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van Stigt AC, Dik WA, Kamphuis LSJ, Smits BM, van Montfrans JM, van Hagen PM, Dalm VASH, IJspeert H. What Works When Treating Granulomatous Disease in Genetically Undefined CVID? A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 11:606389. [PMID: 33391274 PMCID: PMC7773704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granulomatous disease is reported in at least 8–20% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Granulomatous disease mainly affects the lungs, and is associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality. In half of patients with granulomatous disease, extrapulmonary manifestations are found, affecting e.g. skin, liver, and lymph nodes. In literature various therapies have been reported, with varying effects on remission of granulomas and related clinical symptoms. However, consensus recommendations for optimal management of extrapulmonary granulomatous disease are lacking. Objective To present a literature overview of the efficacy of currently described therapies for extrapulmonary granulomatous disease in CVID (CVID+EGD), compared to known treatment regimens for pulmonary granulomatous disease in CVID (CVID+PGD). Methods The following databases were searched: Embase, Medline (Ovid), Web-of-Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were 1) CVID patients with granulomatous disease, 2) treatment for granulomatous disease reported, and 3) outcome of treatment reported. Patient characteristics, localization of granuloma, treatment, and association with remission of granulomatous disease were extracted from articles. Results We identified 64 articles presenting 95 CVID patients with granulomatous disease, wherein 117 different treatment courses were described. Steroid monotherapy was most frequently described in CVID+EGD (21 out of 53 treatment courses) and resulted in remission in 85.7% of cases. In CVID+PGD steroid monotherapy was described in 15 out of 64 treatment courses, and was associated with remission in 66.7% of cases. Infliximab was reported in CVID+EGD in six out of 53 treatment courses and was mostly used in granulomatous disease affecting the skin (four out of six cases). All patients (n = 9) treated with anti-TNF-α therapies (infliximab and etanercept) showed remission of extrapulmonary granulomatous disease. Rituximab with or without azathioprine was rarely used for CVID+EGD, but frequently used in CVID+PGD where it was associated with remission of granulomatous disease in 94.4% (17 of 18 treatment courses). Conclusion Although the number of CVID+EGD patients was limited, data indicate that steroid monotherapy often results in remission, and that anti-TNF-α treatment is effective for granulomatous disease affecting the skin. Also, rituximab with or without azathioprine was mainly described in CVID+PGD, and only in few cases of CVID+EGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid C van Stigt
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Academic Center for Rare Immunological Diseases (RIDC), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem A Dik
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Academic Center for Rare Immunological Diseases (RIDC), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lieke S J Kamphuis
- Academic Center for Rare Immunological Diseases (RIDC), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas M Smits
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre (UMC), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joris M van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre (UMC), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Academic Center for Rare Immunological Diseases (RIDC), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Virgil A S H Dalm
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Academic Center for Rare Immunological Diseases (RIDC), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanna IJspeert
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Academic Center for Rare Immunological Diseases (RIDC), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Harp J, Coggshall K, Ruben BS, Ramírez-Valle F, He SY, Berger TG. Cutaneous granulomas in the setting of primary immunodeficiency: a report of four cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:617-25. [PMID: 25773292 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cutaneous granulomas without an identifiable infectious etiology are a rare manifestation of primary immunodeficiency (ID). These cutaneous lesions can be misdiagnosed, often as sarcoidosis, when the skin findings precede the diagnosis of immunodeficiency. OBJECTIVE We present four cases from our institution and review the literature in order to emphasize the clinical relevance of this association, discuss the histologic and immunohistochemical features, and explore possible pathogenic mechanisms of granuloma formation. EVIDENCE REVIEW We retrospectively reviewed case reports of all patients presenting with cutaneous granulomas in the setting of primary immunodeficiency. Cases with insufficient information to confirm an immunodeficiency state were excluded. Four patients from our clinic were included, for 54 total cases. FINDINGS The majority of cutaneous granulomas are seen in three types of immunodeficiencies: ataxia-telangiectasia, severe combined immunodeficiency, and combined variable immunodeficiency. Twenty-six percent of patients developed cutaneous granulomas prior to their immunodeficiency diagnosis. Histologically, various granulomatous patterns have been described. Immunohistochemistry revealed a CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte ratio of less than or equal to 1 in our four patients, which may help differentiate cutaneous granulomas in primary ID from sarcoidal granulomas that typically show a CD4+ predominance. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cutaneous granulomas are a rare manifestation of primary ID and occur predominantly in immunodeficiencies that affect T and B cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Harp
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Coggshall
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beth S Ruben
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francisco Ramírez-Valle
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Y He
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy G Berger
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Granulomatous Disease in CVID: Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Efficacy in a Cohort of 59 Patients. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:84-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Granulomatose cutanée chez un enfant immunodéficient. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138:38-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Folgori L, Scarselli A, Angelino G, Ferrari F, Antoccia A, Chessa L, Finocchi A. Cutaneous granulomatosis and combined immunodeficiency revealing Ataxia-Telangiectasia: a case report. Ital J Pediatr 2010; 36:29. [PMID: 20380744 PMCID: PMC2857855 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a complex multisystem disorder characterized by progressive neurological impairment, variable immunodeficiency and oculo-cutaneous telangiectasia. A-T is a member of chromosomal breakage syndromes and it is caused by a mutation in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. Because of a wide clinical heterogeneity, A-T is often difficult to diagnose in children. We report an unusual case of a 3-year-old boy affected by A-T who presented exclusively with extensive cutaneous granulomatosis and severe combined immunodeficiency, without neurological abnormalities, at the time of diagnosis. This case clearly emphasizes the variable presentation of A-T syndrome and highlights the difficulties in the early diagnosis of A-T. A-T should be considered in children with evidence of combined humoral and cellular immunodeficiency associated with unexplained skin granulomatous lesions, even in the absence of the classic features of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Folgori
- DPUO, Department of Pediatrics-University of Rome Tor Vergata/Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome.
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Gregoriou S, Trimis G, Charissi C, Kalogeromitros D, Stefanaki K, Rigopoulos D. Cutaneous Granulomas with Predominantly CD8+ Lymphocytic Infiltrate in a Child with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. J Cutan Med Surg 2008; 12:246-8. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2008.07061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Combined immunodeficiency disorders comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by both humoral and cell-mediated immunodeficiency. Cutaneous granulomas manifestations in children with combined immunodeficiency are rare. Objective: We report the case of a 6-year-old boy who presented with disseminated cutaneous granulomas and a history of multiple infections. Methods and Results: Laboratory evaluation revealed severe combined immunodeficiency, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis confirmed mutations on a gene of chromosome 19 that encodes an enzyme called Janus kinase 3 (Jak-3). Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of CD8+ in the perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate Conclusion: Disseminated granulomatous lesions in children with a history of frequent infections should prompt the clinician to initiate detailed immunocompetence evaluation as they might prove to be the first manifestation of immunologic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatis Gregoriou
- From the 1st Department of Dermatology, 1st Department of Pediatrics, and Allergy Unit, University of Athens, and the Pathology Department of “Agia Sofia” Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Trimis
- From the 1st Department of Dermatology, 1st Department of Pediatrics, and Allergy Unit, University of Athens, and the Pathology Department of “Agia Sofia” Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Charissi
- From the 1st Department of Dermatology, 1st Department of Pediatrics, and Allergy Unit, University of Athens, and the Pathology Department of “Agia Sofia” Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kalogeromitros
- From the 1st Department of Dermatology, 1st Department of Pediatrics, and Allergy Unit, University of Athens, and the Pathology Department of “Agia Sofia” Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Stefanaki
- From the 1st Department of Dermatology, 1st Department of Pediatrics, and Allergy Unit, University of Athens, and the Pathology Department of “Agia Sofia” Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Rigopoulos
- From the 1st Department of Dermatology, 1st Department of Pediatrics, and Allergy Unit, University of Athens, and the Pathology Department of “Agia Sofia” Hospital, Athens, Greece
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de Jager M, Blokx W, Warris A, Bergers M, Link M, Weemaes C, Seyger M. Immunohistochemical features of cutaneous granulomas in primary immunodeficiency disorders: a comparison with cutaneous sarcoidosis. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:467-72. [PMID: 18201241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous granulomas can occur in patients with a primary immunodeficiency disorder. In some cases, an infectious cause cannot be revealed. The pathogenesis of these granulomas still remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to study differences or overlap between these rare granulomas and sarcoidosis-related granulomas. METHODS Markers for T-cell subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD45RO), Langerhans' cells (CD1a), macrophages (CD68), B cells (CD20) and NK cells (CD56) were stained immunohistochemically. The amount of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the granulomas was counted. Results were compared with the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in peripheral blood. RESULTS In the granulomas of two of three patients with a primary immunodeficiency disorder, the cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) outnumbered the T-helper cells (CD4+) with a counted CD4+/CD8+ ratio <<1. In contrast, the granulomas in the cutaneous sarcoidosis patients showed a predominance of CD4+ cells, with CD4+/CD8+ ratios >2. CONCLUSIONS A lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio was found in the cutaneous granulomas of patients with a primary immunodeficiency disorder (unclassified combined immunodeficiency, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and ataxia teleangiectasia) as compared with the patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis. The possible implications of these findings are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de Jager
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: the main liver disease in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia and hepatic abnormalities. J Hepatol 2008; 48:74-82. [PMID: 17998147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Revised: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Liver lesions associated with primary hypogammaglobulinemia have been poorly described. We aimed to assess the clinical, histological and immune features and outcome of hepatic injury in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia. METHODS The medical records of 51 patients (23 patients with liver biopsy) with primary hypogammaglobulinemia and liver abnormalities were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-three controls with primary hypogammaglobulinemia but with no hepatic manifestations were analyzed in parallel. RESULTS Cholestasis (65%), mainly anicteric, and portal hypertension (50%) were the main hepatic manifestations. Histological analysis revealed non-fibrosing architectural abnormalities consistent with nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) in 84% of CVID patients and in all HIGM and XLA patients. Intrasinusoidal lymphocytic infiltration, abnormalities of portal vessels and epithelioid granulomas were observed in 90%, 43% and 44% of patients, respectively. NRH was associated with portal hypertension in 75% of the cases. These patients more often presented with autoimmune diseases and peripheral lymphocytic abnormalities than control patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Liver involvement in primary hypogammaglobulinemia mainly consists of NRH leading to chronic cholestasis and portal hypertension. Association with intrasinusoidal T cell infiltration, portal vein endotheliitis, autoimmune diseases and peripheral lymphocytic abnormalities suggests an autoimmune mechanism.
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Fernández-Ruiz M, Guerra-Vales JM, Francisco-Javier CF, Yolanda RG, Miguel-Ingel MG, Cristina GC, Jesús RC. Fever of unknown origin in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency associated with multisystemic granulomatous disease. Intern Med 2007; 46:1197-202. [PMID: 17675769 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.46.6414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-caseating epithelioid granulomas have been described in a small number of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). We report a 26-year-old woman diagnosed with CVID nine years earlier, who developed non-caseating granulomas in the liver, bone marrow and skin. She was referred to our department for a fever of more than one year duration without apparent focus. Extensive search for underlying malignancy or occult infection was unremarkable. Empirical treatment with prednisone was begun and the patient showed a marked improvement. The literature on the association between CVID and non-caseating granulomatous disease, and the differential diagnosis of hepatic granulomas as a cause of fever of unknown origin, is also reviewed.
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10
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Morimoto Y, Routes JM. Granulomatous disease in common variable immunodeficiency. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2006; 5:370-5. [PMID: 16091208 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-005-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency of unknown etiology characterized by low levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, failure to make specific antibodies in response to infection or immunization, and variable T-cell abnormalities. Multisystemic granulomatous disease is a well-documented complication of CVID, and its presence is associated with significant morbidity and early mortality. Although the lung is the most common organ system affected, granulomas are also found frequently in other organs, including skin, liver, spleen, and the gastrointestinal tract. Autoimmune disorders are common in these patients, and there appears to be an increased propensity to develop lymphoproliferative disorders. Common physical, radiographic, and laboratory abnormalities in patients with CVID and granulomatous disease include splenomegaly, hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy with ground glass or nodular opacities in the lung parenchyma, and reduced T-cell numbers and function. The etiology of granulomatous disease in patients with CVID is unknown, and optimal treatment of granulomatous disease in CVID remains to be established. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying etiology of granulomatous lymphoproliferative interstitial lung disease and to delineate appropriate treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Morimoto
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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11
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Thatayatikom A, Thatayatikom S, White AJ. Infliximab treatment for severe granulomatous disease in common variable immunodeficiency: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95:293-300. [PMID: 16200822 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatous disease resembling sarcoidosis is a well-described condition associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Its treatment remains problematic, and new therapeutic options are needed. OBJECTIVES To report the efficacy of treatment with infliximab, a chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, in a patient with granulomatous CVID and to review the literature on the treatment of patients with granulomatous CVID. METHODS A 22-year-old white man with CVID developed acute multiorgan failure, with granulomatous inflammation on lung and liver biopsy specimens. He was initially treated with antibiotics, intravenous immunoglobulin, and corticosteroids for 5 weeks without improvement. High-dose infliximab was then infused weekly for 6 weeks and then monthly for 9 months. The response to infliximab was determined by changes on clinical examination, imaging studies, and histologic studies. RESULTS The patient's condition dramatically improved after 1 dose of infliximab infusion, with decreasing hepatosplenomegaly, ventilatory support requirements, and pulmonary infiltrates. Ventilatory support was successfully discontinued within 3 weeks. The corticosteroid dose was tapered without reactivation of the disease. After 9 months of therapy, follow-up imaging studies showed resolution of pulmonary infiltrates, no hepatosplenomegaly, and no portal hypertension, and a percutaneous liver biopsy revealed no granulomas; then, infliximab use was discontinued. The patient remains free of granulomatous disease after 18 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of severe visceral granulomatous CVID successfully treated with infliximab. Infliximab may be an effective therapy for granulomas in CVID. Further studies of infliximab and other tumor necrosis factor a antagonist therapies in granulomatous CVID are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaluck Thatayatikom
- Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Mitra A, Pollock B, Gooi J, Darling JC, Boon A, Newton-Bishop JA. Cutaneous granulomas associated with primary immunodeficiency disorders. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:194-9. [PMID: 16029350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous granulomas are uncommon in primary immunodeficiency disorders. We report cutaneous granulomas in a child with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and compare the clinical course with similar lesions in an adult with common variable immunodeficiency (CVI). A 4-year-old female with AT developed cutaneous granulomas as erythematous plaques. The largest lesion appeared on her left cheek and continued to progress despite treatment with topical and intralesional steroids. Disease control was obtained initially with oral antibiotics and low-dose oral steroids. On cessation of oral steroids, significant relapse of the facial granuloma occurred. Pulsed and then oral steroids were required to stop the disease process leaving significant scarring. The second case is of cutaneous granulomas in a 66-year-old man, with CVI, who presented with an erythematous reticulate rash on the legs. We consider it useful to report this patient here as disease control was obtained in a similar way with systemic immunosuppression. In this patient a combination of oral steroids and azathioprine was used. These cutaneous granulomas are thought to be a manifestation of immune dysregulation. No infectious cause has been found so far. We recommend the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in conjunction with systemic steroids for progressive granulomas, as these patients are immunosuppressed and infection with an unidentified organism cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitra
- Department of Dermatology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
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13
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Lun KR, Wood DJ, Muir JB, Noakes R. Granulomas in common variable immunodeficiency: A diagnostic dilemma. Australas J Dermatol 2004; 45:51-4. [PMID: 14961910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2004.00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 60-year-old man with common variable immunodeficiency presented with a 7-year history of violaceous plaques and papules on the thighs, arms and trunk. In the preceding 2 years he had developed new lesions on both hands. He had been previously diagnosed with sarcoidosis on the basis of skin and visceral histology, but subsequent opinion was that these were sarcoid-like granulomas rather than being representative of true sarcoidosis. Biopsy of the hand lesions showed necrotizing granulomas, and a single acid-fast bacillus (AFB) was identified on Wade-Fite stain. Subsequent repeat tissue biopsies for histology, culture and polymerase chain reaction testing failed to confirm the presence of mycobacterial organisms and it was felt that the organism was a contaminant introduced during tissue processing. The hand lesions responded well to intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide 10 mg/mL and oral tetracycline 500 mg b.d. was later introduced with a good clinical response. The diagnostic dilemma of finding granulomatous inflammation in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency, and the significance of a single AFB on histology are discussed. The treatment of sarcoid-like granulomas with tetracycline therapy is also commented on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn R Lun
- South-East Dermatology, Carina Heights and IQ Pathology, West End, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
The treatment of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is currently based on the early recognition of the condition and replacement immunoglobulin combined with prompt treatment of infections and complications. The route of administration, dose and frequency of administration of immunoglobulin still vary between centres and countries. Other interventions aimed at overcoming the immunological defects in CVID such as interleukin-2 therapy are being studied but there is as yet insufficient evidence to support their routine use. The treatment of complications such as suppurative lung disease uses principles broadly similar to those used for cystic fibrosis, whereas the granulomatous complications involving the lungs and other organ systems are in need of much more research to define optimum therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Carrock Sewell
- Path Links Immunology, Scunthorpe General Hospital, Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, UK
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