1
|
Blethen KE, Sprowls SA, Arsiwala TA, Wolford CP, Panchal DM, Fladeland RA, Glass MJ, Dykstra LP, Kielkowski BN, Blackburn JR, Andrick CJ, Lockman PR. Effects of whole-brain radiation therapy on the blood-brain barrier in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mouse models. Radiat Oncol 2023; 18:22. [PMID: 36732754 PMCID: PMC9896731 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-023-02215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 20% of all cancer patients will develop brain metastases in their lifespan. The standard of care for patients with multiple brain metastases is whole-brain radiation therapy, which disrupts the blood-brain barrier. Previous studies have shown inflammatory mediators play a role in the radiation-mediated increase in permeability. Our goal was to determine if differential permeability post-radiation occurs between immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. METHODS We utilized a commissioned preclinical irradiator to irradiate brains of C57Bl/6J wild-type and athymic nude mice. Acute (3-24 h) effects on blood-brain barrier integrity were evaluated with our in-situ brain perfusion technique and quantitative fluorescent and phosphorescent microscopy. The presence of inflammatory mediators in the brain and serum was determined with a proinflammatory cytokine panel. RESULTS Blood-brain barrier integrity and efflux transporter activity were altered in the immunocompetent mice 12 h following irradiation without similar observations in the immunocompromised mice. We observed increased TNF-α concentrations in the serum of wild-type mice immediately post-radiation and nude mice 12 h post-radiation. The brain concentration of CXCL1 was also increased in both mouse strains at the 12-h time point. CONCLUSIONS The immune response plays a role in the magnitude of blood-brain barrier disruption following irradiation in a time- and size-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Blethen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - S A Sprowls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - T A Arsiwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - C P Wolford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - D M Panchal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R A Fladeland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - M J Glass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L P Dykstra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - B N Kielkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - J R Blackburn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - C J Andrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - P R Lockman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, Chen J, Qiu S. Interleukins and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828447. [PMID: 35173738 PMCID: PMC8841354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information transmission, activation and regulation of immune cells, mediating the activation, multiplication and differentiation of T and B cells and in the inflammatory reaction. Crosstalk between different ILs in different immune cells also impact the outcome of ischemic stroke. This overview is aimed to roughly discuss the multiple roles of ILs after ischemic stroke. The roles of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-32, IL-33, IL-34, IL-37, and IL-38 in ischemic stroke were discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Siwicka-Gieroba D, Dabrowski W. Credibility of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Count Ratio in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121352. [PMID: 34947883 PMCID: PMC8706648 DOI: 10.3390/life11121352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The consequences of a TBI generate the activation and accumulation of inflammatory cells. The peak number of neutrophils entering into an injured brain is observed after 24 h; however, cells infiltrate within 5 min of closed brain injury. Neutrophils release toxic molecules including free radicals, proinflammatory cytokines, and proteases that advance secondary damage. Regulatory T cells impair T cell infiltration into the central nervous system and elevate reactive astrogliosis and interferon-γ gene expression, probably inducing the process of healing. Therefore, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may be a low-cost, objective, and available predictor of inflammation as well as a marker of secondary injury associated with neutrophil activation. Recent studies have documented that an NLR value on admission might be effective for predicting outcome and mortality in severe brain injury patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li H, Ding R, Shan Y, Ye F, Lin Y, Men X, Chen C, Tan S, Wang Q, Hu B. L-arabinose alleviates diabetes-aggravated cerebral ischemic injury by repairing the blood-brain barrier via downregulating NF-κB signals. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
5
|
Zha L, Dong J, Chen Q, Liao Y, Zhang H, Xie T, Tang T, Xia N, Zhang M, Jiao J, Zhou Y, Wu J, Yang X, Xu C, Wang QK, Tu X, Cheng X, Nie S. Genetic association analysis between IL9 and coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population. Cytokine 2021; 150:155761. [PMID: 34814015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) plays important role in coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the exact relationship between them is not explored yet. Here, four tag SNPs covering IL9 (rs31563, rs2069868, rs2069870 and rs31564) were selected to conduct case-control association analyses in a total of 3704 individuals from Chinese Han population (1863 CAD vs 1841 control). Results showed that: first, rs2069868 was associated with CAD combined with hypertension (Padj = 0.027); second, IL9 haplotype (CGAT) was associated with CAD (Padj = 0.035), and the combination genotype of "rs31563_CC/rs31564_TT" would remarkably decrease the risk of CAD (Padj = 0.001); third, significant associations were found between rs2069870 and decreased LDL-c levels and decreased total cholesterol levels, and between rs31563 and increased HDL-c levels (Padj < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that IL9 might play a causal role in CAD by interacted with CAD traditional risk factors, which might confer a new way to improve the prevention and treatment of CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Zha
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiangtao Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongsong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yingchao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiangping Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chengqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing K Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shaofang Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu M, Lin Y, Men X, Wang S, Sun X, Zhu Q, Lu D, Liu S, Zhang B, Cai W, Lu Z. High-salt diet downregulates TREM2 expression and blunts efferocytosis of macrophages after acute ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:90. [PMID: 33845849 PMCID: PMC8040220 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A high-salt diet (HSD) is one of the major risk factors for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). As a potential mechanism, surplus salt intake primes macrophages towards a proinflammatory phenotype. In this study, whether HSD could blunt the efferocytic capability of macrophages after ischemic stroke, thus exacerbating post-stroke neural inflammation, was investigated. Methods Wild-type male C57BL/6 mice were fed with fodder containing 8% sodium chloride for 4 weeks and subjected to transient middle cerebral occlusion (tMCAO). Disease severity, macrophage polarization as well as efferocytic capability were evaluated. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were cultured in vitro, and the impact of high salinity on their efferocytic activity, as well as their expression of phagocytic molecules, were analyzed. The relationships among sodium concentration, macrophage phenotype, and disease severity in AIS patients were explored. Results HSD-fed mice displayed increased infarct volume and aggravated neurological deficiency. Mice fed with HSD suffered exacerbated neural inflammation as shown by higher inflammatory mediator expression and immune cell infiltration levels. Infiltrated macrophages within stroke lesions in HSD-fed mice exhibited a shift towards proinflammatory phenotype and impaired efferocytic capability. As assessed with a PCR array, the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a receptor relevant to phagocytosis, was downregulated in high-salt-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages. Enhancement of TREM2 signaling restored the efferocytic capacity and cellular inflammation resolution of macrophages in a high salinity environment in vitro and in vivo. A high concentration of urine sodium in AIS patients was found to be correlated with lower TREM2 expression and detrimental stroke outcomes. Conclusions HSD inhibited the efferocytic capacity of macrophages by downregulating TREM2 expression, thus impeding inflammation resolution after ischemic stroke. Enhancing TREM2 signaling in monocytes/macrophages could be a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance efferocytosis and promote post-stroke inflammation resolution. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02144-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyao Lin
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Men
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Shisi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Danli Lu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanxin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China. .,Center of Clinical Immunology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang H, Li HF, Yan JY, Yang M, Zhang JP. Dexmedetomidine-up-regulated microRNA-381 exerts anti-inflammatory effects in rats with cerebral ischaemic injury via the transcriptional factor IRF4. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:2098-2109. [PMID: 33314611 PMCID: PMC7882963 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) possesses analgesic and anaesthetic values and reported being used in cerebral ischaemic injury therapeutics. Accumulating studies have determined the effect of microRNAs (miRNAs) on the cerebral ischaemic injury. Thus, the present study aimed to unravel the molecular mechanism of miR-381 and Dex in cerebral ischaemic injury. For this purpose, the cerebral ischaemic injury rat model was established by induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and expression of miR-381 and IRF4 was determined. Thereafter, MCAO rats were treated with Dex, miR-381 mimic, miR-381 inhibitor and oe-IRF4 respectively, followed by evaluation of neurological function. Furthermore, neuron cells were isolated from the hippocampus of rats and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Then, OGD-treated neuron cells and primary neuron cells were examined by gain- and loss-of-function assay. Neuron cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. The correlation between interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and interleukin (IL)-9 was detected. Our results showed down-regulated miR-38 and up-regulated IRF4 in MCAO rats. Besides, IRF4 was targeted by miR-381 in neuron cells. Dex and overexpressed miR-381, or silenced IRF4 improved the neurological function and inhibited neuron cell apoptosis in MCAO rats. Additionally, in MCAO rats, Dex was found to increase the miR-381 expression and reduced IRF4 expression to decrease the IL-9 expression, which suppressed the inflammatory response and cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, our study demonstrated that Dex elevated the expression of miR-381, which ultimately results in the inhibition of inflammation response in rats with cerebral ischaemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Hua-Feng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Yong Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou University People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evaluation of long-term rt-PA effects on bEnd.3 endothelial cells under ischemic conditions; changes in ZO-1 expression and glycosylation of the bradykinin B2 receptor. Thromb Res 2020; 187:1-8. [PMID: 31935582 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) has proven effective in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, despite the increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT), its major associated complication. Although it is known that HT is related to blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, the underlying mechanisms are not well established. We assessed time-dependent effects of rt-PA on the bEnd.3 murine brain endothelial cell line subjected either to normoxia or to 2.5 h of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), evaluating a longer period than has previously been done, beyond 6 h post-reoxygenation. Parameters of cell viability, metabolic activity, ionic and transcellular permeability, as well as levels of claudin-5, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) protein expression were analyzed at 24, 48 and 72 h post-reoxygenation with or without the administration of rt-PA. rt-PA treatment increased both the ionic and transcellular permeability until 72 h and did not modify cell viability or metabolic activity or the expression of claudin-5, ZO-1 and B2R under normoxia at any analyzed time. Under OGD conditions, rt-PA exacerbated OGD effects on metabolic activity from 48 to 72 h, increased transcellular permeability from 24 to 72 h, significantly decreased ZO-1 protein levels at the plasma membrane and increased B2R glycosylation at 72 h post-reoxygenation. Our findings suggest that a long-term analysis is necessary to elucidate time-dependent molecular mechanisms associated to BBB breakdown due to rt-PA administration under ischemia. Thus, protective BBB therapies after ischemic stroke and rt-PA treatment should be explored at least until 72 h after OGD and rt-PA administration.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cai Z, Qiao PF, Wan CQ, Cai M, Zhou NK, Li Q. Role of Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:1223-1234. [PMID: 29782323 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BBB is a highly selective semipermeable structural and chemical barrier which ensures a stable internal environment of the brain and prevents foreign objects invading the brain tissue. BBB dysfunction induces the failure of Aβ transport from brain to the peripheral circulation across the BBB. Especially, decreased levels of LRP-1 (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and increased levels of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) at the BBB can cause the failure of Aβ transport. The pathogenesis of AD is related to the BBB structural components, including pericytes, astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and tight junctions. BBB dysfunction will trigger neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, then enhance the activity of β-secretase and γ-secretase, and finally promote Aβ generation. A progressive accumulation of Aβ in brain and BBB dysfunction may become a feedback loop that gives rise to cognitive impairment and the onset of dementia. The correlation between BBB dysfunction and tau pathology has been well-reported. Therefore, regulating BBB function may be a new therapeutic target for treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Feng Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng-Qun Wan
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan-Kai Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Lin S, Chen X, Huang W, Li Q, Zhang H, Chen X, Yang S, Jin K, Shao B. The Prognostic Value of Serum Cytokines in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2019; 10:544-556. [PMID: 31164999 PMCID: PMC6538221 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is an unavoidable process and contributes to the destruction of cerebral tissue during the acute ischemic stroke (AIS) phase and has not been addressed fully to date. Insightful understanding of correlation of inflammatory mediators and stroke outcome may provide new biomarkers or therapeutic approaches for ischemic stroke. Here, we prospectively recruited 180 first-ever AIS patients within 72 hrs after stroke onset. We used the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) to quantify stroke severity and modified Rankin scale (mRS) to assess the 3-month outcome for AIS patients. Initially, we screened 35 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in sera from 75 AIS patients and control subjects. Cytokines that were of interest were further investigated in the 180 AIS patients and 14 heathy controls. We found that IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, EGF, G-CSF, Flt-3L, GM-CSF and Fractalkine levels were significantly decreased in severe stroke patients. In particular, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-15, G-CSF and GM-CSF were significantly reduced in AIS patients with poor outcome, compared to those with good prognosis. IL-6 was notably higher in the poor outcome group. Only IL-9 level decreased in the large infarct volume group. After adjusting for confounders, we found that IL-5 was an independent protective factor for prognosis in AIS patients with an adjusted OR of 0.042 (P = 0.007), whereas IL-6 was an independent risk predictor for AIS patients with an adjusted OR of 1.293 (P = 0.003). Our study suggests the levels of serum cytokines are related to stroke severity, short-term prognosis and cerebral infarct volume in AIS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Li
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siyang Lin
- 2Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wensi Huang
- 3Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- 4Department of Neurology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- 5Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Xudong Chen
- 2Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- 5Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 5Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Bei Shao
- 2Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tan S, Shan Y, Lin Y, Liao S, Zhang B, Zeng Q, Wang Y, Deng Z, Chen C, Hu X, Peng L, Qiu W, Lu Z. Neutralization of interleukin-9 ameliorates experimental stroke by repairing the blood-brain barrier via down-regulation of astrocyte-derived vascular endothelial growth factor-A. FASEB J 2019; 33:4376-4387. [PMID: 30694693 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801595rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes mediate the destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during ischemic stroke (IS). IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine that we previously found to be highly expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with IS, and the presence of IL-9 receptors on astrocytes has been reported in the literature. Here, we detected the effect of IL-9 on astrocytes using an anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody to treat rats with experimental stroke. Supernatants from astrocytes treated with or without oxygen-glucose deprivation and/or IL-9 were incubated with bEnd.3 cell monolayers after blocking the IL-9 receptor on the endothelium. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analyses were conducted to observe the change in tight junction proteins (TJPs) in bEnd.3 cells as well as the level of VEGF-A and possible signal pathways in astrocytes. We also applied middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models to determine the effect of anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibodies on IS. As a result, astrocyte-conditioned medium treated with IL-9 aggravated the disruption of the BBB accomplished by the degradation of TJPs in endothelial cells. In addition, IL-9 increased the level of VEGF-A in astrocytes, and blocking the effect of VEGF-A reversed the breakdown of the BBB. In the MCAO model, anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody reduced the infarct volume and BBB destruction. Mechanistically, the anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody repaired the damaged TJPs (zonula occludens 1, occludin, and claudin-5) and induced a decrease in VEGF-A expression in ischemic lateral brain tissue. In contrast, a local injection of recombinant murine IL-9 to the brain resulted in a marked up-regulation of VEGF-A in the striatum. In conclusion, anti-IL-9-neutralizing antibody can reduce the severity of IS partially by alleviating the destruction of the BBB via down-regulation of astrocyte-derived VEGF-A. This finding suggests that targeting IL-9 or VEGF-A could provide a new direction for the treatment of IS.-Tan, S., Shan, Y., Lin, Y., Liao, S., Zhang, B., Zeng, Q., Wang, Y., Deng, Z., Chen, C., Hu, X., Peng, L., Qiu, W., Lu, Z. Neutralization of IL-9 ameliorates experimental stroke by repairing the blood-brain barrier via down-regulation of astrocyte-derived vascular endothelial growth factor-A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilong Shan
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinyao Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhezhi Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Zhu ZY, Huang TT, Zhou YX, Wang X, Yang LQ, Chen ZA, Yu WF, Li PY. The peripheral immune response after stroke-A double edge sword for blood-brain barrier integrity. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1115-1128. [PMID: 30387323 PMCID: PMC6490160 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated interface that separates the peripheral circulation and the brain. It plays a vital role in regulating the trafficking of solutes, fluid, and cells at the blood‐brain interface and maintaining the homeostasis of brain microenvironment for normal neuronal activity. Growing evidence has led to the realization that ischemic stroke elicits profound immune responses in the circulation and the activation of multiple subsets of immune cells, which in turn affect both the early disruption and the later repair of the BBB after stroke. Distinct phenotypes or subsets of peripheral immune cells along with diverse intracellular mechanisms contribute to the dynamic changes of BBB integrity after stroke. This review focuses on the interaction between the peripheral immune cells and the BBB after ischemic stroke. Understanding their reciprocal interaction may generate new directions for stroke research and may also drive the innovation of easy accessible immune modulatory treatment strategies targeting BBB in the pursuit of better stroke recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xi Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Ai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li H, Wang P, Huang F, Jin J, Wu H, Zhang B, Wang Z, Shi H, Wu X. Astragaloside IV protects blood-brain barrier integrity from LPS-induced disruption via activating Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 340:58-66. [PMID: 29294303 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of cerebral microvessels are one of the components of blood-brain-barrier (BBB), which are connected by tight junctions (TJs). BBB disruption in cerebral diseases such as ischemic stroke, Alzhemer's disease, multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury is implicated to exacerbate the disease progression. Astragaloside IV (ASIV) isolated from Astragalus membranaceus prevents BBB breakdown in rodents induced with cerebral edema and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, its underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated yet. In present study, ASIV was found to prevent the leakage of BBB in LPS-induced mice, which was accompanied with increased zo-1 and occludin but reduced VCAM-1 in brain microvessels. Similarly, in brain endothelial cell line bEnd.3 cells, ASIV mitigated the increased permeability induced by LPS, as evidenced by increased TEER and reduced sodium fluorescein extravasation. ASIV also enhanced the expression of TJ proteins such as zo-1, occludin and claudin-5 in LPS stimulated bEnd.3 cells. Meanwhile, it inhibited the inflammatory responses and prevented the monocyte adhesion onto bEnd.3 cells upon LPS stimulation. Further study disclosed that ASIV could alleviate ROS level and activate Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in bEnd.3 cells. When Nrf2 was silenced, the protective effect of ASIV was abolished. In brain microvessels of LPS-induced mice, ASIV also enhanced the expression of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway related proteins. Collectively, our results demonstrated that ASIV protected the integrity of BBB in LPS-induced mice, the mechanism of which might be mediated via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. The findings suggested that ASIV might be a potential neuroprotective drug acting on BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinmei Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|