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González Ildefonso P, Nieto Librero AB, Martín Alonso M, Hernández Cerceño ML, García Serrano E, Prieto-Matos P. Normal range for acid-labile subunit in paediatric patients in Spain and its association with age, sex, pubertal stage and other growth factors. An Pediatr (Barc) 2023; 98:329-337. [PMID: 37105787 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The acid-labile subunit (ALS) plays an important role in the endocrine effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) on target tissues. Historically, it has attracted limited attention. The aim of our study was to describe the normal range of ALS in healthy children and its association with other growth factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS We designed a cross-sectional descriptive study. We collected data on age, height, body mass index, gestational age, anthropometry at birth and serum levels of ALS, IGF1 and IGFBP3 in healthy children aged 2-15 years with a normal height. The levels of ALS, IGF1 and IGFBP3 were measured by ELISA. We fitted GAMLSS normalization models to standardize the variables. RESULTS Samples were collected from 446 children. In prepubertal children, the levels of ALS, IGF1 and IGFBP3 were positively correlated in both sexes and with age (P < .01). We found significant differences in the levels of ALS, IGF1 and IGFBP3 and the IGF1/IGFBP3 molar ratio between the sexes and higher levels in pubertal boys (P < .01). We generated normal probability plots for each sex for each of the components of the ternary complex and for the IGF1/IGFBP3 and IGFBP3/ALS molar ratios. In addition, we extracted equations from the models for the calculation of z-scores for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS This study may contribute age- and sex-specific reference values for IGF1, IGFBP3 and ALS levels and IGF1/IGFBP3 and IGFBP3/ALS ratios in Spanish children and suggests an association between age, sex, and pubertal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Belén Nieto Librero
- Departamento de Estadística, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Prieto-Matos
- Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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González Ildefonso P, Nieto Librero AB, Martín Alonso M, Hernández Cerceño ML, García Serrano E, Prieto-Matos P. Rango normal de subunidad ácido-lábil (ALS) en niños españoles y su relación con la edad, el sexo, el estadio puberal y otros factores de crecimiento. An Pediatr (Barc) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
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Damen L, Elizabeth MSM, Donze SH, van den Berg SAA, de Graaff LCG, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Free Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I in Children with PWS. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051280. [PMID: 35268371 PMCID: PMC8911349 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In children with Prader−Willi syndrome (PWS), the standard growth hormone (GH) dose often results in high immunoreactive IGF-I levels. These high immunoreactive IGF-I levels lead to concern because their long-term effects are unknown. As a result, clinicians have to lower the GH dose, which worsens body composition and quality of life. As clinical features do not seem to correspond to immunoreactive IGF-I values, it is questionable whether immunoreactive IGF-I is a suitable marker for GH dosing, or whether another parameter better reflects IGF-I bioavailability and bioactivity. We, therefore, investigate serum immunoreactive IGF-I, free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels in 70 GH-treated children with PWS. Our study showed that, although immunoreactive IGF-I levels were high (>2 SDS) in the vast majority of prepubertal and pubertal children, free IGF-I SDS levels were <0 SDS in most and <1 SDS in all. Free IGF-I correlated with the immunoreactive IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio. We conclude that there is a major discrepancy between immunoreactive and free IGF-I levels. While in the majority of GH-treated children with PWS, immunoreactive IGF-I levels were high, free IGF-I levels were <0 SDS in most. Our data appear to be very reassuring and suggest that free IGF-I levels should also be taken into consideration when the immunoreactive IGF-I levels are >2 SDS in GH-treated children with PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Damen
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3016 AH Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.H.D.); (A.C.S.H.-K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-225-1533
| | - Melitza S. M. Elizabeth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.M.E.); (S.A.A.v.d.B.)
| | - Stephany H. Donze
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3016 AH Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.H.D.); (A.C.S.H.-K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd A. A. van den Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.M.E.); (S.A.A.v.d.B.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura C. G. de Graaff
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.S.M.E.); (S.A.A.v.d.B.)
| | - Anita C. S. Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3016 AH Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.H.D.); (A.C.S.H.-K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Academic Center for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Escagedo PD, Deal CL, Dwyer AA, Hauschild M. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, but Not Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3, Predicts Central Precocious Puberty in Girls 6-8 Years Old: A Retrospective Study. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 94:44-51. [PMID: 34098553 PMCID: PMC8491484 DOI: 10.1159/000516361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central precocious puberty (CPP) in females is characterized by thelarche before 8 years of age. Evidence of reproductive axis activation confirms the diagnosis (basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH) ≥0.3 IU/L or LH-releasing hormone (LHRH)-stimulated LH ≥5 IU/L). Stimulation testing is the diagnostic gold standard but is time-consuming and costly. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) are increased in girls with CPP. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the utility of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in identifying CPP in girls aged 6-8 years. METHODS The study was a single-center retrospective study. Girls with confirmed CPP (n = 44) and isolated premature precocious adrenarche/ precocious thelarche (PA/PT, n = 16) had baseline biochemical profiling and LHRH stimulation testing. Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 results were converted to standard deviation scores (SDS). Correlations were calculated and receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted. RESULTS Girls with CPP had higher basal and peak LH, IGF-1 SDS, and growth velocity (p < 0.05). IGF-1 SDS correlated positively with basal and peak LH (p < 0.05). IGF-1 SDS (1.75-2.15) differentiated CPP and PA/PT with 89% sensitivity and 56% specificity (basal LH) and 94% specificity and 55% sensitivity (peak LH). IGFBP-3 SDS did not differ between groups or by CPP parameters. CONCLUSIONS In clinical practice, IGF-1 SDS may be an additional tool for identifying CPP in girls aged 6 to 8 years when baseline clinical and laboratory diagnostic criteria are inconclusive, possibly avoiding more time-consuming and costly procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Diaz Escagedo
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Endocrine and Diabetes Service, CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cheri L. Deal
- Endocrine and Diabetes Service, CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada,Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew A. Dwyer
- Boston College William F. Connell School of Nursing and Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Hauschild
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Schilbach K, Bidlingmaier M. Growth hormone binding protein - physiological and analytical aspects. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 29:671-83. [PMID: 26522453 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A significant proportion of total circulating growth hormone (GH) is bound to a high affinity growth hormone binding protein (GHBP). Several low affinity binding proteins have also been described. Significant differences between species exist with respect to origin and regulation of GHBP, but generally it resembles the extracellular domain of the GH receptor. Concentrations are associated with GH status, body composition and other factors. Although the clinical relevance of GHBP is not fully understood it is suggested that concentrations indirectly reflect GH receptor status. This is supported by cases of Laron's syndrome where a molecular defect in the extracellular domain of the GH receptor is associated with low or unmeasurable GHBP concentrations. Methods to measure GHBP have evolved from chromatographic, activity based procedures to direct immunoassays. In clinical practice, measurement of GHBP can be helpful to differentiate between GH deficiency and GH insensitivity, particularly if GHBP is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schilbach
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Pan SN, Ma HM, Su Z, Zhang CX, Zhu SY, Du ML. Epidermal growth factor receptor signalling mediates growth hormone-induced growth of chondrocytes from sex hormone-inhibited adolescent rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:534-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Crowe FL, Key TJ, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Overvad K, Grønbæk H, Tjønneland A, Halkjær J, Dossus L, Boeing H, Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Zylis D, Trichopoulos D, Boutron-Ruault MC, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Clavel-Chapelon F, Palli D, Berrino F, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Gils CH, Peeters PHM, Gram IT, Rodríguez L, Jakszyn P, Molina-Montes E, Navarro C, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, Khaw KT, Rodwell S, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Norat T, Gallo V, Riboli E, Kaaks R. A cross-sectional analysis of the associations between adult height, BMI and serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-1 -2 and -3 in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Ann Hum Biol 2010; 38:194-202. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2010.507221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hughes IP, Choong CS, Cotterill A, Harris M, Davies PSW. Gender bias in children receiving growth hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1191-8. [PMID: 20080858 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About twice as many boys than girls are treated with GH. Ascertainment bias is a possible explanation. HYPOTHESES For ascertainment bias, the gender least frequently treated should be relatively shorter, and in an unbiased population sample, equal numbers of boys and girls should be eligible for GH treatment. SUBJECTS AND SETTING In 2007 a total of 1485 Australian children received GH (OZGROW database). Heights were also obtained from two recent unbiased surveys consisting of 3596 and 4794 Australian children. METHODS Numbers of boys and girls treated with GH were determined for each treatment indication. Height sd scores (SDS) at first presentation for GH-treated boys and girls were assessed. Frequency of boys and girls from two unbiased populations with height SDS less than -2.326 were recorded. OUTCOMES OUTCOMES included gender frequencies and height SDSs. HYPOTHESES were formed before interrogation of preexisting databases. RESULTS More boys than girls received GH (P = 3.68 x 10(-20)). By indication: biochemical GH deficiency (P = 0.001), cranial irradiation (P = 0.002), slow growing (P = 2.09 x 10(-16)), and chronic renal failure (P = 0.061). Approximately equal numbers of girls and boys were treated for hypoglycemia (P = 0.543). Slow-growing girls were relatively shorter than boys for ages spanning 4.50-8.49 yr (P = 3.80 x 10(-4)), but boys were relatively shorter in the 6.00- to 17.99-month age group (P = 0.011). Biochemical boys were relatively shorter than girls (P = 0.023). In the two unbiased surveys, boys outnumbered girls 11 to six and 16 to eight for height SDS less than -2.326. CONCLUSIONS There is a gender bias in this GH-treated population. Ascertainment bias does not appear to be the major cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Hughes
- Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Level 3 Foundation Building, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Xu S, Gu X, Pan H, Zhu H, Gong F, Li Y, Xing Y. Reference ranges for serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in Chinese children during childhood and adolescence. Endocr J 2010; 57:221-8. [PMID: 20051649 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3(IGFBP-3) reflect endogenous growth hormone secretion, and serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 values should be ethnic-specific, thus we established the reference ranges for serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in Chinese children aged 6-18 yr according to age, sex, puberty stage and BMI. The study was included 837 children (age 6-18 yr, 416 boys and 421 girls) from different schools in Daqing, Beijing and Shanghai. Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were determined by a chemiluminescent assay system (IMMULITE 1000). The results show that IGF1 reached peak levels at around 13 yr in boys and 11 yr in girls while IGFBP-3 peaked at 14 yr in boys, and 11 yr in girls. Both IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were at platform or decreased slightly after these ages. At each corresponding age, IGF-1 levels tended to be higher in boys compared to girls, while girls had higher IGFBP-3 levels than boys. A model for calculation of standard deviation scores of IGF-1 and IGFBP3 according to age, sex and pubertal stage was established. These normative data should facilitate child care, growth monitoring, clinical diagnosis and to follow up on GH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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Bouhours-Nouet N, Gatelais F, Boux de Casson F, Rouleau S, Coutant R. The insulin-like growth factor-I response to growth hormone is increased in prepubertal children with obesity and tall stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:629-35. [PMID: 17090643 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Children with obesity [body mass index (BMI) > +2 sd score (SDS)] and children with constitutional tall stature [CTS; height > +2 SDS)] have normal-high serum IGF-I levels, associated with a low and broad range of GH secretion, respectively. This suggests increased sensitivity to GH, whereas children with idiopathic short stature (ISS; height < -2 SDS) are believed to have decreased GH sensitivity. OBJECTIVE, DESIGN, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: To compare the responsiveness to GH in 62 prepubertal children (43 females, 19 males) with obesity, CTS, or ISS and 26 controls (15 females, 11 males; height and BMI -2 to +2 SDS), we used an IGF-I generation test and studied the IGF-I concentration 24 h after a single injection of GH (2 mg/m2). PATIENTS Twenty patients with obesity, 20 with CTS, 22 with ISS, and 26 controls were studied. The mean age was 8.3 +/- 2.9 yr, with no difference in age or gender between groups. RESULTS Compared with controls, the mean IGF-I increment was 80% higher in obese children and 36% higher in tall children (P < 0.05 obese or tall vs. control children; P = 0.05 obese vs. tall children). Conversely, the IGF-I increment was similar in short compared with control children, despite a mean baseline IGF-I 62% lower in short children (P < 0.05 vs. controls). In all groups, the IGF-I increment was correlated with the BMI SDS or the fat mass percentage (r = 0.51-0.58, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Obese children tend to have greater GH responsiveness than tall children, and both have greater GH responsiveness than controls. GH responsiveness was similar in controls and short children, despite a lower baseline IGF-I in short children. Whether the differences in the IGF-I response to GH between these children reflect differences in the respective anabolic (growth promotion) and metabolic (i.e. insulin action modulation) roles of circulating IGF-I is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bouhours-Nouet
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49033 Angers Cedex 01, France
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Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Bowers CY. Somatotropic and gonadotropic axes linkages in infancy, childhood, and the puberty-adult transition. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:101-40. [PMID: 16434512 DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Integrative neuroendocrine control of the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in childhood, puberty, and young adulthood proceeds via multiple convergent and divergent pathways in the human and experimental animal. Emerging ensemble concepts are required to embody independent, parallel, and interacting mechanisms that subserve physiological adaptations and pathological disruption of reproduction and growth. Significant advances in systems biology will be needed to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Medical School, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, General Clinical Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Fisker S. Physiology and pathophysiology of growth hormone-binding protein: methodological and clinical aspects. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006; 16:1-28. [PMID: 16359897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Circulating GH is partly bound to a high-affinity binding protein (GHBP), which in humans is derived from cleavage of the extracellular domain of the GH receptor. The precise biological function GHBP is unknown, although a regulation of GH bioactivity appears plausible. GHBP levels are determined by GH secretory status, body composition, age, and sex hormones, but the cause-effect relationships remain unclarified. In addition to the possible in vivo significance of GHBP, the interaction between GH and GHBP has methodological implications for both GH and GHBP assays. The present review concentrates on methodological aspects of GHBP measurements, GHBP levels in certain clinical conditions with a special emphasis on disturbances in the GH-IGF axis, and discusses the possible relationship between plasma GHBP and GH receptor status in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Fisker
- Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Bülow B, Ahrén B, Fisker S, Dehlin O, Hagberg B, Jensen E, Svensson T, Samuelsson G, Erfurth EM. The gender differences in growth hormone-binding protein and leptin persist in 80-year-old men and women and is not caused by sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 59:482-6. [PMID: 14510911 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin and growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP) both show gender differences that might be explained by sex hormones. To study the potential relevance of oestradiol and testosterone, we have examined 80-year-old subjects in whom oestradiol is higher in men than in women. The interrelationships between leptin, insulin, GHBP and fat mass in this age group were also investigated. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Ninety-four subjects (55 females and 39 males), all 80 years old, were investigated in a community-based study. None of the investigated subjects was being treated for diabetes mellitus and none of the women had oestrogen replacement. METHODS Levels of testosterone, oestradiol, SHBG, IGF-I, GHBP, glucose, insulin and leptin were analysed. Body composition was measured with bioimpedance analysis (BIA). RESULTS As in younger age groups, serum leptin, the ratio leptin/kilogram fat mass and serum GHBP were higher in the women (all, P< or =0.007), although serum oestradiol was higher in the men (P<0.001). There were no significant associations between sex hormones and leptin or GHBP either in women or in men (all, r<0.13, P>0.1). Leptin correlated to kilogram fat mass in both women (r=0.55, P<0.001) and men (r=0.47, P=0.003), but in contrast, there were no significant correlations between GHBP and fat mass and GHBP and IGF-I, either in women or in men (all, r<0.24, P>0.2). Insulin and leptin were significantly associated with GHBP, both in women (r=0.48, P<0.001 and r=0.43, P=0.001, respectively) and in men (r=0.40, P=0.01 and r=0.34, P=0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although the 80-year-old men had higher oestradiol levels than the women, the women had higher levels of leptin and GHBP. There were no correlations between sex hormones and leptin and GHBP, which indicates that the gender differences are not caused by sex hormones in old age. In contrast to studies in younger subjects, GHBP did not correlate to fat mass in the investigated 80-year-old men and women. In the older subjects investigated, as in younger subjects, GHBP was significantly correlated with leptin and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bülow
- Department of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Cohen P, Bright GM, Rogol AD, Kappelgaard AM, Rosenfeld RG. Effects of dose and gender on the growth and growth factor response to GH in GH-deficient children: implications for efficacy and safety. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:90-8. [PMID: 11788629 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.87.1.8150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the dose-response effects of GH on the growth and growth factor levels of GH-deficient patients. One hundred eleven short (-3.0 +/- 0.9 height SD score), prepubertal GH-deficient children were randomized to receive low- (L; 0.025 mg/kg per day), medium- (M; 0.05 mg/kg per day), or high- (H; 0.1 mg/kg per day) dose GH. One hundred four children completed the 2-yr study. At 2 yr, the three groups displayed increases in height SD scores of 1.4 +/- 0.1 for L, 2.2 +/- 0.1 for M, and 2.3 +/- 0.1 for H (P < 0.001 relative to L, P = NS relative to M). The serum levels of IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 during treatment also demonstrated dependency on the GH dose and were independently correlated with the increase in height SD scores attained. Bone age advancement, the occurrence of puberty, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin A1c did not change during therapy, but fasting insulin levels rose in a dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, the GH dose-response curve for both auxological and biochemical parameters differed between prepubertal females (n = 33) and males (n = 71). Males had a linear GH dose response, whereas females had an apparent plateau of both linear growth and IGF-I SD score responses at 0.05 mg/kg per day. In this large, randomized, 2-yr study, we observed a dose-response effect of GH on growth and serum growth factor levels and a prepubertal gender difference in GH sensitivity. These results suggest that the efficacy and theoretical safety of GH therapy can be optimized by modulating the GH dose in a gender-specific manner, based on the growth response and serum growth factor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinchas Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Coutant R, Boux de Casson F, Rouleau S, Douay O, Mathieu E, Audran M, Limal JM. Body composition, fasting leptin, and sex steroid administration determine GH sensitivity in peripubertal short children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:5805-12. [PMID: 11739442 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Serum IGF-I levels in GH-treated subjects demonstrate a wide range of responsiveness to GH. However, the factors influencing GH sensitivity are not well known. The aim of this work was 1) to test whether body composition (determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) or factors related to body composition (fasting blood glucose, FFA, C-peptide, leptin, and insulin sensitivity determined by an insulin tolerance test) influence GH sensitivity; and 2) to study the effect of sex steroid priming on GH sensitivity. We measured serum IGF-I at baseline and 24 h after a single administration of GH (2 mg/m(2)) in 60 healthy prepubertal and early pubertal children (height, -2.1 +/- 1.0 SD score). GH sensitivity, as estimated by the increase in serum IGF-I after GH administration (difference between stimulated and baseline serum IGF-I = delta IGF-I), was also determined after a short-term administration of oral ethinyl E2 in girls and im T in boys. The serum IGF-I concentration was 297 +/- 114 microg/liter at baseline and increased to 429 +/- 160 microg/liter, corresponding to a 46 +/- 29% increase over the baseline value (P < 0.0001, stimulated vs. baseline serum IGF-I). delta IGF-I was not different between gender or pubertal stage. There were positive correlations (P < 0.001) between delta IGF-I and adiposity (total body fat, r = 0.62; trunk fat, r = 0.62), fasting leptin (r = 0.64), and C-peptide (r = 0.54), and a negative correlation with fasting FFA (r = -0.33; P < 0.05) even after adjustment for age, gender, and pubertal stage. These factors remained significant independent predictors of the absolute as well as the percent increase in serum IGF-I in multiple regression analyses. Priming with T and ethinyl E2 had a similar stimulating effect on the serum GH peak in response to the insulin tolerance test. In boys, serum baseline IGF-I increased by 60%, and delta IGF-I was similar after vs. before T administration. By contrast, in girls, serum baseline IGF-I was similar, and delta IGF-I was 60% less after vs. before ethinyl E2 administration. This study indicates that 1) GH sensitivity is determined by fat mass, serum fasting leptin, C-peptide, and FFA; and 2) oral ethinyl E2 and im T have divergent effects on the IGF-I response to a single administration of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Coutant
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, 49000 Angers, France.
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