1
|
Distinguishing Plasmin-Generating Microvesicles: Tiny Messengers Involved in Fibrinolysis and Proteolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021571. [PMID: 36675082 PMCID: PMC9860915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of stressors and inflammatory mediators (cytokines, proteases, oxidative stress mediators) released during inflammation or ischemia stimulate and activate cells in blood, the vessel wall or tissues. The most well-known functional and phenotypic responses of activated cells are (1) the immediate expression and/or release of stored or newly synthesized bioactive molecules, and (2) membrane blebbing followed by release of microvesicles. An ultimate response, namely the formation of extracellular traps by neutrophils (NETs), is outside the scope of this work. The main objective of this article is to provide an overview on the mechanism of plasminogen reception and activation at the surface of cell-derived microvesicles, new actors in fibrinolysis and proteolysis. The role of microvesicle-bound plasmin in pathological settings involving inflammation, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, and tumour growth, remains to be investigated. Further studies are necessary to determine if profibrinolytic microvesicles are involved in a finely regulated equilibrium with pro-coagulant microvesicles, which ensures a balanced haemostasis, leading to the maintenance of vascular patency.
Collapse
|
2
|
Whyte CS, Mutch NJ. uPA-mediated plasminogen activation is enhanced by polyphosphate. Haematologica 2021; 106:522-531. [PMID: 32029503 PMCID: PMC7849561 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.237966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase (uPA) differ in their modes of action. Efficient tPA-mediated plasminogen activation requires binding to fibrin. In contrast, uPA is fibrin independent and activates plasminogen in solution or when associated with its cellular receptor uPAR. We have previously shown that polyphosphate (polyP), alters fibrin structure and attenuates tPA and plasminogen binding to fibrin, thereby down-regulating fibrinolysis. Here we investigate the impact of polyP on uPA-mediated fibrinolysis. As previously reported polyP of an average chain length of 65 (polyP65) delays tPA-mediated fibrinolysis. The rate of plasmin generation was also delayed and reduced 1.6-fold in polyP65-containing clots (0.74 ± 0.06 vs. 1.17 ± 0.14 pM/s in P < 0.05). Analysis of tPA-mediated fibrinolysis in real-time by confocal microscopy was significantly slower in polyP65-containing clots. In marked contrast, polyP65 augmented the rate of uPA-mediated plasmin generation 4.7-fold (3.96 ± 0.34 vs. 0.84 ± 0.08 pM/s; P < 0.001) and accelerated fibrinolysis (t1/2 64.5 ± 1.7 min vs. 108.2 ± 3.8 min; P < 0.001). Analysis of lysis in real-time confirmed that polyP65 enhanced uPA-mediated fibrinolysis. Varying the plasminogen concentration (0.125 to 1 μM) in clots dose-dependently enhanced uPA-mediated fibrinolysis, while negligible changes were observed on tPA-mediated fibrinolysis. The accelerating effect of polyP65 on uPA-mediated fibrinolysis was overcome by additional plasminogen, while the down-regulation of tPA-mediated lysis and plasmin generation was largely unaffected. PolyP65 exerts opposing effects on tPA- and uPA-mediated fibrinolysis, attenuating the fibrin cofactor function in tPA-mediated plasminogen activation. In contrast, polyP may facilitate the interaction between fibrin-independent uPA and plasminogen thereby accelerating plasmin generation and downstream fibrinolysis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hasumi K, Suzuki E. Impact of SMTP Targeting Plasminogen and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase on Thrombolysis, Inflammation, and Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:954. [PMID: 33477998 PMCID: PMC7835936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol (SMTP) is a large family of small molecules derived from the fungus S. microspora. SMTP acts as a zymogen modulator (specifically, plasminogen modulator) that alters plasminogen conformation to enhance its binding to fibrin and subsequent fibrinolysis. Certain SMTP congeners exert anti-inflammatory effects by targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase. SMTP congeners with both plasminogen modulation activity and anti-inflammatory activity ameliorate various aspects of ischemic stroke in rodents and primates. A remarkable feature of SMTP efficacy is the suppression of hemorrhagic transformation, which is exacerbated by conventional thrombolytic treatments. No drug with such properties has been developed yet, and SMTP would be the first to promote thrombolysis but suppress disease-associated bleeding. On the basis of these findings, one SMTP congener is under clinical study and development. This review summarizes the discovery, mechanism of action, pharmacological activities, and development of SMTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
- Division of Research and Development, TMS Co., Ltd., Tokyo 183-0023, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kapustianenko LG, Grinenko TV, Rebriev AV, Yusova OI, Tykhomyrov AA. Identification of the binding site for plasminogen kringle 5 in the ?-chain of fibrin(ogen) D-fragment. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
5
|
Kuhli-Hattenbach C, Miesbach W, Lüchtenberg M, Kohnen T, Hattenbach LO. Elevated lipoprotein (a) levels are an independent risk factor for retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:140-145. [PMID: 27545749 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] and other thrombophilic disorders among retinal vein occlusion (RVO) patients with regard to age and various risk factors. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 100 patients with central, hemicentral or branch RVO who had undergone routine thrombophilia screening. Data were compared with 100 controls. Both cohorts were divided into three subgroups (≤45 years, >45-≤60 years or >60 years), depending on the patients' age at the time of the RVO or a previous thromboembolic event. RESULTS Elevated Lp(a) plasma levels were significantly more prevalent among RVO patients than among controls (p < 0.0001; OR: 4.8). Moreover, we determined age ≤60 years by the time of the first thromboembolic event as a strong predictor of elevated Lp(a) (p = 0.0002). The coincidence of elevated Lp(a) with other coagulation disorders further increased the OR for RVO to 9.3 (95% CI 2.1-41.8). Multivariate analysis revealed the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (OR: 3.1, p = 0.0004), elevated lipoprotein (a) levels (OR: 5.2, p = 0.0001) and increased factor VIII activity (OR: 5.9, p = 0.001) as independent risk factors for the development of RVO among patients. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that elevated plasma levels of Lp(a) are associated with the development of RVO. Selective screening of young patients and subjects with a personal or family history of thromboembolism may be helpful in identifying RVO patients with elevated Lp(a).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Miesbach
- Medical Clinic II; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology; University Hospital; Goethe-University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marc Lüchtenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology; Bürgerhospital; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Thomas Kohnen
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospital; Goethe-University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Purwin M, Markowska A, Bruzgo I, Rusak T, Surażyński A, Jaworowska U, Midura-Nowaczek K. Peptides with 6-Aminohexanoic Acid: Synthesis and Evaluation as Plasmin Inhibitors. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016; 23:235-245. [PMID: 28491013 PMCID: PMC5401710 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen new peptide derivatives of ɛ-aminocaproic acid (EACA) containing the known fragment –Ala–Phe–Lys– with an affinity for plasmin were synthesised in the present study. The synthesis was carried out a solid phase. The following compounds were synthesised: H–Phe–Lys–EACA–X, H–d-Ala–Phe–Lys–EACA–X, H–Ala–Phe–Lys–EACA–X, H–d-Ala–Phe–EACA–X and H–Ala–Phe–EACA–X, where X = OH, NH2 and NH–(CH2)5–NH2. All peptides, except for those containing the sequence H–Ala–Phe–EACA–X, displayed higher inhibitory activity against plasmin than EACA. The most active and selective inhibitor of plasmin was the compound H–d-Ala–Phe–Lys–EACA–NH2 which inhibited the amidolytic activity of plasmin (IC50 = 0.02 mM), with the antifibrinolytic activity weaker than EACA. The resulting peptides did not affect the viability of fibroblast cells, colon cancer cell line DLD-1, breast MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Purwin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Markowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Irena Bruzgo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rusak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Surażyński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Jaworowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Krystyna Midura-Nowaczek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Str, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Lipoprotein (a): truly a direct prothrombotic factor in cardiovascular disease? J Lipid Res 2015; 57:745-57. [PMID: 26647358 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] have been determined to be a causal risk factor for coronary heart disease, and may similarly play a role in other atherothrombotic disorders. Lp(a) consists of a lipoprotein moiety indistinguishable from LDL, as well as the plasminogen-related glycoprotein, apo(a). Therefore, the pathogenic role for Lp(a) has traditionally been considered to reflect a dual function of its similarity to LDL, causing atherosclerosis, and its similarity to plasminogen, causing thrombosis through inhibition of fibrinolysis. This postulate remains highly speculative, however, because it has been difficult to separate the prothrombotic/antifibrinolytic functions of Lp(a) from its proatherosclerotic functions. This review surveys the current landscape surrounding these issues: the biochemical basis for procoagulant and antifibrinolytic effects of Lp(a) is summarized and the evidence addressing the role of Lp(a) in both arterial and venous thrombosis is discussed. While elevated Lp(a) appears to be primarily predisposing to thrombotic events in the arterial tree, the fact that most of these are precipitated by underlying atherosclerosis continues to confound our understanding of the true pathogenic roles of Lp(a) and, therefore, the most appropriate therapeutic target through which to mitigate the harmful effects of this lipoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Boffa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Marlys L Koschinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mechanism of the action of SMTP-7, a novel small-molecule modulator of plasminogen activation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2015; 25:316-21. [PMID: 24784315 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SMTP-7 is a small molecule that promotes the proteolytic activation of plasminogen by relaxing its conformation. SMTP-7 has excellent therapeutic activities against thrombotic stroke in several rodent models. The objective of this study was to elucidate detailed mechanism of the action of SMTP-7 in vitro. We report here that the action of SMTP-7 requires a cofactor with a long-chain alkyl or alkenyl group, and that the fifth kringle domain (kringle 5) of plasminogen is involved in the SMTP-7 action. In this study, we found that the SMTP-7 action to enhance plasminogen activation depended on the presence of a certain type of surfactant, and we screened biologically relevant molecules for their cofactor activity for the SMTP action. As a result, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and oleic acid were found to be active in assisting the SMTP-7 action. On the contrary, stearic acid and bile acids were inactive. Thus, a certain structural element, not only the surface-activating potential, is required for a compound to act as a cofactor for the SMTP-7 action. The plasminogen molecule consists of a PAN domain, five kringle domains, and a serine protease domain. The cofactor-dependent effects of SMTP-7 was observed with plasminogen species including kringle 5 such as intact plasminogen (Glu-plasminogen), des-PAN plasminogen (Lys-plasminogen), and des-[PAN - (kringles 1-4)] plasminogen (mini-plasminogen). However, SMTP-7 effect was not observed with the smallest plasminogen species des-[PAN - (kringles 1-4) and a half of kringle 5)] plasminogen (micro-plasminogen). Thus, kringle 5 is crucial for the action of SMTP-7.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tykhomyrov AA, Shram SI, Grinenko TV. [Role of angiostatins in diabetic complications]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015; 61:41-56. [PMID: 25762598 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels. Angiogenesis is regulated by a number of factors of peptide nature. Disbalance of angiogenic system appears to be the major causative factor contributing vascular abnormalities in diabetes mellitus, resulting in various complications. Angiostatins, which are kringle-containing fragments of plasminogen/plasmin, are known to be powerful physiological inhibitors of neovascularization. In the present review, current literature data on peculiarities of production of angiostatins and their functioning at diabetes mellitus are summarized and analyzed for the first time. Also, role of angiostatins in the pathogenesis of typical diabetic complications, including retinopathies, nephropathies and cardiovascular diseases, is discussed. Data presented in this review may be useful for elaboration of novel effective approaches for diagnostics and therapy of vascular abnormalities in diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
10
|
Verhamme IM, Bock PE. Rapid binding of plasminogen to streptokinase in a catalytic complex reveals a three-step mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28006-18. [PMID: 25138220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid kinetics demonstrate a three-step pathway of streptokinase (SK) binding to plasminogen (Pg), the zymogen of plasmin (Pm). Formation of a fluorescently silent encounter complex is followed by two conformational tightening steps reported by fluorescence quenches. Forward reactions were defined by time courses of biphasic quenching during complex formation between SK or its COOH-terminal Lys(414) deletion mutant (SKΔK414) and active site-labeled [Lys]Pg ([5-(acetamido)fluorescein]-D-Phe-Phe-Arg-[Lys]Pg ([5F]FFR-[Lys]Pg)) and by the SK dependences of the quench rates. Active site-blocked Pm rapidly displaced [5F]FFR-[Lys]Pg from the complex. The encounter and final SK ·[5F]FFR-[Lys]Pg complexes were weakened similarly by SK Lys(414) deletion and blocking of lysine-binding sites (LBSs) on Pg kringles with 6-aminohexanoic acid or benzamidine. Forward and reverse rates for both tightening steps were unaffected by 6-aminohexanoic acid, whereas benzamidine released constraints on the first conformational tightening. This indicated that binding of SK Lys(414) to Pg kringle 4 plays a role in recognition of Pg by SK. The substantially lower affinity of the final SK · Pg complex compared with SK · Pm is characterized by a ∼ 25-fold weaker encounter complex and ∼ 40-fold faster off-rates for the second conformational step. The results suggest that effective Pg encounter requires SK Lys(414) engagement and significant non-LBS interactions with the protease domain, whereas Pm binding additionally requires contributions of other lysines. This difference may be responsible for the lower affinity of the SK · Pg complex and the expression of a weaker "pro"-exosite for binding of a second Pg in the substrate mode compared with SK · Pm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Verhamme
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Paul E Bock
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tykhomyrov AA, Shram SI, Grinenko TV. The role of angiostatins in diabetic complications. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Balhara V, Deshmukh SS, Kálmán L, Kornblatt JA. The interaction of streptococcal enolase with canine plasminogen: the role of surfaces in complex formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88395. [PMID: 24520380 PMCID: PMC3919783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enolase from Streptococcus pyogenes (Str enolase F137L/E363G) is a homo-octamer shaped like a donut. Plasminogen (Pgn) is a monomeric protein composed of seven discrete separated domains organized into a lock washer. The enolase is known to bind Pgn. In past work we searched for conditions in which the two proteins would bind to one another. The two native proteins in solution would not bind under any of the tried conditions. We found that if the structures were perturbed binding would occur. We stated that only the non-native Str enolase or Pgn would interact such that we could detect binding. We report here the results of a series of dual polarization interferometry (DPI) experiments coupled with atomic force microscopy (AFM), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence. We show that the critical condition for forming stable complexes of the two native proteins involves Str enolase binding to a surface. Surfaces that attract Str enolase are a sufficient condition for binding Pgn. Under certain conditions, Pgn adsorbed to a surface will bind Str enolase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Balhara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - László Kálmán
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack A. Kornblatt
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar Y, Vadivel K, Schmidt AE, Ogueli GI, Ponnuraj SM, Rannulu N, Loo JA, Bajaj M, Bajaj SP. Decoy plasminogen receptor containing a selective Kunitz-inhibitory domain. Biochemistry 2014; 53:505-17. [PMID: 24383758 PMCID: PMC3985851 DOI: 10.1021/bi401584b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kunitz domain 1 (KD1) of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 in which P2' residue Leu17 (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor numbering) is mutated to Arg selectively inhibits the active site of plasmin with ∼5-fold improved affinity. Thrombin cleavage (24 h extended incubation at a 1:50 enzyme-to-substrate ratio) of the KD1 mutant (Leu17Arg) yielded a smaller molecule containing the intact Kunitz domain with no detectable change in the active-site inhibitory function. The N-terminal sequencing and MALDI-TOF/ESI data revealed that the starting molecule has a C-terminal valine (KD1L17R-VT), whereas the smaller molecule has a C-terminal lysine (KD1L17R-KT). Because KD1L17R-KT has C-terminal lysine, we examined whether it could serve as a decoy receptor for plasminogen/plasmin. Such a molecule might inhibit plasminogen activation as well as the active site of generated plasmin. In surface plasmon resonance experiments, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and Glu-plasminogen bound to KD1L17R-KT (Kd ∼ 0.2 to 0.3 μM) but not to KD1L17R-VT. Furthermore, KD1L17R-KT inhibited tPA-induced plasma clot fibrinolysis more efficiently than KD1L17R-VT. Additionally, compared to ε-aminocaproic acid KD1L17R-KT was more effective in reducing blood loss in a mouse liver-laceration injury model, where the fibrinolytic system is activated. In further experiments, the micro(μ)-plasmin-KD1L17R-KT complex inhibited urokinase-induced plasminogen activation on phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated U937 monocyte-like cells, whereas the μ-plasmin-KD1L17R-VT complex failed to inhibit this process. In conclusion, KD1L17R-KT inhibits the active site of plasmin as well as acts as a decoy receptor for the kringle domain(s) of plasminogen/plasmin; hence, it limits both plasmin generation and activity. With its dual function, KD1L17R-KT could serve as a preferred agent for controlling plasminogen activation in pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kanagasabai Vadivel
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Amy E. Schmidt
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Godwin I. Ogueli
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sathya M. Ponnuraj
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nalaka Rannulu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Molecular
Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Madhu
S. Bajaj
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, David
Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - S. Paul Bajaj
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Molecular
Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xue Y, Bodin C, Olsson K. Crystal structure of the native plasminogen reveals an activation-resistant compact conformation. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1385-96. [PMID: 22540246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen is the zymogen form of plasmin and the precursor of angiostatin. It has been implicated in a variety of disease states, including thrombosis, bleeding and cancers. The native plasminogen, known as Glu-plasminogen, contains seven domains comprising the N-terminal peptide domain (NTP), five kringle domains (K1-K5) and the C-terminal serine protease domain (SP). Previous studies have established that the lysine binding site (LBS) of the conserved kringle domains plays a crucial role in mediating the regulation of plasminogen function. However, details of the related conformational mechanism are unknown. OBJECTIVES We aim to understand in more detail the conformational mechanism of plasminogen activation involving the kringles. METHODS We crystallized the native plasminogen under physiologically relevant conditions and determined the structure at 3.5 Å resolution. We performed structural analyses and related these to the literature data to gain critical understanding of the plasminogen activation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The structure reveals the precise architecture of the quaternary complex. It shows that the Glu-plasminogen renders its compact form as an activation-resistant conformation for the proteolytic activation. The LBSs of all kringles, except K1, are engaged in intra-molecular interactions while only K1-LBS is readily available for ligand binding or receptor anchorage. The structure also provides insights into the interactions between plasminogen and α2-antiplasmin, the primary physiological inhibitor of plasmin. Furthermore, the data presented explain why a conformational transition to the open form is necessary for plasminogen activation as well as angiostatin generation, and provide a rationale for the functional hierarchy of the different kringles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Xue
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
A new series of the SMTP plasminogen modulators with a phenylamine-based side chain. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2012; 65:361-7. [PMID: 22511228 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2012.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SMTPs are a family of small-molecule plasminogen modulators that enhance plasminogen activation. SMTP-7, one of the most potent congeners, is effective in treating thrombotic cerebral infarction. The SMTP molecule consists of a tricyclic γ-lactam moiety, a geranylmethyl group, and an N-linked side chain. The presence of both an aromatic group and a negatively ionizable group in the N-linked side chain is crucial for activity. Investigations of the congeners with a phenylglycine-based side chain suggest that a phenolic hydroxy group affects potency. In this study, we isolate and characterize a series of novel SMTP congeners with a phenylamine-based N-linked side chain. Of the 11 congeners isolated, SMTP-19 (with a 4-phenylcarboxylic acid moiety), SMTP-22 (with a 3-hydroxyphenyl-4-carboxylic acid moiety) and SMTP-25 (with a 2-hydroxyphenyl-3-carboxylic acid moiety) are as potent as SMTP-7 in plasminogen-modulating activity. Their isomers with a carboxylic acid group and/or a phenolic hydroxy group at different positions have <40% of the activity of these congeners. Both SMTP-22 and SMTP-25 have >1.7 times more oxygen radical absorbance capacity as compared with SMTP-7.
Collapse
|
16
|
Swedberg JE, Harris JM. Natural and engineered plasmin inhibitors: applications and design strategies. Chembiochem 2012; 13:336-48. [PMID: 22238174 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease plasmin is ubiquitously expressed throughout the human body in the form of the zymogen plasminogen. Conversion to active plasmin occurs through enzymatic cleavage by plasminogen activators. The plasminogen activator/plasmin system has a well-established function in the removal of intravascular fibrin deposition through fibrinolysis and the inhibition of plasmin activity; this has found widespread clinical use in reducing perioperative bleeding. Increasing evidence also suggests diverse, although currently less defined, roles for plasmin in a number of physiological and pathological processes relating to extracellular matrix degradation, cell migration and tissue remodelling. In particular, dysregulation of plasmin has been linked to cancer invasion/metastasis and various chronic inflammatory conditions; this has prompted efforts to develop inhibitors of this protease. Although a number of plasmin inhibitors exist, they commonly suffer from poor potency and/or specificity of inhibition that either results in reduced efficacy or prevents clinical use. Consequently, there is a need for further development of high-affinity plasmin inhibitors that maintain selectivity over other serine proteases. This review summarises clearly defined and potential applications for plasmin inhibition. The properties of naturally occurring and engineered plasmin inhibitors are discussed in the context of current knowledge regarding plasmin structure, specificity and function. This includes design strategies to obtain the potency and specificity of inhibition in addition to controlled temporal and spatial distribution tailored for the intended use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072 (Australia)
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hu W, Narasaki R, Nishimura N, Hasumi K. SMTP (Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol) enhances clot clearance in a pulmonary embolism model in rats. Thromb J 2012; 10:2. [PMID: 22230042 PMCID: PMC3310738 DOI: 10.1186/1477-9560-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenols (SMTPs) are a novel family of small molecules that enhance both activation and fibrin-binding of plasminogen. While their effects on fibrinolysis have been characterized in vitro, little is known about their activity in vivo with respect to plasminogen activation and blood clot clearance. Results To select a potent SMTP congener for the evaluation of its action in vitro and in vivo, we tested several SMTP congeners with distinct structural properties for their effects on plasminogen activation. As a result, SMTP-7 (orniplabin) was found to have distinguished activity. Several lines of biochemical evidence supported the idea that SMTP-7 acted as a plasminogen modulator. SMTP-7 elevated plasma level of plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex, an index of plasmin formation in vivo, 1.5-fold in mice after the intravenous injections at doses of 5 and 10 mg kg-1. In a rat pulmonary embolism model, SMTP-7 (5 mg kg-1) enhanced the rate of clot clearance ~3-fold in the absence of exogenous plasminogen activator. Clot clearance was enhanced further by 5 mg kg-1 of SMTP-7 in combination with single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Conclusions Our results show that SMTP-7 is a superior plasminogen modulator among the SMTP family compounds and suggest that the agent enhances plasmin generation in vivo, leading to clearance of thrombi in a model of pulmonary embolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Hu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Koide H, Narasaki R, Hasegawa K, Nishimura N, Hasumi K. A new series of the SMTP plasminogen modulator with a phenylglycine-based side chain. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 65:91-3. [PMID: 22108677 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Koide
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Fuchu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han J, Baik N, Kim KH, Yang JM, Han GW, Gong Y, Jardí M, Castellino FJ, Felez J, Parmer RJ, Miles LA. Monoclonal antibodies detect receptor-induced binding sites in Glu-plasminogen. Blood 2011; 118:1653-62. [PMID: 21680799 PMCID: PMC3156051 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-316943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When Glu-plasminogen binds to cells, its activation to plasmin is markedly enhanced compared with the reaction in solution, suggesting that Glu-plasminogen on cell surfaces adopts a conformation distinct from that in solution. However, direct evidence for such conformational changes has not been obtained. Therefore, we developed anti-plasminogen mAbs to test the hypothesis that Glu-plasminogen undergoes conformational changes on its interaction with cells. Six anti-plasminogen mAbs (recognizing 3 distinct epitopes) that preferentially recognized receptor-induced binding sites (RIBS) in Glu-plasminogen were obtained. The mAbs also preferentially recognized Glu-plasminogen bound to the C-terminal peptide of the plasminogen receptor, Plg-R(KT), and to fibrin, plasmin-treated fibrinogen, and Matrigel. We used trypsin proteolysis, immunoaffinity chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry and identified Glu-plasminogen sequences containing epitopes recognized by the anti-plasminogen-RIBS mAbs: a linear epitope within a domain linking kringles 1 and 2; a nonlinear epitope contained within the kringle 5 domain and the latent protease domain; and a nonlinear epitope contained within the N-terminal peptide of Glu-plasminogen and the latent protease domain. Our results identify neoepitopes latent in soluble Glu-plasminogen that become available when Glu-plasminogen binds to cells and demonstrate that binding of Glu-plasminogen to cells induces a conformational change in Glu-plasminogen distinct from that of Lys-Pg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaena Han
- Departments of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aisina RB, Muhametova LI, Prisyazhnaya NV, Gulin DA, Levashov MY, Gershkovich KB. Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of angiostatin on plasminogen activation by its physiologic activators. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:319-26. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
Hasegawa K, Koide H, Hu W, Nishimura N, Narasaki R, Kitano Y, Hasumi K. Structure-activity relationships of 11 new congeners of the SMTP plasminogen modulator. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:589-93. [PMID: 20842143 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fungal metabolite Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenols (SMTPs) are small-molecule plasminogen modulators that enhance plasminogen activation. The SMTP molecule consists of a tricyclic γ-lactam moiety, an isoprene side-chain and an N-linked side-chain. Previous investigations have demonstrated that the N-linked side-chain is crucial for its activity. In this study, we have isolated 11 new SMTP congeners with a variety of N-linked side-chain structures, to investigate structure-activity relationships. Active compounds included congeners with a carboxyl or a sulfonic acid group in the N-linked side-chain, whereas not all the congeners with a carboxyl group were active. Of these congeners, that with methionine or tyrosine as the N-linked side-chain moiety was more active than that with an aliphatic amino acid. Congeners without ionizable group in the N-linked side-chain were essentially inactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hasumi K, Yamamichi S, Harada T. Small-molecule modulators of zymogen activation in the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems. FEBS J 2010; 277:3675-87. [PMID: 20718867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems are central to the hemostatic mechanism, which works promptly on vascular injury and tissue damage. The rapid response is generated by specific molecular interactions between components in these systems. Thus, the regulation mechanism of the systems is programmed in each component, as exemplified by the elegant processes in zymogen activation. This review describes recently identified small molecules that modulate the activation of zymogens in the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Figuera-Losada M, Ranson M, Sanderson-Smith ML, Walker MJ, Castellino FJ, Prorok M. Effects on human plasminogen conformation and activation rate caused by interaction with VEK-30, a peptide derived from the group A streptococcal M-like protein (PAM). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1804:1342-9. [PMID: 20152941 PMCID: PMC2846993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, fibrinolysis is primarily carried out by the serine protease plasmin (Pm), which is derived from activation of the zymogen precursor, plasminogen (Pg). One of the most distinctive features of Pg/Pm is the presence of five homologous kringle (K) domains. These structural elements possess conserved Lys-binding sites (LBS) that facilitate interactions with substrates, activators, inhibitors and receptors. In human Pg (hPg), K2 displays weak Lys affinity, however the LBS of this domain has been implicated in an atypical interaction with the N-terminal region of a bacterial surface protein known as PAM (Pg-binding group A streptococcal M-like protein). A direct correlation has been established between invasiveness of group A streptococci and their ability to bind Pg. It has been previously demonstrated that a 30-residue internal peptide (VEK-30) from the N-terminal region of PAM competitively inhibits binding of the full-length parent protein to Pg. We have attempted to determine the effects of this ligand-protein interaction on the regulation of Pg zymogen activation and conformation. Our results show minimal effects on the sedimentation velocity coefficients (S degrees (20,w)) of Pg when associated to VEK-30 and a direct relationship between the concentration of VEK-30 or PAM and the activation rate of Pg. These results are in contrast with the major conformational changes elicited by small-molecule activators of Pg, and point towards a novel mechanism of Pg activation that may underlie group A streptococcal (GAS) virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Figuera-Losada
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Martina L. Sanderson-Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Mary Prorok
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wiles KG, Panizzi P, Kroh HK, Bock PE. Skizzle is a novel plasminogen- and plasmin-binding protein from Streptococcus agalactiae that targets proteins of human fibrinolysis to promote plasmin generation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21153-64. [PMID: 20435890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.107730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skizzle (SkzL), secreted by Streptococcus agalactiae, has moderate sequence identity to streptokinase and staphylokinase, bacterial activators of human plasminogen (Pg). SkzL binds [Glu]Pg with low affinity (K(D) 3-16 mum) and [Lys]Pg and plasmin (Pm) with indistinguishable high affinity (K(D) 80 and 50 nm, respectively). Binding of SkzL to Pg and Pm is completely lysine-binding site-dependent, as shown by the effect of the lysine analog, 6-aminohexanoic acid. Deletion of the COOH-terminal SkzL Lys(415) residue reduces affinity for [Lys]Pg and active site-blocked Pm 30-fold, implicating Lys(415) in a lysine-binding site interaction with a Pg/Pm kringle. SkzL binding to active site fluorescein-labeled Pg/Pm analogs demonstrates distinct high and low affinity interactions. High affinity binding is mediated by Lys(415), whereas the source of low affinity binding is unknown. SkzL enhances the activation of [Glu]Pg by urokinase (uPA) approximately 20-fold, to a maximum rate indistinguishable from that for [Lys]Pg and [Glu]Pg activation in the presence of 6-aminohexanoic acid. SkzL binds preferentially to the partially extended beta-conformation of [Glu]Pg, which is in unfavorable equilibrium with the compact alpha-conformation, thereby converting [Glu]Pg to the fully extended gamma-conformation and accelerating the rate of its activation by uPA. SkzL enhances [Lys]Pg and [Glu]Pg activation by single-chain tissue-type Pg activator, approximately 42- and approximately 650-fold, respectively. SkzL increases the rate of plasma clot lysis by uPA and single-chain tissue-type Pg activator approximately 2-fold, confirming its cofactor activity in a physiological model system. The results suggest a role for SkzL in S. agalactiae pathogenesis through fibrinolytic enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen G Wiles
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Fibrinolysis and pericellular proteolysis depend on molecular coassembly of plasminogen and its activator on cell, fibrin, or matrix surfaces. We report here the existence of a fibrinolytic cross-talk mechanism bypassing the requirement for their molecular coassembly on the same surface. First, we demonstrate that, despite impaired binding of Glu-plasminogen to the cell membrane by epsilon-aminocaproic acid (epsilon-ACA) or by a lysine-binding site-specific mAb, plasmin is unexpectedly formed by cell-associated urokinase (uPA). Second, we show that Glu-plasminogen bound to carboxy-terminal lysine residues in platelets, fibrin, or extracellular matrix components (fibronectin, laminin) is transformed into plasmin by uPA expressed on monocytes or endothelial cell-derived microparticles but not by tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) expressed on neurons. A 2-fold increase in plasmin formation was observed over activation on the same surface. Altogether, these data indicate that cellular uPA but not tPA expressed by distinct cells is specifically involved in the recognition of conformational changes and activation of Glu-plasminogen bound to other biologic surfaces via a lysine-dependent mechanism. This uPA-driven cross-talk mechanism generates plasmin in situ with a high efficiency, thus highlighting its potential physiologic relevance in fibrinolysis and matrix proteolysis induced by inflammatory cells or cell-derived microparticles.
Collapse
|
26
|
Aisina RB, Mukhametova LI, Gulin DA, Levashov MY, Prisyazhnaya NV, Gershkovich KB, Varfolomeyev SD. Inhibitory effect of angiostatins on activity of the plasminogen/plasminogen activator system. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:1104-13. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629790910006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
27
|
Kornblatt JA. Reduction of canine plasminogen leads to an expanded molecule which precipitates. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6196. [PMID: 19593387 PMCID: PMC2703797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine plasminogen is made up of seven domains. In each domain there are several cysteines that are linked by disulfide bonds. Reduction of a limited number of the cystines destabilizes the protein such that it precipitates. The bond or bonds that are broken provide about 14 kcal of stabilization energy. Circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering indicate that there is probably an intermediate that is formed prior to precipitation and that the intermediate is somewhat larger than the compact form of plasminogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Kornblatt
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Verhamme IM, Bock PE. Rapid-reaction kinetic characterization of the pathway of streptokinase-plasmin catalytic complex formation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:26137-47. [PMID: 18658146 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804038200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of the fibrinolytic proteinase plasmin (Pm) to streptokinase (SK) in a tight stoichiometric complex transforms Pm into a potent proteolytic activator of plasminogen. SK binding to the catalytic domain of Pm, with a dissociation constant of 12 pm, is assisted by SK Lys(414) binding to a Pm kringle, which accounts for a 11-20-fold affinity decrease when Pm lysine binding sites are blocked by 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AHA) or benzamidine. The pathway of SK.Pm catalytic complex formation was characterized by stopped-flow kinetics of SK and the Lys(414) deletion mutant (SKDeltaK414) binding to Pm labeled at the active site with 5-fluorescein ([5F]FFR-Pm) and the reverse reactions by competitive displacement of [5F]FFR-Pm with active site-blocked Pm. The rate constants for the biexponential fluorescence quenching caused by SK and SKDeltaK414 binding to [5F]FFR-Pm were saturable as a function of SK concentration, reporting encounter complex affinities of 62-110 nm in the absence of lysine analogs and 4900-6500 and 1430-2200 nm in the presence of 6-AHA and benzamidine, respectively. The encounter complex with SKDeltaK414 was approximately 10-fold weaker in the absence of lysine analogs but indistinguishable from that of native SK in the presence of 6-AHA and benzamidine. The studies delineate for the first time the sequence of molecular events in the formation of the SK.Pm catalytic complex and its regulation by kringle ligands. Analysis of the forward and reverse reactions supports a binding mechanism in which SK Lys(414) binding to a Pm kringle accompanies near-diffusion-limited encounter complex formation followed by two slower, tightening conformational changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sasaoka M, Wada Y, Hasumi K. Stachybotrydial selectively enhances fibrin binding and activation of Glu-plasminogen. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2008; 60:674-81. [PMID: 18057696 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stachybotrydial, a triprenyl phenol metabolite from a fungus, has a plasminogen modulator activity selective to Glu-plasminogen. Stachybotrydial enhanced fibrin binding and activation of Glu-plasminogen (2- to 4-fold enhancement at 60-120 microM) but not of Lys-plasminogen. Approximately 1.2-1.6 moles of [3H]stachybotrydial bound to Glu-plasminogen to exert such effects. The selective modulation of the Glu-plasminogen function by stachybotrydial may be related to alteration of its conformational status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sasaoka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hayashi M, Tamura Y, Dohmae N, Kojima S, Shimonaka M. Plasminogen N-terminal activation peptide modulates the activity of angiostatin-related peptides on endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:635-40. [PMID: 18294956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiostatin, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, is derived from the fibrinolytic proenzyme, plasminogen, by enzymatic processing. Plasminogen N-terminal activation peptide (PAP) is one of the products concomitantly released aside from angiostatin (kringles 1-4) and mini-plasminogen (kringle 5 plus the catalytic domain) when plasminogen is processed. To determine whether PAP alone or together with the angiostatin-related peptides derived from the processing of plasminogen modulate the proliferation and motility of endothelial cells, we have generated a recombinant PAP and used it to study its effects on endothelial cells in the presence and absence of the angiostatin-related peptides. Our results showed that PAP alone slightly increased the migration but not the proliferation of endothelial cells. However, in the presence of the angiostatin-related peptides, PAP attenuated the inhibitory activity of the angiostatin-related peptides on the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. The inhibitory effect of PAP on the angiostatin-related peptides could be due to its binding to the kringle domains of the latter peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moyuru Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hasumi K, Hasegawa K, Kitano Y. Isolation and absolute configuration of SMTP-0, a simplest congener of the SMTP family nonlysine-analog plasminogen modulators. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2007; 60:463-8. [PMID: 17721006 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SMTP-0, a new simple congener of the SMTP nonlysine-analog plasminogen modulators, was isolated from a culture of Stachybotrys microspora. Based on the physico-chemical data, SMTP-0 was shown to be an enantiomer of the antimicrobial compound stachybotrin B. The absolute configuration of SMTP-0 was determined by the modified Mosher method. The stereochemistry was further confirmed using an epimer of SMTP-0. Unlike most SMTPs with an amino acid side chain linked to the nitrogen atom of the lactam moiety, SMTP-0, which lacks the N-linked side chain, showed no plasminogen modulator activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gonzalez-Gronow M, Kaczowka SJ, Payne S, Wang F, Gawdi G, Pizzo SV. Plasminogen structural domains exhibit different functions when associated with cell surface GRP78 or the voltage-dependent anion channel. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32811-20. [PMID: 17848573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703342200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the voltage-dependent anion channel and the glucose-regulated protein 78 have been identified as plasminogen kringle 5 receptors on endothelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate that kringle 5 binds to a region localized in the N-terminal domain of the glucose-regulated protein 78, whereas microplasminogen does so through the C-terminal domain of the glucose-regulated protein 78. Both plasminogen fragments induce Ca(2+) signaling cascades; however, kringle 5 acts through voltage-dependent anion channel and microplasminogen does so via the glucose-regulated protein 78. Because trafficking of voltage-dependent anion channel to the cell surface is associated with heat shock proteins, we investigated a possible association between voltage-dependent anion channel and glucose-regulated protein 78 on the surface of 1-LN human prostate tumor cells. We demonstrate that these proteins co-localize, and changes in the expression of the glucoseregulated protein 78 affect the expression of voltage-dependent anion channel. To differentiate the functions of these receptor proteins, either when acting singly or as a complex, we employed human hexokinase I as a specific ligand for voltage-dependent anion channel, in addition to kringle 5. We show that kringle 5 inhibits 1-LN cell proliferation and promotes caspase-7 activity by a mechanism that requires binding to cell surface voltage-dependent anion channel and is inhibited by human hexokinase I.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gladysheva IP, Sazonova IY, Houng A, Hedstrom L, Reed GL. Regulation of Nonproteolytic Active Site Formation in Plasminogen. Biochemistry 2007; 46:8879-87. [PMID: 17616171 DOI: 10.1021/bi602591g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptokinase may be less effective at saving lives in patients with heart attacks because it explosively generates plasmin in the bloodstream at sites distant from fibrin clots. We hypothesized that this rapid plasmin generation is due to SK's singular capacity to nonproteolytically generate the active protease SK x Pg*, and we examined whether the kringle domains regulate this process. An SK mutant lacking Ile-1 (deltaIle1-SK) does not form SK x Pg*, although it will form complexes with plasmin that can activate plasminogen. When compared to SK, deltaIle1-SK diminished the generation of plasmin in plasma by more than 30-fold, demonstrating that the formation of SK x Pg* plays an important role in SK activity in the blood. The rate of SK x Pg* formation (measured by an active site titrant) was much slower in Glu-Pg, which contains five kringle domains, than in Pg forms containing one kringle (mini-Pg) or no kringles (micro-Pg). In a similar manner, Streptococcus uberis Pg activator (SUPA), an SK-like molecule, generated SUPA x Pg* much slower with bovine Pg than bovine micro-Pg. The velocity of SK x Pg* formation was regulated by agents that influence the conformation of Pg through interactions with the kringle domains. Chloride ions, which maintain the compact Pg conformation, hindered SK x Pg* formation. In contrast, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, fibrin, and fibrinogen, which induce an extended Pg conformation, accelerated the formation of SK x Pg*. In summary, the explosive generation of plasmin in blood or plasma, which diminishes SK's therapeutic effects, is attributable to the formation of SK x Pg*, and this process is governed by kringle domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna P Gladysheva
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Levashov MY, Aisina RB, Gershkovich KB, Varfolomeyev SD. Mechanism of action of θ-amino acids on plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis induced by staphylokinase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:707-15. [PMID: 17680762 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907070048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of Lys-plasminogen (Lys-Pg) and Glu-plasminogen (Glu-Pg) activation under the action of staphylokinase and Glu-Pg activation under the action of preformed plasmin-staphylokinase activator complex (Pm-STA) by low concentrations and inhibition by high concentrations of omega-amino acids (>90-140 mM) were found. Maximal stimulation of the activation was observed at concentrations of L-lysine, 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AHA), and trans-(4-aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 8.0, 2.0, and 0.8 mM, respectively. In contrast, the Lys-Pg activation rate by Pm-STA complex sharply decreased when concentrations of omega-amino acids exceeded the above-mentioned values. It was found that formation of Pm-STA complex from a mixture of equimolar concentrations of staphylokinase and Glu-Pg or Lys-Pg is stimulated by low concentrations (maximal at 10 mM) of 6-AHA. Negligible increase in the specific activities of plasmin and Pm-STA complex was detected at higher concentrations of 6-AHA (to maximal at 70 and 50 mM, respectively). Inhibitory effects of omega-amino acids on the rate of fibrinolysis induced by staphylokinase, Pm-STA complex, and plasmin were compared. It was found that inhibition of staphylokinase-induced fibrinolysis by omega-amino acids includes blocking of the reactions of Pm-STA complex formation, plasminogen activation by this complex, and lysis of fibrin by forming plasmin as a result of displacement of plasminogen and plasmin from the fibrin surface. Thus, the slow stage of Pm-STA complex formation plays an important role in the mechanism of action of omega-amino acids on Glu-Pg activation and fibrinolysis induced by staphylokinase. In addition to alpha-->beta change of Glu-Pg conformation, stimulation of Pm-STA complex formation leads to increase in Glu-Pg activation rate in the presence of low concentrations of omega-amino acids. Inhibition of Pm-STA complex formation on fibrin surface by omega-amino acids is responsible for appearance of long lag phases on curves of fibrinolysis induced by staphylokinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yu Levashov
- Chemical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kornblatt JA, Barretto TA, Chigogidze K, Chirwa B. Canine plasminogen: spectral responses to changes in 6-aminohexanoate and temperature. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007; 2:17-29. [PMID: 19662173 PMCID: PMC2716805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We studied the near UV absorption spectrum of canine plasminogen. There are 19 tryptophans, 19 phenylalanines and 34 tyrosines in the protein. 4th derivative spectra optimized for either tryptophan or tyrosine give a measure of the polarity of the environments of these two aromatic amino acids. Plasminogen at temperatures between 0 degrees C and 37 degrees C exists as a mixture of four conformations: closed-relaxed, open-relaxed, closed-compact, and open-compact. The closed to open transition is driven by addition of ligand to a site on the protein. The relaxed to compact transition is driven by increasing temperature from 0 degrees C to above 15-20 degrees C.When the conformation of plasminogen is mainly closed-relaxed, the 4th derivative spectra suggest that the average tryptophan environment is similar to a solution of 20% methanol at the same temperature. Under the same conditions, 4th derivative spectra suggest that the average tyrosine environment is similar to water. These apparent polarities change as the plasminogen is forced to assume the other conformations. We try to rationalize the information based on the known portions of the plasminogen structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Kornblatt
- Correspondence: Jack A. Kornblatt, Enzyme Research Group, Dept. Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, Qc., Canada H4B 1R6. Fax: 1-514-848-2424;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kornblatt JA, Barretto TA, Chigogidze K, Chirwa B. Canine Plasminogen: Spectral Responses to Changes in 6-Aminohexanoate and Temperature. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007. [DOI: 10.4137/117739010700200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We studied the near UV absorption spectrum of canine plasminogen. There are 19 tryptophans, 19 phenylalanines and 34 tyrosines in the protein. 4th derivative spectra optimized for either tryptophan or tyrosine give a measure of the polarity of the environments of these two aromatic amino acids. Plasminogen at temperatures between 0°C and 37°C exists as a mixture of four conformations: closed-relaxed, open-relaxed, closed-compact, and open-compact. The closed to open transition is driven by addition of ligand to a site on the protein. The relaxed to compact transition is driven by increasing temperature from 0°C to above 15-20°C. When the conformation of plasminogen is mainly closed-relaxed, the 4th derivative spectra suggest that the average tryptophan environment is similar to a solution of 20% methanol at the same temperature. Under the same conditions, 4th derivative spectra suggest that the average tyrosine environment is similar to water. These apparent polarities change as the plasminogen is forced to assume the other conformations. We try to rationalize the information based on the known portions of the plasminogen structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Kornblatt
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Qc., Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Tanya A. Barretto
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Qc., Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Ketevan Chigogidze
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Qc., Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Bahati Chirwa
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Qc., Canada H4B 1R6
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ma Z, Lu W, Wu S, Chen J, Sun Z, Liu JN. Expression and characterization of recombinant human micro-plasminogen. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:517-23. [PMID: 17206368 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Micro-plasminogen (microPlg) gene amplified from human liver cells by reverse transcription PCR was inserted into expression vector pET-28a (pET-28a/microPlg) and transformed into E. coli strain BL21(DE3). Recombinant human micro-plasminogen (rh-microPlg) was over-expressed as inclusion bodies when induced with IPTG. After renaturation and purification, 16 mg rh-microPlg/l was obtained with a homogeneity of 95% (w/w). Pro-urokinase (proUK)-induced rh-microPlg activation was significantly faster than when Glu-plasminogen was the substrate. The catalytic efficiency of urokinase (UK) activation of rh-microPlg was twice that of Glu-plasminogen. While recombinant human micro-plasmin (rh-microPlm) and Lys-plasmin had a similar amidolytic activity against a small substrate, D-valyl-L-leucyllysine-p-nitroaniline dihydrochloride, Lys-plasmin activated proUK with a catalytic efficiency about fourfold greater than did rh-microPlm. These results suggested that the kringle 1-5 domain of plasminogen and plasmin may modify both UK activation of plasminogen and plasmin activation of proUK, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Ma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mulligan-Kehoe MJ, Drinane MC, Mollmark J, Casciola-Rosen L, Hummers LK, Hall A, Rosen A, Wigley FM, Simons M. Antiangiogenic plasma activity in patients with systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:3448-58. [PMID: 17907150 DOI: 10.1002/art.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is a systemic connective tissue disease with an extensive vascular component that includes aberrant microvasculature and impaired wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antiangiogenic factors in patients with SSc. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from 30 patients with SSc and from 10 control patients without SSc. The samples were analyzed for the ability of plasma to affect endothelial cell migration and vascular structure formation and for the presence of antiangiogenic activity. RESULTS Exposure of normal human microvascular dermal endothelial cells to plasma from patients with SSc resulted in decreased cell migration (mean +/- SEM 52 +/- 5%) and tube formation (34 +/- 6%) compared with that in plasma from control patients (P < 0.001 for both). SSc plasma contained 2.9-fold more plasminogen kringle 1-3 fragments (angiostatin) than that in control plasma. The addition of angiostatin to control plasma resulted in inhibition of endothelial cell migration and proliferation similar to that observed in SSc plasma. In vitro studies demonstrated that granzyme B and other proteases contained in T cell granule content cleave plasminogen and plasmin into angiostatin fragments. CONCLUSION Plasminogen conformation in patients with SSc enables granzyme B and granule content protease to limit the proangiogenic effects of plasmin and increase the levels of antiangiogenic angiostatin. This increase in angiostatin production may account for some of the vascular defects observed in patients with SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Mulligan-Kehoe
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cnudde SE, Prorok M, Castellino FJ, Geiger JH. X-ray crystallographic structure of the angiogenesis inhibitor, angiostatin, bound to a peptide from the group A streptococcal surface protein PAM. Biochemistry 2006; 45:11052-60. [PMID: 16964966 DOI: 10.1021/bi060914j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the human Pg-derived angiogenesis inhibitor, angiostatin, complexed to VEK-30, a peptide from the group A streptococcal surface protein, PAM, was determined and refined to 2.3 A resolution. This is the first structure of angiostatin bound to a ligand and provides a model of the interaction between Pg and streptococcal-derived pathogenic proteins. VEK-30 contains a "through-space isostere" for C-terminal lysine, wherein Arg and Glu side chains, separated by one helical turn, bind within the bipolar angiostatin kringle 2 (K2) domain lysine-binding site. VEK-30 also makes several contacts with K2 residues that exist outside of the canonical LBS and are not conserved among the other Pg kringles, thus providing a molecular basis for the selectivity of VEK-30 for K2. The structure also shows that Pg kringle domains undergo significant structural rearrangement relative to one another and reveals dimerization between two molecules of angiostatin and VEK-30 related by crystallographic symmetry. This dimerization, which exists only in the crystal structure, is consistent with the parallel coiled-coil full-length PAM dimer expected from sequence similarities and homology modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Cnudde
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Drinane MC, Sherman JA, Hall AE, Simons M, Mulligan-Kehoe MJ. Plasminogen and plasmin activity in patients with coronary artery disease. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1288-95. [PMID: 16706973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with disturbances of the plasma fibrinolytic system, the nature of these disturbances is not fully defined. Fibrinolysis is regulated by plasmin, whose production is mediated by plasminogen activator conversion of plasminogen (Plg) to plasmin. The cascade is modulated by feedback loops that include Plg activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Molecular interactions with Plg kringle domains play an important role in regulating plasmin production and its modulation of fibrinolysis. We hypothesized that interactions of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) with Plg kringle domains regulates plasmin levels in patients with stable CAD. METHODS Plasma was collected from patients (n = 33) with an angiographically significant CAD and controls (n = 18) with angiographically established normal or minimally diseased arteries. Plasmin activity, tPA activity, and plasma levels of Plg, PAI-1, uPA, and tPA were determined. RESULTS CAD patients had 1.7-fold greater plasmin activity (P = 0.02) that correlated with 1.5-fold higher tPA activity when compared to controls. Epitope mapping of Plg domains showed Plg differences in epitope exposure between the two groups. Plasma from CAD patients had 50% less (P < 0.001) detectable kringle 4 and 48% less (P = 0.007) detectable kringles 1-3. CONCLUSIONS Based on detectable differences in Plg, we conclude that in patients with stable CAD, Plg complexed with tPA exists in a conformation that enables increased tPA activity and Plg conversion to plasmin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Drinane
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Section, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
López-Lira F, Rosales-León L, Martínez VM, Ruiz Ordaz BH. The role of β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) in the activation of plasminogen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:815-23. [PMID: 16480936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI) is a glycoprotein of unknown physiological function. It is the main target antigen for antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). beta2GPI binds with high affinity to the atherogenic lipoprotein Lp(a) which shares structural homology with plasminogen, a key molecule in the fibrinolytic system. Impaired fibrinolysis has been described in APS. The present work reports the interaction between beta2GPI and Glu-Plasminogen which may explain the recently described proteolytic effect of plasmin on beta2GPI. In the process of Glu-Plasminogen activation, we found an increase in plasmin generation both at fibrin and cellular surface level as a function of the concentration of beta2GPI added, suggesting an important role as a cofactor in the trimolecular complex beta2GPI-Plasminogen-tPA. This phenomenon represents a novel regulatory step both in the positive feedback mechanism for extrinsic fibrinolysis and in antithrombotic regulation. IgG anti-beta2GPI antibodies recognized the beta2GPI at the endothelial surface inducing its activation with an increase of ICAM-I and a decrease in the expression of thrombomodulin favoring a pro-thrombotic state in the vascular endothelium. The interference in the plasmin conversion by anti-beta2GPI antibodies could generate thrombosis as observed in APS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Lira
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gherardi E, Sandin S, Petoukhov MV, Finch J, Youles ME, Ofverstedt LG, Miguel RN, Blundell TL, Vande Woude GF, Skoglund U, Svergun DI. Structural basis of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and MET signalling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4046-51. [PMID: 16537482 PMCID: PMC1449643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The polypeptide growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), shares the multidomain structure and proteolytic mechanism of activation of plasminogen and other complex serine proteinases. HGF/SF, however, has no enzymatic activity. Instead, it controls the growth, morphogenesis, or migration of epithelial, endothelial, and muscle progenitor cells through the receptor tyrosine kinase MET. Using small-angle x-ray scattering and cryo-electron microscopy, we show that conversion of pro(single-chain)HGF/SF into the active two-chain form is associated with a major structural transition from a compact, closed conformation to an elongated, open one. We also report the structure of a complex between two-chain HGF/SF and the MET ectodomain (MET928) with 1:1 stoichiometry in which the N-terminal and first kringle domain of HGF/SF contact the face of the seven-blade beta-propeller domain of MET harboring the loops connecting the beta-strands b-c and d-a, whereas the C-terminal serine proteinase homology domain binds the opposite "b" face. Finally, we describe a complex with 2:2 stoichiometry between two-chain HGF/SF and a truncated form of the MET ectodomain (MET567), which is assembled around the dimerization interface seen in the crystal structure of the NK1 fragment of HGF/SF and displays the features of a functional, signaling unit. The study shows how the proteolytic mechanism of activation of the complex proteinases has been adapted to cell signaling in vertebrate organisms, offers a description of monomeric and dimeric ligand-receptor complexes, and provides a foundation to the structural basis of HGF/SF-MET signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Gherardi
- Medical Research Council Centre and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kornblatt JA, Schuck P. Influence of temperature on the conformation of canine plasminogen: an analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering study. Biochemistry 2005; 44:13122-31. [PMID: 16185080 DOI: 10.1021/bi050895y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen is known to undergo an extremely large conformational change when it binds ligands; the two well-established conformations are either closed (absence of external ligand) or open (presence of external ligand). We show here that plasminogen is more complicated than can be accommodated by a two-state, closed/open, model. Temperature changes induce large structural changes which can be detected with either dynamic light scattering or analytical ultracentrifugation. The temperature-induced changes are not related to the classical closed/open conformational change since both closed and open forms of the protein are similarly influenced. It appears as though the packing density of the protein increases as the temperature is raised. Over the range 4-20 degrees C, the Stokes' radius of the classical closed plasminogen goes from 4.7 to 4.2 nm, and that of the classical open form goes from 5.55 to 5.0 nm. These changes in packing can be rationalized if temperature change induces a large conformational change and if this is accompanied by a large change in hydration, by a change in solute binding, or by a change in the total void volume of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Kornblatt
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ho-Tin-Noé B, Rojas G, Vranckx R, Lijnen HR, Anglés-Cano E. Functional hierarchy of plasminogen kringles 1 and 4 in fibrinolysis and plasmin-induced cell detachment and apoptosis. FEBS J 2005; 272:3387-400. [PMID: 15978044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmin(ogen) kringles 1 and 4 are involved in anchorage of plasmin(ogen) to fibrin and cells, an essential step in fibrinolysis and pericellular proteolysis. Their contribution to these processes was investigated by selective neutralization of their lysine-binding function. Blocking the kringle 1 lysine-binding site with monoclonal antibody 34D3 fully abolished binding and activation of Glu-plasminogen and prevented both fibrinolysis and plasmin-induced cell detachment-induced apoptosis. In contrast, blocking the kringle 4 lysine-binding site with monoclonal antibody A10.2 did not impair its activation although it partially inhibited plasmin(ogen) binding, fibrinolysis and cell detachment. This remarkable, biologically relevant, distinctive response was not observed for plasmin or Lys-plasminogen; each antibody inhibited their binding and activation of Lys-plasminogen to a limited extent, and full inhibition of fibrinolysis required simultaneous neutralization of both kringles. Thus, in Lys-plasminogen and plasmin, kringles 1 and 4 act as independent and complementary domains, both able to support binding and activation. We conclude that Glu-/Lys-plasminogen and plasmin conformations are associated with transitions in the lysine-binding function of kringles 1 and 4 that modulate fibrinolysis and pericellular proteolysis and may be of biological relevance during athero-thrombosis and inflammatory states. These findings constitute the first biological link between plasmin(ogen) transitions and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Ho-Tin-Noé
- INSERM U698, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ohyama S, Harada T, Chikanishi T, Miura Y, Hasumi K. Nonlysine-analog plasminogen modulators promote autoproteolytic generation of plasmin(ogen) fragments with angiostatin-like activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:809-20. [PMID: 14764098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.03985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered several nonlysine-analog conformational modulators for plasminogen. These include SMTP-6, thioplabin B and complestatin that are low molecular mass compounds of microbial origin. Unlike lysine-analog modulators, which increase plasminogen activation but inhibit its binding to fibrin, the nonlysine-analog modulators enhance both activation and fibrin binding of plasminogen. Here we show that some nonlysine-analog modulators promote autoproteolytic generation of plasmin(ogen) derivatives with its catalytic domain undergoing extensive fragmentation (PMDs), which have angiostatin-like anti-endothelial activity. The enhancement of urokinase-catalyzed plasminogen activation by SMTP-6 was followed by rapid inactivation of plasmin due to its degradation mainly in the catalytic domain, yielding PMD with a molecular mass ranging from 68 to 77 kDa. PMD generation was observed when plasmin alone was treated with SMTP-6 and was inhibited by the plasmin inhibitor aprotinin, indicating an autoproteolytic mechanism in PMD generation. Thioplabin B and complestatin, two other nonlysine-analog modulators, were also active in producing similar PMDs, whereas the lysine analog 6-aminohexanoic acid was inactive while it enhanced plasminogen activation. Peptide sequencing and mass spectrometric analyses suggested that plasmin fragmentation was due to cleavage at Lys615-Val616, Lys651-Leu652, Lys661-Val662, Lys698-Glu699, Lys708-Val709 and several other sites mostly in the catalytic domain. PMD was inhibitory to proliferation, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells at concentrations of 0.3-10 microg.mL(-1). These results suggest a possible application of nonlysine-analog modulators in the treatment of cancer through the enhancement of endogenous plasmin(ogen) fragment formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Ohyama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Saiwaicho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Huet E, Cauchard JH, Berton A, Robinet A, Decarme M, Hornebeck W, Bellon G. Inhibition of plasmin-mediated prostromelysin-1 activation by interaction of long chain unsaturated fatty acids with kringle 5. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:643-54. [PMID: 14757164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
C18 unsaturated fatty acids were here found to inhibit proMMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-3 activation by plasmin. This effect was suppressed by lysine ligand competitors, indicating that it was mediated by binding to kringle domains. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that oleic acid interacted to a similar extent with plasmin and kringle 5 (KD values of 3.4 x 10(-8) and 5.9 x 10(-8)M) while interaction with kringles 1-2-3 was 10-fold lower. Furthermore, oleic acid stimulated the amidolytic activity of plasmin and mini-plasmin, but not micro-plasmin. Oleic acid also enhanced u-PA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator)-mediated plasminogen activation over 50-fold. Taken together, these data indicate that inhibition of plasmin-induced proMMP-3 activation by unsaturated fatty acids was mediated through their preferential binding to kringle 5. The influence of elaidic acid on the plasmin/MMP-3/MMP-1 proteolytic cascade was assessed ex vivo. Exogenous addition of plasmin to dermal fibroblasts or supplementation of gingival fibroblast culture medium with plasminogen triggered this cascade. In both instances, elaidic acid totally abolished proMMP-3 and proMMP-1 activation. Additionally, a significant decrease in lattice retraction and collagen degradation in a range similar to that obtained with Batimastat was observed when human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in plasminogen-containing type I collagen gels, indicative of the dual influence of unsaturated fatty acids on MMP activation and activity. In conclusion, unsaturated fatty acids or molecules with similar structures could be attractive target for the development of natural pharmacological inhibitors directed against plasmin and/or MMPs in different pathological contexts such, skin UV irradiation, vascular diseases and tumour growth and invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Huet
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Becker L, Webb BA, Chitayat S, Nesheim ME, Koschinsky ML. A ligand-induced conformational change in apolipoprotein(a) enhances covalent Lp(a) formation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14074-81. [PMID: 12566443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212855200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) assembly proceeds via a two-step mechanism in which initial non-covalent interactions between apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) and low density lipoprotein precede disulfide bond formation. In this study, we used analytical ultracentrifugation, differential scanning calorimetry, and intrinsic fluorescence to demonstrate that in the presence of the lysine analog epsilon-aminocaproic acid, apo(a) undergoes a substantial conformational change from a "closed" to an "open" structure that is characterized by an increase in the hydrodynamic radius (approximately 10%), an alteration in domain stability, as well as a decrease in tryptophan fluorescence. Although epsilon-aminocaproic acid is a well characterized inhibitor of the non-covalent interaction between apo(a) and low density lipoprotein, we report the novel observation that this ligand at low concentrations (100 microm-1 mm) significantly enhances covalent Lp(a) assembly by altering the conformation of apo(a). We developed a model for the kinetics of Lp(a) assembly that incorporates the conformational change as a determinant of the efficiency of the process; this model quantitatively explains our experimental observations. Interestingly, an analogous conformational change has been previously described for plasminogen resulting in an increase in the hydrodynamic radius, an increase in tryptophan fluorescence, and an acceleration of the rate of plasminogen activation. Although the functions of apo(a) and plasminogen have diverged considerably, elements of structural and conformational homology have been retained leading to similar regulation of two unrelated biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kikuchi T, Hasumi K. Enhancement of plasminogen activation by surfactin C: augmentation of fibrinolysis in vitro and in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1596:234-45. [PMID: 12007605 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reciprocal activation of plasminogen and prourokinase (pro-u-PA) is an important mechanism in the initiation and propagation of local fibrinolytic activity. We have found that a bacterial lipopeptide compound, surfactin C (3-20 microM), enhances the activation of pro-u-PA in the presence of plasminogen. This effect accompanied increased conversions of both pro-u-PA and plasminogen to their two-chain forms. Surfactin C also elevated the rate of plasminogen activation by two-chain urokinase (tcu-PA) while not affecting plasmin-catalyzed pro-u-PA activation and amidolytic activities of tcu-PA and plasmin. The intrinsic fluorescence of plasminogen was increased, and molecular elution time of plasminogen in size-exclusion chromatography was shortened in the presence of surfactin C. These results suggested that surfactin C induced a relaxation of plasminogen conformation, thus leading to enhancement of u-PA-catalyzed plasminogen activation, which in turn caused feedback pro-u-PA activation. Surfactin C was active in enhancing [125I]fibrin degradation both by pro-u-PA/plasminogen and tcu-PA/plasminogen systems. In a rat pulmonary embolism model, surfactin C (1 mg/kg, i.v.) elevated 125I plasma clot lysis when injected in combination with pro-u-PA. The present results provide first evidence that pharmacological relaxation of plasminogen conformation leads to enhanced fibrinolysis in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kikuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Loy JA, Lin X, Schenone M, Castellino FJ, Zhang XC, Tang J. Domain interactions between streptokinase and human plasminogen. Biochemistry 2001; 40:14686-95. [PMID: 11724583 DOI: 10.1021/bi011309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmin (Pm), the main fibrinolytic protease in the plasma, is derived from its zymogen plasminogen (Plg) by cleavage of a peptide bond at Arg(561)-Val(562). Streptokinase (SK), a widely used thrombolytic agent, is an efficient activator of human Plg. Both are multiple-domain proteins that form a tight 1:1 complex. The Plg moiety gains catalytic activity, without peptide bond cleavage, allowing the complex to activate other Plg molecules to Pm by conventional proteolysis. We report here studies on the interactions between individual domains of the two proteins and their roles in Plg activation. Individually, all three SK domains activated native Plg. While the SK alpha domain was the most active, its activity was uniquely dependent on the presence of Pm. The SK gamma domain also induced the formation of an active site in Plg(R561A), a mutant that resists proteolytic activation. The alpha and gamma domains together yielded synergistic activity, both in Plg activation and in Plg(R561A) active site formation. However, the synergistic activity of the latter was dependent on the correct N-terminal isoleucine in the alpha domain. Binding studies using surface plasmon resonance indicated that all three domains of SK interact with the Plg catalytic domain and that the beta domain additionally interacts with Plg kringle 5. These results suggest mechanistic steps in SK-mediated Plg activation. In the case of free Plg, complex formation is initiated by the rapid and obligatory interaction between the SK beta domain and Plg kringle 5. After binding of all SK domains to the catalytic domain of Plg, the SK alpha and gamma domains cooperatively induce the formation of an active site within the Plg moiety of the activator complex. Substrate Plg is then recognized by the activator complex through interactions predominately mediated by the SK alpha domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Loy
- Protein Studies Program and Crystallography Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kornblatt JA, Rajotte I, Heitz F. Reaction of canine plasminogen with 6-aminohexanoate: a thermodynamic study combining fluorescence, circular dichroism, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Biochemistry 2001; 40:3639-47. [PMID: 11297431 DOI: 10.1021/bi001857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamics of the binding of 6-aminohexanoate (6-AH) to dog glu-plasminogen has been studied. Fluorescence titrations revealed four binding sites. Three yielded positive fluorescence changes on ligand binding; one yielded a negative fluorescence change. The fluorescence data gave no indication of cooperative interactions. Binding was studied using circular dichroism (CD). Near 295 nm there were small changes associated with binding ligand. These were magnified at 235 nm, a wavelength that is mainly associated with tryptophan bands. The dissociation constants obtained from the fluorescence were applied to the CD data and fit quite well. Below 220 nm, there were no significant differences between samples with or without 6-AH and, therefore, no substantial change in the secondary structure of the protein. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used in combination with the binding constants from fluorescence to study the enthalpy and entropy contributions to 6-AH binding. The enthalpies of association for the four sites are all negative. Their absolute values are small for the tight sites and large for the weakest. -TDeltaS is negative for the tight sites and positive for the weakest. The binding of 6-AH to plasminogen is entropically driven for the two tightest sites and enthalpically driven for the weakest site. The binding of 6-AH to lys-plasminogen has been studied and differs slightly from binding to glu-plasminogen. Most importantly, the binding of 6-AH for the weak site goes from enthalpy- to entropy-driven as is found with the other sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Kornblatt
- Enzyme Research Group, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|