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Wang Z, Li V, Chan GCK, Phan T, Nudelman AS, Xia Z, Storm DR. Adult type 3 adenylyl cyclase-deficient mice are obese. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6979. [PMID: 19750222 PMCID: PMC2735775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent study of obesity in Swedish men found that polymorphisms in the type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3) are associated with obesity, suggesting the interesting possibility that AC3 may play a role in weight control. Therefore, we examined the weight of AC3 mice over an extended period of time. Methodology/Principal Findings We discovered that AC3−/− mice become obese as they age. Adult male AC3−/− mice are about 40% heavier than wild type male mice while female AC3−/− are 70% heavier. The additional weight of AC3−/− mice is due to increased fat mass and larger adipocytes. Before the onset of obesity, young AC3−/− mice exhibit reduced physical activity, increased food consumption, and leptin insensitivity. Surprisingly, the obesity of AC3−/− mice is not due to a loss of AC3 from white adipose and a decrease in lipolysis. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that mice lacking AC3 exhibit obesity that is apparently caused by low locomotor activity, hyperphagia, and leptin insensitivity. The presence of AC3 in primary cilia of neurons of the hypothalamus suggests that cAMP signals generated by AC3 in the hypothalamus may play a critical role in regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vicky Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Guy C. K. Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Trongha Phan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aaron S. Nudelman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Greene M, Thackeray JT, Kenk M, Thorn SL, Bevilacqua L, Harper ME, Beanlands RS, Dasilva JN. Reduced in vivo phosphodiesterase-4 response to acute noradrenaline challenge in diet-induced obese rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:196-202. [PMID: 19295660 DOI: 10.1139/y09-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Altered sympathetic nervous activity has been linked to the development and persistence of obesity, partly relating to overfeeding. Binding of the selective, positron-emitting phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor (R)-[11C]rolipram provides a direct index of the cAMP-hydrolyzing enzyme PDE4. This study examines progressive alterations in PDE4 in a high-fat-fed obese animal model. (R)-[11C]Rolipram was injected into diet-induced obese (DIO) and diet-resistant (DR) rats; the animals were killed after 45 min, tissues were extracted, and radioactivity was quantified. Responsiveness of PDE4 to acute noradrenaline (NA) stimulation was determined by 3 h pretreatment with the NA reuptake inhibitor desipramine. There was minimal variance in caloric intake, weight gain, fasting glucose, insulin, and energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry) measures. Basal (R)-[11C]rolipram binding was comparable between DIO and DR rats at 2 or 8 weeks of feeding. The normal increase of PDE4 levels in response to elevated NA by desipramine pretreatment was ablated in PDE4-rich tissues, including brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, of DIO animals after 8 weeks of high-fat diet. Lean DR rats maintained PDE4 responsiveness indicative of a normal NA signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Greene
- National Cardiac PET Centre, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y4W7, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Leineweber K, Büscher R, Bruck H, Brodde OE. Beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003; 369:1-22. [PMID: 14647973 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Accepted: 09/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There can be no doubt that beta(1)-, beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptor genes have genetic polymorphisms. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms have been described for the beta(1)- (Ser49Gly; Gly389Arg), three for the beta(2)- (Arg16Gly; Gln27Glu; Thr164Ile) and one for the beta(3)-adrenoceptor subtype (Trp64Arg) that might be of functional importance. The possibility that changes in expression or properties of the beta-adrenoceptors due to single nucleotide polymorphisms might have phenotypic consequences influencing their cardiovascular or metabolic function or may contribute to the pathophysiology of several disorders like hypertension, congestive heart failure, asthma or obesity is an idea that has attracted much interest during the last 10 years. At present, it appears that these beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms are very likely not disease-causing genes, but might be risk factors, might modify disease and/or might influence progression of disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the functional consequences of such beta-adrenoceptor polymorphisms in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leineweber
- Depts. of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Mory G, Wiel M, Adli H, Diot-Dupuy F, Ferré P, Bazin R. Impaired beta-adrenergic signaling pathway in white adipocytes of suckling fa/fa Zucker rats: a defect in receptor coupling. Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:1592-8. [PMID: 11753576 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2000] [Revised: 02/22/2001] [Accepted: 05/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In fa/fa Zucker rats, leptin receptor deficiency is responsible for both a deficit of energy expenditure and hyperphagia which lead to massive obesity and insulin resistance in adulthood. This obesity is also characterised by alterations of the beta-adrenergic signaling pathway. OBJECTIVE To determine whether alterations in beta-adrenergic pathway could occur at the onset of obesity when fa/fa rats are not yet hyperinsulinemic. ANIMALS Fourteen-day-old suckling fa/fa and Fa/fa littermates (from heterozygous lean (Fa/fa) female and homozygous obese (fa/fa) male mating). MEASUREMENTS Membranes were prepared from isolated adipocytes after collagenase treatment of inguinal adipose tissue. The response of adenylyl-cyclase activity to stimulation by isoprenaline, GTPgamma-S or forskolin was studied. Bmax and Kd of (beta1+beta2) and of beta3 adrenoceptors were measured using 3H-CGP saturation binding experiments. mRNA concentration of beta1- and beta3-AR was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. G(s)alpha protein was quantified by Western blotting and Gi protein by ADP-ribosylation. RESULTS Despite an almost normal body weight, inguinal fat pad weight was increased two-fold by the expression of fa mutation. This increase was entirely accounted for by fat cell hypertrophy (x2.5 in volume). In fa/fa compared to Fa/fa pups, response of adenylyl cyclase to isoprenaline was decreased two-fold but responses to GTPgammaS or forskolin were unchanged. Density of (beta1+beta2) and beta3-AR was not affected by the fa/fa genotype, as well as G(s)alpha and Gi concentration. CONCLUSION Response of inguinal fat cells to catecholamines was decreased without any quantitative modifications of the different elements of the adenylyl cyclase cascade. This suggests an alteration in the coupling between beta-AR and G proteins. Due to the important increase in fat cell volume we hypothesize that changes in the physical properties of plasma membranes and/or changes in cytoskeleton-extracellular-matrix interactions could disturb the beta-adrenergic pathway responsiveness. In addition to the excess of lipid storage, which occurs very early at the onset of obesity, the impairment of the responsiveness to catecholamines reported in this study might worsen the obesity syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/drug effects
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Adipocytes/drug effects
- Adipocytes/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Catecholamines/pharmacology
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Male
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mory
- INSERM U 465, Centre Biomédical des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Coudray C, Charon C, Komas N, Mory G, Diot-Dupuy F, Manganiello V, Ferre P, Bazin R. Evidence for the presence of several phosphodiesterase isoforms in brown adipose tissue of Zucker rats: modulation of PDE2 by the fa gene expression. FEBS Lett 1999; 456:207-10. [PMID: 10452559 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to characterise the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) present in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of Zucker rat pups and to determine whether the capacity for degradation of cyclic nucleotides was affected by the fatty genotype. Regardless of the genotype, PDE2-4 contributed to total PDE activity, the PDE3 activity equalling the sum of PDE2 and 4 activities. In fa/fa compared to Fa/fa rats, (a) PDE2 activity was significantly increased, (b) Western blot analysis of PDE2 revealed two signals at 71 and 105 kDa, with changes in protein being in good parallelism with changes in activity, (c) the PDE2 mRNA concentration was also significantly increased. In good agreement, the cGMP concentration was decreased in BAT from fa/fa pups.
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Adli H, Bazin R, Perret GY. Interaction of amiodarone and triiodothyronine on the expression of beta-adrenoceptors in brown adipose tissue of rat. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:1455-61. [PMID: 10217540 PMCID: PMC1565924 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. This study was undertaken to evaluate in vivo the influence of amiodarone on the effects of triiodothyronine (T3) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) which are independent of thyroid hormone synthesis and of the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to T3. Thyroidectomized rats were given a replacement dose of T3 (0.5 mg kg(-1) p.o. daily for 3 days) with or without amiodarone (50 mg kg(-1) p.o. daily for 1 week). 2. As assessed by RT-PCR, treatment of thyroidectomized rats with T3 caused a 2 fold decrease in beta3-adrenoceptor (beta3-AR) mRNA levels and a 2 fold increase in beta1-AR mRNA levels. 3. Binding studies using [3H]-CGP 12177 as a ligand showed that treatment of thyoidectomized rats with T3 resulted in a 70% decrease in beta3-AR number and in an 80% increase in beta1-AR in BAT membranes. 4. T3-treatment abolished the increase in BAT adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity induced by CGP12177 in thyroidectomized rats. It also decreased the amount of Gi protein (ADP-ribosylation) by 30%. 5. At variance with the literature on the heart, amiodarone administration did not inhibit the positive effect of T3 on beta1-AR expression in BAT in thyroidectomized rats. However, it antagonized the effect of T3 on beta3-AR number, but not on AC activity or on Gi expression. 6. These results indicate that the effects of thyroid hormones on the responsiveness of BAT to catecholamines involves both receptor and post-receptor mechanisms, they also suggest that interaction between amiodarone and thyroid hormones is highly tissue-specific and depends on the beta-AR subtype.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/drug effects
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Amiodarone/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/pharmacology
- Drug Interactions
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/drug effects
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/drug effects
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Male
- Propanolamines/pharmacology
- Proteins/drug effects
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Triiodothyronine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Adli
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Expérimentale, Université Paris Nord, Bobigny, France.
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Hadri KE, Courtalon A, Gauthereau X, Chambaut-Guérin AM, Pairault J, Fève B. Differential regulation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha of beta1-, beta2-, and beta3-adrenoreceptor gene expression in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:24514-21. [PMID: 9305915 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.39.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of beta-adrenoreceptor expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was investigated in murine 3T3-F442A adipocytes. TNF-alpha treatment of mature adipocytes decreased beta3-adrenoreceptor mRNA content in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with a 8.5-fold decrease observed after a 6-h exposure to 300 pM TNF-alpha. beta1-Adrenoreceptor mRNA abundance was slightly decreased by TNF-alpha treatment, while beta2-adrenoreceptor mRNA levels were potently induced (6-fold increase at 6 h). (-)-[125I]Iodocyanopindolol saturation and competition binding experiments indicated that TNF-alpha induced a 2-fold decrease in beta3-adrenoreceptor number, a nonsignificant reduction in beta1-subtype population, and a approximately 4.5-fold increase in beta2-adrenoreceptor density. This correlated with a lower EC50 value measured for epinephrine in stimulating adenylyl cyclase, whereas the EC50 value for norepinephrine increased. Nuclear run-on assays on isolated nuclei and mRNA stability measurements showed that TNF-alpha increased both beta2-adrenoreceptor gene transcription and beta2-adrenoreceptor mRNA half-life, while beta1- and beta3-adrenoreceptor gene expression was modulated only at the transcriptional level by the cytokine. These findings demonstrate a differential modulation by TNF-alpha of the three beta-adrenoreceptor subtypes in adipocytes, which may contribute to metabolic disorders induced by the cytokine in the adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hadri
- INSERM Unité 282, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
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Hadri KE, Charon C, Pairault J, Hauguel-De Mouzon S, Quignard-Boulangé A, Fève B. Down-regulation of beta3-adrenergic receptor expression in rat adipose tissue during the fasted/fed transition: evidence for a role of insulin. Biochem J 1997; 323 ( Pt 2):359-64. [PMID: 9163324 PMCID: PMC1218327 DOI: 10.1042/bj3230359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) exerts a central role in the transduction of catecholamine effects in white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT). A recent report has documented that insulin strongly down-regulates beta3-AR expression and catecholamine responsiveness in 3T3-F442A adipocytes [Fève, El Hadri, Quignard-Boulangé and Pairault (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 5677-5681]. In the present report we show that the rise in plasma insulin levels elicited by the fasted/fed transition is associated with a reduction in beta3-AR mRNA levels and beta-adrenergic responsiveness in WAT and BAT. beta3-AR transcripts are also decreased in adipose tissue from animals subjected for 6 h to euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamps. Moreover, insulin acts directly on cultured rat white and brown adipocytes to decrease beta3-AR gene expression and adenylate cyclase activity in response to beta3-AR-selective agonists. These results suggest that there is a close relationship between food intake, plasma insulin levels and beta3-AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hadri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 282, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010-Créteil, France
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Abstract
The beta 3 subtype of adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors has now been extensively characterized at the structural and functional levels. Ligand binding and adenylyl cyclase activation studies helped define a beta-adrenergic profile that is quite distinct from that of the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors, but strongly reminiscent of most of the "atypical" responses reported in earlier pharmacologic studies. Human, other large mammal, and rodent receptors share most of the characteristic beta 3 properties, although obvious species-specific differences have been identified. Recently, the incidence of a naturally occurring variant of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor was shown to be correlated with hereditary obesity in Pima Indians and in Japanese individuals, and in Western obese patients with increased dynamic capacity to add on weight and develop non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). A mild weight increase was also shown to develop in female, but not male, mice in which the beta 3 receptor gene was disrupted. Taken together, these results now provide a consistent picture of an important role of the beta 3-adrenoceptor in the regulation of lipid metabolism and as an obvious target for drugs to treat some forms of obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Strosberg
- Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Laboratoire d'Immuno-Pharmacologie Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 0415, Paris, France
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Abstract
The cloning, sequencing and expression in model systems of the previously unidentified beta 3-adrenoceptor recently led to an extensive functional characterization. Ligand binding and adenylate cyclase activation studies helped define a specific profile that is quite distinct from that of the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors, but strongly reminiscent of most of the 'atypical' beta-adrenoceptor-mediated responses reported in earlier pharmacological studies. More recently, a naturally occurring variation in the human beta 3-adrenoceptor has been correlated with hereditary obesity and with increased dynamic capacity to add on weight and develop non-insulin dependent diabetes in Western obese patients. Donny Strosberg and France Pietri-Rouxel describe how results now provide a consistent picture of an important role for the human beta 3-adrenoceptor in the regulation of lipid metabolism and as an obvious target for drugs to treat some forms of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Strosberg
- Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 0415, Paris, France
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