydrolysis and purification of xylitol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:7758-66. [PMID: 17722873 DOI: 10.1021/jf070862k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Xylitol is a valuable sweetener produced from xylose-rich biomass. Our objective was to optimize conditions for maximum release of D-xylose from wheat straw by acid or enzyme hydrolysis with minimal release of other monosaccharides, and to purify xylitol from three other alditols. Ground straw was treated with 10 parts of 0.2-0.4 M sulfuric acid at 110-130 degrees C for 15-45 min or at reflux with 0.75-1.25 M sulfuric acid for 1.5-3 h. Under optimum conditions of either 0.3 M acid at 123 degrees C for 28 min or 1.0 M acid at 100 degrees C for 3 h, 18 or 19% of D-xylose plus approximately 6% other sugars were produced from straw (dry basis). A 16% yield of D-xylose plus 6% other sugars was obtained when hydrothermally (10% straw, 160 degrees C, 1 h) treated straw was incubated with a commercial xylanase. The lack of enzyme specificity for D-xylose release was attributed to the autohydrolysis of polysaccharides during the pretreatment plus slow hydrolysis of cellulose during enzyme digestion. Xylitol with a purity of 95% was obtained in 10% yield from straw after the reduction of an acid-hydrolyzate followed by fractional crystallization. Purification of the mixture of four alditols by open-column chromatography on a strongly basic anion-exchange resin in hydroxide form gave 7% xylitol crystals with a purity of 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan B Liavoga
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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López-Cortés N, Reyes-Duarte D, Beloqui A, Polaina J, Ghazi I, Golyshina OV, Ballesteros A, Golyshin PN, Ferrer M. Catalytic role of conserved HQGE motif in the CE6 carbohydrate esterase family. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4657-62. [PMID: 17826771 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An acetylxylan esterase (R.44), belonging to the carbohydrate esterase family 6 (CE6), retrieved from bovine rumen metagenome was analyzed. Molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the enzyme possesses a catalytic triad formed by Ser(14), His(231) and Glu(152). The catalytic Ser and His have been identified in highly conserved sequences GQSX and DXXH in the CE6 family, respectively, and the active-site glutamate was part of a highly conserved sequence HQGE. This motif is situated near to the so-called Block III in the CE6 family and its role in catalysis has not been identified so far.
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Selvendran RR, O'Neill MA. Isolation and analysis of cell walls from plant material. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 32:25-153. [PMID: 3574138 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110539.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sun XF, Sun RC, Zhao L, Sun JX. Acetylation of sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses under mild reaction conditions by using NBS as a catalyst. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Dalrymple BP, Cybinski DH, Layton I, McSweeney CS, Xue GP, Swadling YJ, Lowry JB. Three Neocallimastix patriciarum esterases associated with the degradation of complex polysaccharides are members of a new family of hydrolases. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 8):2605-2614. [PMID: 9274014 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-8-2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetylesterase and cinnamoyl ester hydrolase activities were demonstrated in culture supernatant of the anaerobic ruminal fungus Neocallimastix patriciarum. A cDNA expression library from N. patriciarum was screened for esterases using beta-naphthyl acetate and a model cinnamoyl ester compound. cDNA clones representing four different esterase genes (bnaA-D) were isolated. None of the enzymes had cinnamoyl ester hydrolase activity, but two of the enzymes (BnaA and BnaC) had acetylxylan esterase activity, bnaA, bnaB and bnaC encode proteins with several distinct domains. Carboxy-terminal repeats in BnaA and BnaC are homologous to protein-docking domains in other enzymes from Neocallimastix species and another anaerobic fungus, a Piromyces sp. The catalytic domains of BnaB and BnaC are members of a recently described family of Ser/His active site hydrolases [Upton, C. & Buckley, J.T. (1995). Trends Biochem Sci 20, 178-179]. BnaB exhibits 40% amino acid identity to a domain of unknown function in the CelE cellulase from Clostridium thermocellum and BnaC exhibits 52% amino acid identity to a domain of unknown function in the XynB xylanase from Ruminococcus flavefaciens. BnaA, whilst exhibiting less than 10% overall amino acid identity to BnaB or BnaC, or to any other known protein, appears to be a member of the same family of hydrolases, having the three universally conserved amino acid sequence motifs. Several other previously described esterases are also shown to be members of this family, including a rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase from Aspergillus aculeatus. However, none of the other previously described enzymes with acetylxylan esterase activity are members of this family of hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Dalrymple
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Private Bag No. 3, PO Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - Daisy H Cybinski
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Private Bag No. 3, PO Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - Ingrid Layton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Private Bag No. 3, PO Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - Christopher S McSweeney
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Private Bag No. 3, PO Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - Gang-Ping Xue
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Yolande J Swadling
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Private Bag No. 3, PO Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - J Brian Lowry
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Private Bag No. 3, PO Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
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23
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Abstract
The development of new analytical techniques and the commercial availability of new substrates have led to the purification and characterization of a large number of xylan-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the introduction of recombinant DNA technology has resulted in the selection of xylanolytic enzymes that are more suitable for industrial applications. For a successful integration of xylanases in industrial processes, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of enzyme action is, however, required. This review gives an overview of various xylanolytic enzyme systems from bacteria and fungi that have been described recently in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sunna
- Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Department of Technical Microbiology, Germany
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24
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Rodriguez-Penagos M, Black M. Changes in the cell wall accompanying drying and maturation determine the ease of isolation of protoplasts from wheat aleurone layers. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1994; 13:353-356. [PMID: 24193836 DOI: 10.1007/bf00232636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1993] [Revised: 11/08/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls of aleurone tissue of developing wheat grains (25 days post anthesis) are degraded by cellulase to give a good yield of protoplasts. As grains become older the aleurone cell walls become increasingly resistant to cellulase, which is completely ineffective on 45-day old material. Resistance to cellulase is provoked even in aleurone cells of young grains by enforced drying of the grains to 12% water content. This suggests that the decreasing effectiveness of cellulase that occurs as grains develop and mature may be caused partly by the natural loss of water.Resistance to degradation by the aleurone cell walls of older or dried grains is to a large extent overcome by the addition of hemicellulase and xylanase to the digestion mixture but completely if acetyl esterase is also included. Changes involving hemicelluloses and xylans are therefore implicated in the effects of drying or maturation, including acetylation processes especially in grains which are almost mature. Arising from these findings a method has been developed for obtaining a high yield of protoplasts from aleurone layers of mature wheat grains, having a high viability and response to gibberellic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodriguez-Penagos
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, Campden Hill Road, W8 7AH, London, UK
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25
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Christov LP, Prior BA. Esterases of xylan-degrading microorganisms: production, properties, and significance. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993; 15:460-75. [PMID: 7763680 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90078-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the description of recently discovered esterase enzymes involved in xylan degradation (acetyl xylan, feruloyl, and p-coumaroyl esterases). The occurrence of these enzymes in various microorganisms, assays used for determination of their activity, induction and production on different substrates, interaction with other xylanolytic enzymes, mode of action, substrate specificity, and biochemical characteristics are presented. The nature of substrates on which acetyl xylan esterase, feruloyl, and p-coumaroyl esterase are active and their role in xylan hydrolysis is emphasized. The potential applications of xylan-debranching esterases are outlined and their significance to applied microbiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Christov
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
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26
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Brice RE, Morrison IM. Effect of the addition of D-xylose on xylanase activity and digestibility of fiber in an artificial rumen. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1991; 30:9-15. [PMID: 1659317 DOI: 10.1007/bf02922020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of adding D-xylose at two different levels as a continuous infusion to an artificial rumen was determined with respect to pH, methane production, volatile fatty acid production, fiber digestion, and xylanase activity. No changes in pH, methane production, or fiber digestion were observed as consequences of increased D-xylose concentrations. Although the propionic acid production was slightly raised on addition of D-xylose, the acetic acid production was lowered to the same extent. A low-xylose infusion increased the xylanase activity by 25%, whereas a high-xylose infusion lowered the activity by 17%. It was concluded that D-xylanase activity was not a rate-determining step in fiber degradation in the rumen.
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Hespell RB, Whitehead TR. Physiology and genetics of xylan degradation by gastrointestinal tract bacteria. J Dairy Sci 1990; 73:3013-22. [PMID: 2283426 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)78988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses or xylans are major components (35%) of plant materials. For ruminant animals, about 50% of the dietary xylans are degraded, but only small amounts of xylans are degraded in the lower gut of nonruminant animals and humans. In the rumen, the major xylanolytic species are Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Bacteroides ruminicola. In the human colon, Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides fragilis subspecies "a" are major xylanolytic bacteria. Xylans are chemically complex, and their degradation requires multiple enzymes. Expression of these enzymes by gut bacteria varies greatly among species. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens makes extracellular xylanases but Bacteroides species have cell-bound xylanase activity. Biochemical characterization of xylanolytic enzymes from gut bacteria has not been done. A xylosidase gene has been cloned from B. fibrosolvens 113. The data from DNA hybridizations using a xylanase gene cloned from B. fibrisolvens 49 indicate this gene may be present in other B. fibrisolvens strains. A cloned xylanase from Bact. ruminicola was transferred to and highly expressed in Bact. fragilis and Bact. uniformis. Arabinosidase and xylosidase genes from Bact. ovatus have been cloned and both activities appear to be catalyzed by a single, bifunctional, novel enzyme. Continued research in genetic and biochemical areas will provide knowledge and insights for manipulation of digestion at the gut level and improved understanding of colonic fiber digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Hespell
- Northern Regional Research Center, Peoria, IL 61604
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Khan A, Lamb K, Overend R. Comparison of natural hemicellulose and chemically acetylated xylan as substrates for the determination of acetyl-xylan esterase activity in Aspergilli. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Thirty strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens isolated in diverse geographical locations were examined for esterase activity by using naphthyl esters of acetate, butyrate, caprylate, laurate, and palmitate. All strains possessed some esterase activity, and high levels of activity were observed with strains 49, H17c, S2, AcTF2, and LM8/1B. Esterase activity also was detected in other ruminal bacteria (Bacteroides ruminicola, Selenomonas ruminantium, Ruminobacter amylophilus, and Streptococcus bovis). For all B. fibrisolvens strains tested, naphthyl fatty acid esterase activity paralleled culture growth and was predominantly cell associated. With strains 49, CF4c, and S2, the activity was retained by protoplasts made from whole cells. Esterase activity was detected with all strains when grown on glucose, and some strains showed higher activity levels when grown on other substrates (larchwood xylan or citrus pectin). When nitrophenyl esters of fatty acids were used to measure esterase activity, generally four- to sevenfold-higher activity levels were detected, and with a number of strains substantial levels were found in the culture fluid. Cultures of these strains (H17c, NOR37, D1, and D30g) contained xylanase and acetyl xylan esterase activities, neither of which was associated to any great extent with the cells. Acetyl xylan esterase has not been previously detected in ruminal bacteria and may be important to overall digestion of forage by these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Hespell
- Northern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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30
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Selvendran RR, Stevens BJ, Du Pont MS. Dietary fiber: chemistry, analysis, and properties. ADVANCES IN FOOD RESEARCH 1988; 31:117-209. [PMID: 2833079 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R R Selvendran
- AFRC Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, England
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32
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Biely P, MacKenzie CR, Puls J, Schneider H. Cooperativity of Esterases and Xylanases in the Enzymatic Degradation of Acetyl Xylan. Nat Biotechnol 1986. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt0886-731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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34
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Gordon A, Chesson A. The effect of prolonged storage on the digestibility and nitrogen content of ammonia-treated barley straw. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0377-8401(83)90096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Brice RE, Morrison IM. The degradation of isolated hemicelluloses and lignin-hemicellulose complexes by cell-free, rumen hemicellulases. Carbohydr Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)80797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Theander O, Udén P, Aman P. Acetyl and phenolic acid substituents in timothy of different maturity and after digestion with rumen microorganisms or a commercial cellulase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(81)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Ngian M, Pearce G. Utilization of piggery waste III. Effects of sodium hydroxide treatment of pig faeces on chemical composition, microscopic physical characteristics, and in vitro and in vivo digestibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-1131(79)90021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Gordon A, Hay AJ, Dinsdale D, Bacon JS. Polysaccharides and associated components of mesophyll cell-walls prepared from grasses. Carbohydr Res 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)81934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Morrison IM. Extraction of hemicelluloses from plant cell-walls with water after preliminary treatment with methanolic sodium methoxide. Carbohydr Res 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)81943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Bacon JS, Gordon AH, Hay AJ. Acetyl groups in dietary polysaccharides [proceedings]. Proc Nutr Soc 1976; 35:93A-94A. [PMID: 972905 DOI: 10.1079/pns19760041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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