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Pereira SC, Coeli-Lacchini FB, Pereira DA, Ferezin LP, Menezes IC, Baes CVW, Luizon MR, Juruena MF, Cleare AJ, Young AH, Lacchini R. Early life stress unravels epistatic genetic associations of cortisol pathway genes with depression. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:323-332. [PMID: 38759498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis represents one of the most consistent pathophysiological findings in depressive disorders. Cortisol signaling is affected by proteins that mediate its cellular responses or alters its availability to mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. In our study, we evaluated candidate genes that may influence the risk for depression and suicide due to its involvement in cortisol signaling. The aim of the study was to assess whether the genotypes of these genes are associated with the risk for depression, severity of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. And whether there is interaction between genes and early-life stress. In this study, 100 healthy controls and 140 individuals with depression were included. The subjects were clinically assessed using the 21-item GRID-Hamilton questionnaires (GRID-HAMD-21), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSI), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). A robust multifactorial dimensionality reduction analysis was used to characterize the interactions between the genes HSD11B1, NR3C1, NR3C2, and MDR1 and early-life stress. It was found a significant association of the heterozygous genotype of the MDR1 gene rs1128503 polymorphism with reduced risk of at least one suicide attempt (OR: 0.08, p = 0.003*) and a reduction in the number of suicide attempts (β = -0.79, p = 0.006*). Furthermore, it was found that the MDR1 rs1228503 and NR3C2 rs2070951 genes interact with early-life stress resulting in a strong association with depression (p = 0.001). Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in the MDR1 and NR3C2 genes and their interaction with childhood trauma may be important biomarkers for depression and suicidal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherliane Carla Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Alves Pereira
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Letícia Perticarrara Ferezin
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Ribeirão Preto Nursing School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Itiana Castro Menezes
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristiane von Werne Baes
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rizzatti Luizon
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mario F Juruena
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Cleare
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
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2
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Bagnoud M, Remlinger J, Joly S, Massy M, Salmen A, Chan A, Karathanassis D, Evangelopoulos M, Hoepner R. Predicting glucocorticoid resistance in multiple sclerosis relapse via a whole blood transcriptomic analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14484. [PMID: 37817393 PMCID: PMC10848073 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses consists of short-term administration of high-dose glucocorticoids (GCs). However, over 40% of patients show an insufficient response to GC treatment. We aimed to develop a predictive model for such GC resistance. METHODS We performed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis following the transcriptomic assay of whole blood samples from stable, relapsing GC-sensitive and relapsing GC-resistant patients with MS in two different European centers. RESULTS We identified 12 genes being regulated during a relapse and differentially expressed between GC-sensitive and GC-resistant patients with MS. Using these genes, we defined a statistical model to predict GC resistance with an area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC analysis of 0.913. Furthermore, we observed that relapsing GC-resistant patients with MS have decreased GR, DUSP1, and TSC22D3 mRNA levels compared with relapsing GC-sensitive patients with MS. Finally, we showed that the transcriptome of relapsing GC-resistant patients with MS resembles those of stable patients with MS. CONCLUSION Predicting GC resistance would allow patients to benefit from prompt initiation of an alternative relapse treatment leading to increased treatment efficacy. Thus, we think our model could contribute to reducing disability development in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bagnoud
- Department of NeurologyInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Jana Remlinger
- Department of NeurologyInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Sandrine Joly
- Department of NeurologyInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Marine Massy
- Department of NeurologyInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Anke Salmen
- Department of NeurologyInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of NeurologyInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Dimitris Karathanassis
- Department of Neurology, Eginition HospitalNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | - Robert Hoepner
- Department of NeurologyInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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3
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Verouti S, Hummler E, Vanderriele PE. Role of glucocorticoid receptor mutations in hypertension and adrenal gland hyperplasia. Pflugers Arch 2022. [PMID: 35732960 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of premature death in humans and exhibits a complex aetiology including environmental and genetic factors. Mutations within the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can cause glucocorticoid resistance, which is characterized by several clinical features like hypercortisolism, hypokalaemia, adrenal hyperplasia and hypertension. Altered glucocorticoid receptor signalling further affects sodium and potassium homeostasis as well as blood pressure regulation and cell proliferation and differentiation that influence organ development and function. In salt-sensitive hypertension, excessive renal salt transport and sympathetic nervous system stimulation may occur simultaneously, and, thus, both the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the GR-signalling may be implicated or even act interdependently. This review focuses on identified GR mutations in human primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance (PGGR) patients and their related clinical phenotype with specific emphasis on adrenal gland hyperplasia and hypertension. We compare these findings to mouse and rat mutants harbouring genetically engineered mutations to further dissect the cause and/or the consequence of clinical features which are common or different.
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4
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Lengton R, Iyer AM, van der Valk ES, Hoogeveen EK, Meijer OC, van der Voorn B, van Rossum EFC. Variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity and the relation with obesity. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13401. [PMID: 34837448 PMCID: PMC9285588 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a relation between increased glucocorticoid (GC) exposure and weight gain. In support, long-term cortisol measurements using hair analysis revealed that many individuals with obesity appear to have cortisol values in the high physiological range. The mechanisms behind this relationship need to be determined in order to develop targeted therapy to reach sustainable weight loss in these subgroups. The effect of GCs is not only determined by the plasma concentration of GCs but also by individual differences in GC sensitivity and the target tissue, which can be analyzed by functional GC assays. GC sensitivity is influenced by multiple genetic and acquired (e.g., disease-related) factors, including intracellular GC availability, hormone binding affinity, and expression levels of the GC receptors and their isoforms, as well as factors involved in the modulation of gene transcription. Interindividual differences in GC sensitivity also play a role in the response to exogenous GCs, with respect to both therapeutic and adverse effects. Accordingly, in this review, we summarize current knowledge on mechanisms that influence GC sensitivity and their relationships with obesity and discuss personalized treatment options targeting the GC receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lengton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline S van der Valk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen K Hoogeveen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Nicolaides NC, Charmandari E. Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance and Hypersensitivity Syndromes: A 2021 Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910839. [PMID: 34639183 PMCID: PMC8509180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the final products of the neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and play an important role in the stress response to re-establish homeostasis when it is threatened, or perceived as threatened. These steroid hormones have pleiotropic actions through binding to their cognate receptor, the human glucocorticoid receptor, which functions as a ligand-bound transcription factor inducing or repressing the expression of a large number of target genes. To achieve homeostasis, glucocorticoid signaling should have an optimal effect on all tissues. Indeed, any inappropriate glucocorticoid effect in terms of quantity or quality has been associated with pathologic conditions, which are characterized by short-term or long-lasting detrimental effects. Two such conditions, the primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance and hypersensitivity syndromes, are discussed in this review article. Undoubtedly, the tremendous progress of structural, molecular, and cellular biology, in association with the continued progress of biotechnology, has led to a better and more in-depth understanding of these rare endocrinologic conditions, as well as more effective therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C. Nicolaides
- First Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
- Correspondence:
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- First Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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6
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that influence several physiologic functions and are among the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide. Resistance to GCs has been observed in the context of the familial generalized GC resistance (Chrousos' syndrome) or tissue specific GC resistance in chronic inflammatory states. In this review, we have summarized the major factors that influence individual glucocorticoid sensitivity/resistance. The fine-tuning of GC action is determined in a tissue-specific fashion that includes the combination of different GC receptor promoters, translation initiation sites, splice isoforms, interacting proteins, post-translational modifications, and alternative mechanisms of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Silva Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine - Ribeirao Preto Medical School - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Paragliola RM, Costella A, Corsello A, Urbani A, Concolino P. A Novel Pathogenic Variant in the N-Terminal Domain of the Glucocorticoid Receptor, Causing Glucocorticoid Resistance. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 24:473-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Ji H, Li Y, Liu Z, Tang M, Zou L, Su F, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li H, Li L, Ai B, Ma J, Wang L, Liu M, Xiao F. Quantitative Evaluation of the Transcriptional Activity of Steroid Hormone Receptor Mutants and Variants Using a Single Vector With Two Reporters and a Receptor Expression Cassette. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:167. [PMID: 32296391 PMCID: PMC7137763 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing has led to the identification of a large number of truncated or mutated steroid hormone receptor (SHR) variants, their clinical relevance remains to be defined. A platform for functional analysis of these SHR variants in cells would be instrumental for better assessing their impact on normal physiology and SHR-associated diseases. Here we have developed a new reporter system that allows rapid and accurate assessment of the transcriptional activity of SHR variants in cells. The reporter is a single construct containing a firefly luciferase reporter gene, whose expression is under the control of a promoter with multiple steroid hormone responsive elements, and a Renilla luciferase reporter gene, that is constitutively expressed under the control of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and is not regulated by steroid hormones. The corresponding SHR (wildtype or mutant/variant) is also expressed from the same construct. Using this improved reporter system, we revealed a large spectrum of transactivation activities within a set of previously identified mutations and variations of the androgen receptor (AR), the estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). This novel reporter system enables functional analysis of SHR mutants and variants in physiological and pathological settings, offering valuable preclinical, or diagnostic information for the understanding and treatment of associated diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Assay/methods
- COS Cells
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter/drug effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Hormones/pharmacology
- Humans
- Luciferases, Firefly/genetics
- Mutant Proteins/physiology
- Mutation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
- Transfection/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ji
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commissions, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commissions, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Su
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commissions, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hexin Li
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Ai
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Center for Biotherapy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commissions, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Parsonnet NV, Lammer NC, Holmes ZE, Batey RT, Wuttke DS. The glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain recognizes RNA hairpin structures with high affinity. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8180-8192. [PMID: 31147715 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds the noncoding RNA Gas5 via its DNA-binding domain (DBD) with functional implications in pro-apoptosis signaling. Here, we report a comprehensive in vitro binding study where we have determined that GR-DBD is a robust structure-specific RNA-binding domain. GR-DBD binds to a diverse range of RNA hairpin motifs, both synthetic and biologically derived, with apparent mid-nanomolar affinity while discriminating against uniform dsRNA. As opposed to dimeric recognition of dsDNA, GR-DBD binds to RNA as a monomer and confers high affinity primarily through electrostatic contacts. GR-DBD adopts a discrete RNA-bound state, as assessed by NMR, distinct from both free and DNA-bound. NMR and alanine mutagenesis suggest a heightened involvement of the C-terminal α-helix of the GR-DBD in RNA-binding. RNA competes for binding with dsDNA and occurs in a similar affinity range as dimer binding to the canonical DNA element. Given the prevalence of RNA hairpins within the transcriptome, our findings strongly suggest that many RNAs have potential to impact GR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V Parsonnet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Nickolaus C Lammer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Zachariah E Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Robert T Batey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
| | - Deborah S Wuttke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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10
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Monteiro LLS, Franco OL, Alencar SA, Porto WF. Deciphering the structural basis for glucocorticoid resistance caused by missense mutations in the ligand binding domain of glucocorticoid receptor. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 92:216-226. [PMID: 31401440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid resistance hereditary condition may emerge from the occurrence of point mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which could impair its functionality. Because the main feature of such pathology is the resistance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to the hormone cortisol, we used the GR ligand binding domain three-dimensional structure to perform computational analysis for eight variants known to cause this clinical condition (I559 N, V571A, D641V, G679S, F737L, I747 M, L753F and L773P), aiming to understand, on the atom scale, how they cause glucocorticoid resistance. We observed that the mutations generated a reduced affinity to cortisol and they alter some loop conformations, which could be a consequence from changes in protein motion, which in turn could result from the reduced stability of mutant GR structures. Therefore, the analyzed mutations compromise the GR ligand binding domain structure and cortisol binding, which could characterize the glucocorticoid resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L S Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - O L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - S A Alencar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - W F Porto
- Porto Reports, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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11
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Keizer VIP, Coppola S, Houtsmuller AB, Geverts B, van Royen ME, Schmidt T, Schaaf MJM. Repetitive switching between DNA binding modes enables target finding by the glucocorticoid receptor. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.217455. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor mobility is a determining factor in the regulation of gene expression. Here, we have studied the intranuclear dynamics of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and single-molecule microscopy. First we have described the dynamic states in which the GR occurs. Subsequently we have analyzed the transitions between these states using a continuous time Markov chain model, and functionally investigated these states by making specific mutations in the DNA-binding domain. This analysis revealed that the GR diffuses freely through the nucleus, and once it leaves this free diffusion state it most often enters a repetitive switching mode. In this mode it alternates between slow diffusion as a result of brief nonspecific DNA binding events, and a state of stable binding to specific DNA target sites. This repetitive switching mechanism results in a compact searching strategy which facilitates finding DNA target sites by the GR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Coppola
- Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B. Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Geverts
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
Primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance or Chrousos syndrome is a rare disorder, which affects all tissues expressing the human glucocorticoid receptor. It is characterized by generalized, partial tissue insensitivity to glucocorticoids caused by genetic defects in the NR3C1 gene. We and others have applied standard methods of molecular and structural biology to investigate the molecular mechanisms and conformational alterations through which the mutant glucocorticoid receptors lead to the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of Chrousos syndrome. The ever-increasing application of novel technologies, including the next-generation sequencing, will enhance our knowledge in factors that influence the glucocorticoid signal transduction in a positive or negative fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid resistance syndrome (GRS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by inactivating mutations of the NR3C1 gene which encodes the glucocorticoid receptor. The phenotypic spectrum is broad but typically include symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, mineralocorticoid excess and hyperandrogenism. We report a new case associated with a novel NR3C1 mutation. A 55-year-old woman with lifelong history of low body weight, hyperandrogenism and anxiety was seen at the endocrine clinic after left adrenalectomy and salpingoophorectomy for lesions suspicious of ovarian cancer and adrenal metastasis. The tumors turned out to be a 3.5 cm benign ovarian serous adenofibroma and a 3.5 cm multinodular adrenal mass. She complained of worsened fatigue and inability to recover weight lost with surgery. Pre-operative serum and urinary cortisol were elevated, but she had no stigma of Cushing's syndrome. Plasma ACTH was elevated and a 1-mcg cosyntropin stimulation test was normal. Her fatigue persisted over ensuing years and ACTH-dependent hypercortisolemia remained stable. Low dose oral dexamethasone failed to suppress endogenous cortisol. A pituitary MRI was normal but revealed incidental brain aneurysms. Bone densitometry showed profound osteoporosis. On the bases of this contradictory clinical picture, glucocorticoid resistance syndrome (GRS) was suspected. Using next generation sequencing technology, a novel heterozygous pathogenic variant in the NR3C1 gene was detected. We speculate that vascular malformations and profound osteoporosis, findings associated to cortisol excess, reflect in our patient a variable tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. In conclusion, in patients with clinically unexpected ACTH-dependent hypercortisolemia, primary glucocorticoid resistance (GRS) should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Al Argan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avi Saskin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ji Wei Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Daniela D'Agostino
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Juan Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Kino T. Single Nucleotide Variations of the Human GR Gene Manifested as Pathologic Mutations or Polymorphisms. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2506-2519. [PMID: 29762667 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human genome contains numerous single nucleotide variations, and the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene harbors ∼450 of these genetic changes. Among them, extremely rare, nonsynonymous variants, known as pathologic GR gene mutations, develop a characteristic pathologic condition, familial/sporadic generalized glucocorticoid resistance syndrome, by replacing the amino acids critical for GR protein structure and functions, whereas others, known as pathologic polymorphisms, develop mild manifestations recognized mainly at population bases by changing the GR activities slightly. Recent progress on the structural analysis to the GR protein and subsequent computer-based structural simulation revealed details of the molecular defects caused by such pathologic GR gene mutations, including their impact on the receptor interaction to ligands, nuclear receptor coactivators (NCoAs) or DNA glucocorticoid response elements (GREs). Indeed, those found in the GR ligand-binding domain significantly damage protein structure of the ligand-binding pocket and/or the activation function-2 transactivation domain and change their molecular interaction to glucocorticoids or the LxxLL signature motif of NCoAs. Two mutations found in GR DNA-binding domain also affect interaction of the mutant receptors to GRE DNA by affecting the critical amino acid for the interaction or changing local hydrophobic circumstance. In this review, I discuss recent findings on the structural simulation of the pathologic GR mutants in connection to their functional and clinical impacts, along with a brief explanation to recent research achievement on the GR polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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15
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Vitellius G, Trabado S, Hoeffel C, Bouligand J, Bennet A, Castinetti F, Decoudier B, Guiochon-Mantel A, Lombes M, Delemer B. Significant prevalence of NR3C1 mutations in incidentally discovered bilateral adrenal hyperplasia: results of the French MUTA-GR Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:411-423. [PMID: 29444898 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently discovered mutations of NR3C1 gene, encoding for the GR, in patients with glucocorticoid resistance and bilateral adrenal incidentalomas prompted us to investigate whether GR mutations might be associated with adrenal hyperplasia. OBJECTIVE The multicenter French Clinical Research Program (Muta-GR) was set up to determine the prevalence of GR mutations and polymorphisms in patients harboring bilateral adrenal incidentalomas associated with hypertension and/or biological hypercortisolism without clinical Cushing's signs. RESULTS One hundred patients were included in whom NR3C1 sequencing revealed five original heterozygous GR mutations that impaired GR signaling in vitro. Mutated patients presented with mild glucocorticoid resistance defined as elevated urinary free cortisol (1.7 ± 0.7 vs 0.9 ± 0.8 upper limit of normal range, P = 0.006), incomplete 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test without suppressed 8-AM adrenocorticotrophin levels (30.9 ± 31.2 vs 16.2 ± 17.5 pg/mL) compared to the non-mutated patients. Potassium and aldosterone levels were lower in mutated patients (3.6 ± 0.2 vs 4.1 ± 0.5 mmol/L, P = 0.01, and 17.3 ± 9.9 vs 98.6 ± 115.4 pg/mL, P = 0.0011, respectively) without elevated renin levels, consistent with pseudohypermineralocorticism. Ex vivo characterization of mutated patients' fibroblasts demonstrated GR haploinsufficiency as revealed by below-normal glucocorticoid induction of FKBP5 gene expression. There was no association between GR polymorphisms and adrenal hyperplasia in this cohort, except an over-representation of BclI polymorphism. CONCLUSION The 5% prevalence of heterozygous NR3C1 mutations discovered in our series is higher than initially thought and encourages GR mutation screening in patients with adrenal incidentalomas to unambiguously differentiate from Cushing's states and to optimize personalized follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Vitellius
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hôpital Robert Debré, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Séverine Trabado
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christine Hoeffel
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, CRESTIC, CHU Reims-URCA, Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Antoine Bennet
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Decoudier
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hôpital Robert Debré, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Anne Guiochon-Mantel
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Lombes
- INSERM UMR_S U1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, AH-HP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Service d'Endocrinologie-Diabète-Nutrition, Hôpital Robert Debré, CHU Reims, Reims, France
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16
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Molnár Á, Patócs A, Likó I, Nyírő G, Rácz K, Tóth M, Sármán B. An unexpected, mild phenotype of glucocorticoid resistance associated with glucocorticoid receptor gene mutation case report and review of the literature. BMC Med Genet 2018; 19:37. [PMID: 29510671 PMCID: PMC5840839 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid resistance is a rare, sporadic or familial condition caused by mutation of the gene encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Clinically it is characterized by symptoms developed due to local, tissue-specific, or generalized partial insensitivity to glucocorticoids. Case presentation A 31-year-old woman was evaluated because of infertility at the Endocrine Unit of the 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University. During her laboratory investigations, elevated serum and salivary cortisol were observed which failed to be suppressed after administration of 1 mg dexamethasone. 24 h urinary cortisol was increased, but a normal midnight serum cortisol was detected suggesting a maintained circadian rhythm. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and androstendione levels were also elevated. Repeated plasma ACTH measurements indicated slightly elevated or normal values. Bone mineral density was normal. All laboratory results confirmed the diagnosis of glucocorticoid resistance. Genetic counseling followed by Sanger sequencing of the coding region of the gene encoding human glucocorticoid receptor was performed and a missense mutation (Arg714Gln, R714Q) in a heterozygous form was detected. Following family screening, the same mutation was found in her clinically-healthy 35-year-old sister who had no fertility problems.This variant was not detected in more than 60 patients and controls tested either for glucocorticoid resistance or Cushing’s syndrome in our Laboratory and it was absent in Exome Variant Server, HumanGene Mutation Database and ExAC databases. Conclusions Our case fulfils the diagnostic criteria of glucocorticoid resistance, also named Chrousos syndrome. The glucocorticoid receptor gene mutation detected in our patient has been already reported in a 2-year-old child with hypoglycaemia, hypokalaemia, hypertension and premature puberty. These distinct phenotypes may suggest that other factors may modify the functional consequences of the R714Q variant of GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Molnár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary.,Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University "Lendület" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University "Lendület" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István Likó
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University "Lendület" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyírő
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary.,Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University Molecular Medicine Research Group, Semmelweis University - Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Rácz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary.,Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University Molecular Medicine Research Group, Semmelweis University - Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Tóth
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Sármán
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
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17
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Zwart N, Andringa D, de Leeuw WJ, Kojima H, Iida M, Houtman CJ, de Boer J, Kool J, Lamoree MH, Hamers T. Improved androgen specificity of AR-EcoScreen by CRISPR based glucocorticoid receptor knockout. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Whirledge SD, Jewell CM, Barber LM, Xu X, Katen KS, Garantziotis S, Cidlowski JA. Generating diversity in human glucocorticoid signaling through a racially diverse polymorphism in the beta isoform of the glucocorticoid receptor. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1282-95. [PMID: 28759007 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene generates two isoforms, hGRα and hGRβ. hGRβ functions as a dominant-negative regulator of hGRα activity and but also has inherent transcriptional activity, collectively altering glucocorticoid sensitivity. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3' UTR of hGRβ have been associated with altered receptor protein expression, glucocorticoid sensitivity, and disease risk. Characterization of the hGRβ G3134T polymorphism has been limited to a relatively small, homogenous population. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hGRβ G3134T in a diverse population and assess the association of hGRβ G3134T in this population with physiological outcomes. In a prospective cohort study, 3730 genetically diverse participants were genotyped for hGRβ G3134T and four common GR polymorphisms. A subset of these participants was evaluated for clinical and biochemical measurements. Immortalized human osteosarcoma cells (U-2 OS), stably transfected with wild-type or G3134T hGRβ, were evaluated for receptor expression, stability, and genome-wide gene expression. Glucocorticoid-mediated gene expression profiles were investigated in primary macrophages isolated from participants. In a racially diverse population, the minor allele frequency was 74% (50.7% heterozygous carriers and 23.3% homozygous minor allele), with a higher prevalence in Caucasian non-Hispanic participants. After adjusting for confounding variable, carriers of hGRβ G3134T were more likely to self-report allergies, have higher serum cortisol levels, and reduced cortisol suppression in response to low-dose dexamethasone. The presence of hGRβ G3134T in U-2 OS cells increased hGR mRNA stability and protein expression. Microarray analysis revealed that the presence of the hGRβ G3134T polymorphism uniquely altered gene expression profiles in U-2 OS cells and primary macrophages. hGRβ G3134T is significantly present in the study population and associated with race, self-reported disease, and serum levels of glucocorticoids. Underlying these health differences may be changes in gene expression driven by altered receptor stability.
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19
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J. M. Schaaf M. The First Fifteen Years of Steroid Receptor Research in Zebrafish; Characterization and Functional Analysis of the Receptors. Nuclear Receptor Research 2017. [DOI: 10.11131/2017/101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Wang X, Chen P, Sun Y, Chen Y, Mao M, Jiang T, Ouyang J. Diagnostic value of the dual-luciferase report assay for predicting response to glucocorticoid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:1241-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Song QQ, Xie WY, Tang YJ, Zhang J, Liu J. Genetic variation in the glucocorticoid pathway involved in interindividual differences in the glucocorticoid treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:293-316. [PMID: 28112586 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used for treating asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other autoimmune diseases. However, in a subgroup of patients, failure to respond to GCs is known as GC resistance or GC insensitivity. This represents an important barrier to effective treatment and a clinical problem requiring an urgent solution. Genetic variation in the GC pathway is a significant factor in interindividual differences in GC treatment. This article reviews the pharmacogenetics of GCs in diverse diseases based on the GC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Ying Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P.R. China
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22
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Green TL, Tung K, Lim D, Leventhal SM, Cho K, Greenhalgh DG. A novel human glucocorticoid receptor SNP results in increased transactivation potential. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 9:140-145. [PMID: 28955999 PMCID: PMC5614576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are one of the most widely used therapeutics in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory disorders. However, it is known that there are variable patient responses to glucocorticoid treatment; there are responders and non-responders, or those that need higher dosages. Polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have been implicated in this variability. In this study, ninety-seven volunteers were surveyed for polymorphisms in the human GR-alpha (hGRα), the accepted biologically active reference isoform. One isoform identified in our survey, named hGR DL-2, had four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one synonymous and three non-synonymous, and a four base pair deletion resulting in a frame shift and early termination to produce a 743 amino acid putative protein. hGR DL-2 had a decrease in transactivation potential of more than 90%. Upon further analysis of the individual SNPs and deletion, one SNP, A829G, which results in a lysine to glutamic acid amino acid change at position 277, was found to increase the transactivation potential of hGR more than eight times the full-length reference. Furthermore, the hGRα-A829G isoform had a differential hyperactive response to various exogenous steroids. Increasing our knowledge as to how various SNPs affect hGR activity may help in understanding the unpredictable patient response to steroid treatment, and is a step towards personalizing patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajia L Green
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, and Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kelly Tung
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, and Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Debora Lim
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, and Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stacey M Leventhal
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, and Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kiho Cho
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, and Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - David G Greenhalgh
- Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, and Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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23
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Abstract
The projected number of people who will develop age-related macular degeneration in estimated at 2020 is 196 million and is expected to reach 288 million in 2040. Also, the number of people with Diabetic retinopathy will grow from 126.6 million in 2010 to 191.0 million by 2030. In addition, it is estimated that there are 2.3 million people suffering from uveitis worldwide. Because of the anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids (GCs), they are often used topically and/or intravitreally to treat ocular inflammation conditions or edema associated with macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Unfortunately, ocular GC therapy can lead to severe side effects. Serious and sometimes irreversible eye damage can occur as a result of the development of GC-induced ocular hypertension causing secondary open-angle glaucoma. According to the world health organization, glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world and it is estimated that 80 million will suffer from glaucoma by 2020. In the current review, mechanisms of GC-induced damage in ocular tissue, GC-resistance, and enhancing GC therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Dibas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Thomas Yorio
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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24
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Velayos T, Grau G, Rica I, Pérez-Nanclares G, Gaztambide S. Glucocorticoid resistance syndrome caused by two novel mutations in the NR3C1 gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 63:369-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Silveira AB, Laranjeira ABA, Rodrigues GOL, Leal PC, Cardoso BA, Barata JT, Yunes RA, Zanchin NIT, Brandalise SR, Yunes JA. PI3K inhibition synergizes with glucocorticoids but antagonizes with methotrexate in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13105-18. [PMID: 25869207 PMCID: PMC4537002 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K pathway is frequently hyperactivated in primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Activation of the PI3K pathway has been suggested as one mechanism of glucocorticoid resistance in T-ALL, and patients harboring mutations in the PI3K negative regulator PTEN may be at increased risk of induction failure and relapse. By gene expression microarray analysis of T-ALL cells treated with the PI3K inhibitor AS605240, we identified Myc as a prominent downstream target of the PI3K pathway. A significant association was found between the AS605240 gene expression signature and that of glucocorticoid resistance and relapse in T-ALL. AS605240 showed anti-leukemic activity and strong synergism with glucocorticoids both in vitro and in a NOD/SCID xenograft model of T-ALL. In contrast, PI3K inhibition showed antagonism with methotrexate and daunorubicin, drugs that preferentially target dividing cells. This antagonistic interaction, however, could be circumvented by the use of correct drug scheduling schemes. Our data indicate the potential benefits and difficulties for the incorporation of PI3K inhibitors in T-ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paulo César Leal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruno António Cardoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Taborda Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rosendo Augusto Yunes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Andrés Yunes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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26
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Beauchaine TP, Crowell SE, Hsiao RC. Post-dexamethasone cortisol, self-inflicted injury, and suicidal ideation among depressed adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2015; 43:619-32. [PMID: 25208812 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has limited use as a biomarker of depression given inadequate sensitivity and specificity, it marks prospective risk for suicide among adults. However, few studies have examined associations between the DST, suicidal ideation, and self-inflicted injury (SII) among adolescents, even though SII is the single best predictor of eventual suicide. We evaluated the DST as a correlate of suicidal ideation and retrospective reports of self-inflicted injury (SII) among adolescent girls, ages 13-17, with histories of depression (n = 28) or depression and self-harm (n = 29). Lower post-DST cortisol was associated with suicidal ideation and SII, over-and-above parent-reports and combined parent-/self-reports of internalizing and externalizing behavior. These findings are consistent with recent acquired capacity models of stress-related psychopathology in which hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis function is altered through epigenetic/allostatic mechanisms among vulnerable individuals who incur adversity early in life.
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27
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Hurt DE, Suzuki S, Mayama T, Charmandari E, Kino T. Structural Analysis on the Pathologic Mutant Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligand-Binding Domains. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:173-88. [PMID: 26745667 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene mutations may cause familial or sporadic generalized glucocorticoid resistance syndrome. Most of the missense forms distribute in the ligand-binding domain and impair its ligand-binding activity and formation of the activation function (AF)-2 that binds LXXLL motif-containing coactivators. We performed molecular dynamics simulations to ligand-binding domain of pathologic GR mutants to reveal their structural defects. Several calculated parameters including interaction energy for dexamethasone or the LXXLL peptide indicate that destruction of ligand-binding pocket (LBP) is a primary character. Their LBP defects are driven primarily by loss/reduction of the electrostatic interaction formed by R611 and T739 of the receptor to dexamethasone and a subsequent conformational mismatch, which deacylcortivazol resolves with its large phenylpyrazole moiety and efficiently stimulates transcriptional activity of the mutant receptors with LBP defect. Reduced affinity of the LXXLL peptide to AF-2 is caused mainly by disruption of the electrostatic bonds to the noncore leucine residues of this peptide that determine the peptide's specificity to GR, as well as by reduced noncovalent interaction against core leucines and subsequent exposure of the AF-2 surface to solvent. The results reveal molecular defects of pathologic mutant receptors and provide important insights to the actions of wild-type GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell E Hurt
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch (D.E.H.), Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852; Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (S.S., T.M., T.K.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes (E.C.), First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece; and Department of Experimental Therapeutics (T.K.), Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shigeru Suzuki
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch (D.E.H.), Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852; Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (S.S., T.M., T.K.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes (E.C.), First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece; and Department of Experimental Therapeutics (T.K.), Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Takafumi Mayama
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch (D.E.H.), Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852; Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (S.S., T.M., T.K.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes (E.C.), First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece; and Department of Experimental Therapeutics (T.K.), Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch (D.E.H.), Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852; Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (S.S., T.M., T.K.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes (E.C.), First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece; and Department of Experimental Therapeutics (T.K.), Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch (D.E.H.), Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852; Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (S.S., T.M., T.K.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pediatrics (S.S.), Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes (E.C.), First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece; and Department of Experimental Therapeutics (T.K.), Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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Nicolaides NC, Skyrla E, Vlachakis D, Psarra AMG, Moutsatsou P, Sertedaki A, Kossida S, Charmandari E. Functional characterization of the hGRαT556I causing Chrousos syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:42-9. [PMID: 26541474 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrousos syndrome is a rare pathologic condition characterized by generalized, partial resistance of target tissues to glucocorticoids and caused by inactivating mutations of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene. A novel case of Chrousos syndrome has been reported in a patient with adrenal incidentaloma, who harboured a heterozygous point mutation in the hGR gene, which resulted in threonine (T) to isoleucine (I) substitution at amino acid position 556 in the ligand-binding domain of the receptor. OBJECTIVE To delineate the molecular mechanisms through which the mutant receptor hGRαT556I causes Chrousos syndrome. DESIGN AND RESULTS Compared with the wild-type receptor, the mutant receptor hGRαT556I demonstrated 50% reduction in its ability to transactivate glucocorticoid-responsive genes and in the affinity for the ligand, 30% increase in the ability to transrepress the nuclear factor-κB-target genes and a 3,4-fold delay in the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation. The mutant receptor hGRαT556I did not exert a dominant negative effect upon the hGRα-mediated transcriptional activity; it preserved its ability to bind to DNA and interacted with the glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 coactivator mostly through its activation function-1 domain. Structural biology studies revealed that the T556I mutation caused disruption of the hydrogen bond formed by the T556 with the =O group of P637 backbone, which resulted in a significant relocation of the P637-bearing loop. This conformational alteration affected the local 3D arrangement of the receptor and hence the electrostatic surface of the region. CONCLUSIONS The hGRαT556I causes Chrousos syndrome by impairing multiple steps of the glucocorticoid signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Skyrla
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Team, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna-Maria G Psarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 'Attiko' Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Sertedaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Kossida
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Team, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,IMGT®, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System®, Institute of Human Genetics, Montpellier, France
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Nicolaides NC, Geer EB, Vlachakis D, Roberts ML, Psarra AMG, Moutsatsou P, Sertedaki A, Kossida S, Charmandari E. A novel mutation of the hGR gene causing Chrousos syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:782-91. [PMID: 26031419 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural mutations in the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR, NR3C1) gene cause Chrousos syndrome, a rare condition characterized by generalized, partial, target-tissue insensitivity to glucocorticoids. OBJECTIVE To present a new case of Chrousos syndrome caused by a novel mutation in the hGR gene, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which the natural mutant receptor affects glucocorticoid signal transduction. DESIGN AND RESULTS The index case presented with hirsutism, acne, alopecia, anxiety, fatigue and irregular menstrual cycles, but no clinical manifestations suggestive of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinologic evaluation revealed elevated 08:00 h plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, serum cortisol and androstenedione concentrations and increased urinary free cortisol excretion. The patient harbored a novel A > G transition at nucleotide position 2177, which resulted in histidine (H) to arginine (R) substitution at amino acid position 726 of the receptor (c.2177A > G, p.H726R). Compared with the wild-type receptor, the mutant receptor hGRαH726R demonstrated decreased ability to transactivate glucocorticoid-responsive genes and to transrepress the nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway, displayed 55% lower affinity for the ligand and a four-fold delay in nuclear translocation, and interacted with the glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 coactivator mostly through its activation function-1 domain. Finally, a 3-dimensional molecular modelling study of the H726R mutation revealed a significant structural shift in the rigidity of helix 10 of the receptor, which resulted in reduced flexibility and decreased affinity of the mutant receptor for binding to the ligand. CONCLUSIONS The natural mutant receptor hGRαH726R impairs multiple steps of glucocorticoid signal transduction, thereby decreasing tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Team, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael L Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna-Maria G Psarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, 'Attiko' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Sertedaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Kossida
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Team, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,IMGT®, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System®, Institute of Human Genetics, Montpellier, France
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Nicolaides NC, Charmandari E. Chrousos syndrome: from molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic management. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:504-14. [PMID: 25715669 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance or Chrousos syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by end-organ insensitivity to glucocorticoids owing to inactivating mutations of the NR3C1 gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the published, peer-reviewed medical literature using MEDLINE (1975 through November 2014) to identify original articles and reviews on this topic. The search terms included 'primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance', 'Chrousos syndrome', 'glucocorticoid receptor gene' and 'glucocorticoid receptor mutations'. RESULTS Only a few cases of Chrousos syndrome have been described to date, ranging from asymptomatic to severe forms of mineralocorticoid and/or androgen excess. All reported cases have been associated with point mutations or deletions in the NR3C1 gene. The tremendous progress of molecular biology has enabled us to apply standard methods to investigate the molecular mechanisms of action of the mutant glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). We and others have identified and functionally characterized novel mutations causing Chrousos syndrome, while structural biology has enabled us to have a better understanding of how conformational changes of the receptor cause glucocorticoid resistance. In this review, we also present our results of the functional characterization of two recently described mutations, and we discuss the diagnostic approaches and therapeutic management of patients with Chrousos syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Although Chrousos syndrome is a rare condition, many clinical cases remain unrecognized for a long time. We recommend determination of the 24-h urinary free cortisol excretion and sequencing of the NR3C1 gene in patients with hyperandrogenism and/or hypertension of unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Banuelos J, Shin SC, Lu NZ. A hotspot in the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain susceptible to loss of function mutation. Steroids 2015; 96:115-20. [PMID: 25676786 PMCID: PMC4355178 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used to treat a variety of inflammatory disorders and certain cancers. However, GC resistance occurs in subsets of patients. We found that EL4 cells, a GC-resistant mouse thymoma cell line, harbored a point mutation in their GC receptor (GR) gene, resulting in the substitution of arginine 493 by a cysteine in the second zinc finger of the DNA-binding domain. Allelic discrimination analyses revealed that the R493C mutation occurred on both alleles. In the absence of GCs, the GR in EL4 cells localized predominantly in the cytoplasm and upon dexamethasone treatment underwent nuclear translocation, suggesting that the ligand binding ability of the GR in EL4 cells was intact. In transient transfection assays, the R493C mutant could not transactivate the MMTV-luciferase reporter. Site-directed mutagenesis to revert the R493C mutation restored the transactivation activity. Cotransfection experiments showed that the R493C mutant did not inhibit the transcriptional activities of the wild-type GR. In addition, the R493C mutant did not repress either the AP-1 or NF-κB reporters as effectively as WT GR. Furthermore, stable expression of the WT GR in the EL4 cells enabled GC-mediated gene regulation, specifically upregulation of IκBα and downregulation of interferon γ and interleukin 17A. Arginine 493 is conserved among multiple species and all human nuclear receptors and its mutation has also been found in the human GR, androgen receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor. Thus, R493 is necessary for the transcriptional activity of the GR and a hotspot for mutations that result in GC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Banuelos
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Soon Cheon Shin
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Nick Z Lu
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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Xue L, Li C, Wang Y, Sun W, Ma C, He Y, Yu Y, Cai L, Wang L. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in non-coding region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and prednisone response in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1704-9. [PMID: 25644744 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.951848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Poor prednisone response predicts an inferior outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) treatment protocols. Here, we investigated five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in both the coding and non-coding regions of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene, and analyzed their association with prednisone responsiveness in vivo in 63 pediatric patients with ALL in China. Of the five SNPs, the rs41423247 and rs7701443 polymorphisms were significantly associated with prednisone response at the allelic level (rs41423247 odds ratio [OR] = 9.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-74.21; p = 0.01; rs7701443 OR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.08-9; p = 0.02). Two polymorphisms (rs6189/6190 and rs6198) were not observed in the study cohort. Haplotypes composed of CCC alleles and TCG alleles at three loci (rs7701443, Tth111I and BclI) were both associated with prednisone response (p = 0.013; p = 0.028). Our results suggested that polymorphisms in the non-coding region of the GR gene were associated with prednisone response in vivo in pediatric ALL in Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xue
- Department of Childhood Hematology and Oncology
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Nicolaides NC, Charmandari E, Chrousos GP, Kino T. Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms determining tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids: novel mutations, circadian rhythm and ligand-induced repression of the human glucocorticoid receptor. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:71. [PMID: 25155432 PMCID: PMC4155765 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are pleiotropic hormones, which are involved in almost every cellular, molecular and physiologic network of the organism, and regulate a broad spectrum of physiologic functions essential for life. The cellular response to glucocorticoids displays profound variability both in magnitude and in specificity of action. Tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids differs among individuals, within tissues of the same individual and within the same cell. The actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, a ubiquitously expressed intracellular, ligand-dependent transcription factor. Multiple mechanisms, such as pre-receptor ligand metabolism, receptor isoform expression, and receptor-, tissue-, and cell type-specific factors, exist to generate diversity as well as specificity in the response to glucocorticoids. Alterations in the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor action impair glucocorticoid signal transduction and alter tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms determining tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids with particular emphasis on novel mutations and new information on the circadian rhythm and ligand-induced repression of the glucocorticoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Saudi Diabetes Study Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Unit on Molecular Hormone Action, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 2089, USA
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most prescribed drugs worldwide for the treatment of numerous immune and inflammatory disorders. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. There are several GR isoforms resulting from alternative RNA splicing and translation initiation of the GR transcript. Additionally, these isoforms are all subject to several transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications, all of which affect the protein's stability and/or function. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the distinct GR isoforms and the processes that generate them. We also review the importance of all known transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications, including the regulation of GR by microRNAs. Moreover, we discuss the crucial role of the putative GR-bound DNA sequence as an allosteric ligand influencing GR structure and activity. Finally, we describe how the differential composition and distinct regulation at multiple levels of different GR species could account for the wide and diverse effects of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandevyver
- Inflammation Research Center (S.V., L.D., C.L.), Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (S.V., L.D., C.L.), Ghent University, B9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids regulate many physiological processes and have an essential role in the systemic response to stress. For example, gene transcription is modulated by the glucocorticoid-glucocorticoid receptor complex via several mechanisms. The ultimate biologic responses to glucocorticoids are determined by not only the concentration of glucocorticoids but also the differences between individuals in glucocorticoid sensitivity, which is influenced by multiple factors. Differences in sensitivity to glucocorticoids in healthy individuals are partly genetically determined by functional polymorphisms of the gene that encodes the glucocorticoid receptor. Hereditary syndromes have also been identified that are associated with increased and decreased sensitivity to glucocorticoids. As a result of their anti-inflammatory properties, glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of allergic, inflammatory and haematological disorders. The variety in clinical responses to treatment with glucocorticoids reflects the considerable variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity between individuals. In immune-mediated disorders, proinflammatory cytokines can induce localized resistance to glucocorticoids via several mechanisms. Individual differences in how tissues respond to glucocorticoids might also be involved in the predisposition for and pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and mood disorders. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms that influence glucocorticoid sensitivity in health and disease and discuss possible strategies to modulate glucocorticoid responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier A Quax
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Ziv L, Muto A, Schoonheim PJ, Meijsing SH, Strasser D, Ingraham HA, Schaaf MJ, Yamamoto KR, Baier H. An affective disorder in zebrafish with mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:681-91. [PMID: 22641177 PMCID: PMC4065652 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Upon binding of cortisol, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates the transcription of specific target genes, including those that encode the stress hormones corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Dysregulation of the stress axis is a hallmark of major depression in human patients. However, it is still unclear how glucocorticoid signaling is linked to affective disorders. We identified an adult-viable zebrafish mutant in which the negative feedback on the stress response is disrupted, due to abolition of all transcriptional activity of GR. As a consequence, cortisol is elevated, but unable to signal through GR. When placed into an unfamiliar aquarium ('novel tank'), mutant fish become immobile ('freeze'), show reduced exploratory behavior and do not habituate to this stressor upon repeated exposure. Addition of the antidepressant fluoxetine to the holding water and social interactions restore normal behavior, followed by a delayed correction of cortisol levels. Fluoxetine does not affect the overall transcription of CRH, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), the serotonin transporter (Serta) or GR itself. Fluoxetine, however, suppresses the stress-induced upregulation of MR and Serta in both wild-type fish and mutants. Our studies show a conserved, protective function of glucocorticoid signaling in the regulation of emotional behavior and reveal novel molecular aspects of how chronic stress impacts vertebrate brain physiology and behavior. Importantly, the zebrafish model opens up the possibility of high-throughput drug screens in search of new classes of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Ziv
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Akira Muto
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter J. Schoonheim
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan H. Meijsing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Daniel Strasser
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Holly A. Ingraham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Keith R. Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Herwig Baier
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes – Circuits – Behavior, Martinsried, Germany
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Ruiz M, Hedman E, Gåfvels M, Eggertsen G, Werner S, Wahrenberg H, Wikström AC. Further characterization of human glucocorticoid receptor mutants, R477H and G679S, associated with primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2013; 73:203-7. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2013.764573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations and the ability of the GR to dimerize are factors which influence sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Upon glucocorticoid binding, the GR is actively transported into the nucleus, a crucial step in determining GR function. We examined the effects of GR concentration and the ability to dimerize on GR nuclear import, export and nuclear distribution using both live cell microscopy of GFP-tagged GR and immunofluorescence of untagged GR, with both wild type GR (GRwt) and dimerization deficient GR (GRdim). We found that the observed rate of GR nuclear import increases significantly at higher GR concentrations, at saturating concentrations of dexamethasone (10(-6) M) using GFP-tagged GR, while with untagged GR it is only discernable at sub-saturating ligand concentrations (10(-10)-10(-9) M). Loss of dimerization results in a slower observed rate of nuclear import (2.5- to 3.3-fold decrease for GFP-GRdim) as well as a decreased extent of GR nuclear localization (18-27% decrease for untagged GRdim). These results were linked to an increased rate of GR export at low GR concentrations (1.4- to 1.6-fold increase for untagged GR) and where GR dimerization is abrogated (1.5- to 1.7-fold increase for GFP-GRdim). Furthermore, GR dimerization was shown to be required for the appearance of discrete GC-dependent GR nuclear foci, the loss of which may explain the increased rate of GR export for the GRdim. The reduction in the observed rate of nuclear import and increased rate of nuclear export displayed at low GR concentrations and by the GRdim could explain the lowered glucocorticoid response under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Donner KM, Hiltunen TP, Jänne OA, Sane T, Kontula K. Generalized glucocorticoid resistance caused by a novel two-nucleotide deletion in the hormone-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:K9-K18. [PMID: 23076843 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Generalized glucocorticoid resistance is characterized by impaired cortisol signaling, resulting from mutations of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene NR3C1. The objective of our study was to identify the causative mutation in a patient with clinical manifestations compatible with generalized glucocorticoid resistance and to determine the functional consequences of the mutation. The possible occurrence of NR3C1 mutations in a selected group of hypertensive subjects with low plasma renin and aldosterone levels was also explored. PATIENTS The proband, a male athlete, was diagnosed with hypertension associated with low plasma renin activity and low serum aldosterone concentration at the age of 27 years. Liddle's syndrome was suspected and the patient was treated with amiloride with initial success. Subsequent examinations revealed elevated serum cortisol and ACTH levels, with resistance to suppression with low doses of dexamethasone. After identification of an NR3C1 mutation in the proband, the available family members and 51 nonrelated hypertensive subjects with low plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations were also studied. RESULTS A two-nucleotide deletion in exon 9α, predicted to cause a frameshift mutation (p.L773VfsX25) in the hormone-binding domain of the GR, was identified in the patient in a heterozygous form. Affected brother and father died of premature coronary heart disease. Functional studies in COS-1 cells showed that this mutation eliminates both ligand-binding and transactivation ability of the receptor. No pathogenic NR3C1 mutations were identified in 51 unrelated hypertensive patients with low plasma renin and aldosterone levels. CONCLUSION We identified a novel frameshift mutation in NR3C1 as the cause of glucocorticoid resistance. The mutation eliminates the functional activity of the GR, as studied by in vitro experiments. Mutations in NR3C1 do not seem to be common causes for hypertension with low renin and aldosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati M Donner
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Charmandari E, Kino T, Chrousos GP. Primary generalized familial and sporadic glucocorticoid resistance (Chrousos syndrome) and hypersensitivity. Endocr Dev 2013; 24:67-85. [PMID: 23392096 PMCID: PMC4133123 DOI: 10.1159/000342505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Familial or sporadic primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance or Chrousos syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by generalized, partial, target-tissue insensitivity to glucocorticoids and a consequent hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Primary generalized glucocorticoid hypersensitivity (PGGH) represents the mirror image of the former, and is characterized by generalized, partial, target-tissue hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids, and compensatory hypoactivation of the HPA axis. The molecular basis of both conditions has been ascribed to mutations in the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene, which impair the molecular mechanisms of hGR action and alter tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms and clinical aspects of Chrousos syndrome and PGGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Bai Y, Liu W, Guo Q, Zou Y. Screening for urinary biomarkers of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children. Exp Ther Med 2012; 5:860-864. [PMID: 23403919 PMCID: PMC3570142 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to screen for urinary biomarkers of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children. These biomarkers were divided into three groups, the control, the steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and the SRNS groups, which were composed of 45, 32 and 9 children, respectively. Urine samples were obtained and analyzed using Au-chips. Compared with the control group, the peak intensities of four proteins, measured using mass-to-charge ratios, were significantly increased in the primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS; SSNS and SRNS combined) group (P<0.01). The intensity of three and one peaks increased significantly in the SSNS and SRNS groups, respectively, compared with the control (P<0.01). Compared with the SRNS group, the intensity of one protein peak increased in the SSNS group (P<0.01). The diagnostic model was established based on these four protein peaks. The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 88.89 and 93.75%, respectively. Four differentially expressed proteins may consequently serve as urinary biomarkers for SRNS in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Lesovaya E, Yemelyanov A, Kirsanov K, Popa A, Belitsky G, Yakubovskaya M, Gordon LI, Rosen ST, Budunova I. Combination of a selective activator of the glucocorticoid receptor Compound A with a proteasome inhibitor as a novel strategy for chemotherapy of hematologic malignancies. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:133-44. [PMID: 23255118 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used for the treatment of hematological malignancies; however, their chronic use results in numerous metabolic side effects. Thus, the development of selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activators (SEGRA) with improved therapeutic index is important. GR regulates gene expression via (1) transactivation that requires GR homodimer binding to gene promoters and is linked to side effects and (2) transrepression-mediated via negative GR interaction with other transcription factors. Novel GR modulator Compound A (CpdA) prevents GR dimerization, retains glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory activity and has fewer side effects compared with glucocorticoids in vivo. Here we tested CpdA anticancer activity in human T- and B-lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells expressing GR and their counterparts with silenced GR. We found that CpdA in GR-dependent manner strongly inhibited growth and viability of human T-, B-lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells. Furthermore, primary leukemia cell cultures from T-ALL patients appeared to be equally sensitive to glucocorticoid dexamethasone and CpdA. It is known that GR expression is controlled by proteasome. We showed that pretreatment of lymphoma CEM and NCEB cells with proteasome-inhibitor Bortezomib resulted in GR accumulation and enhanced ligand properties of CpdA, shifting GR activity toward transrepression evaluated by inhibition of NFкB and AP-1 transcription factors. We also revealed remarkable GR-dependent cooperation between CpdA and Bortezomib in suppressing growth and survival of T- and B-lymphoma and multiple myeloma MM.1S cells. Overall, our data provide the rationale for novel GR-based therapy for hematological malignancies based on combination of SEGRA with proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lesovaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, RAMS, Moscow, Russia
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Griffiths BB, Schoonheim PJ, Ziv L, Voelker L, Baier H, Gahtan E. A zebrafish model of glucocorticoid resistance shows serotonergic modulation of the stress response. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:68. [PMID: 23087630 PMCID: PMC3468897 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One function of glucocorticoids is to restore homeostasis after an acute stress response by providing negative feedback to stress circuits in the brain. Loss of this negative feedback leads to elevated physiological stress and may contribute to depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. We investigated the early, developmental effects of glucocorticoid signaling deficits on stress physiology and related behaviors using a mutant zebrafish, gr(s357), with non-functional glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). These mutants are morphologically inconspicuous and adult-viable. A previous study of adult gr(s357) mutants showed loss of glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback and elevated physiological and behavioral stress markers. Already at 5 days post-fertilization, mutant larvae had elevated whole body cortisol, increased expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and failed to show normal suppression of stress markers after dexamethasone treatment. Mutant larvae had larger auditory-evoked startle responses compared to wildtype sibling controls (gr(wt)), despite having lower spontaneous activity levels. Fluoxetine (Prozac) treatment in mutants decreased startle responding and increased spontaneous activity, making them behaviorally similar to wildtype. This result mirrors known effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in modifying glucocorticoid signaling and alleviating stress disorders in human patients. Our results suggest that larval gr(s357) zebrafish can be used to study behavioral, physiological, and molecular aspects of stress disorders. Most importantly, interactions between glucocorticoid and serotonin signaling appear to be highly conserved among vertebrates, suggesting deep homologies at the neural circuit level and opening up new avenues for research into psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Orlovsky
- O. O. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known. A major factor limiting their clinical use is the wide variation in responsiveness to therapy. The high doses of GC required for less responsive patients means a high risk of developing very serious side effects. Variation in sensitivity between individuals can be due to a number of factors. Congenital, generalized GC resistance is very rare, and is due to mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene, the receptor that mediates the cellular effects of GC. A more common problem is acquired GC resistance. This localized, disease-associated GC resistance is a serious therapeutic concern and limits therapeutic response in patients with chronic inflammatory disease. It is now believed that localized resistance can be attributed to changes in the cellular microenvironment, as a consequence of chronic inflammation. Multiple factors have been identified, including alterations in both GR-dependent and -independent signaling downstream of cytokine action, oxidative stress, hypoxia and serum derived factors. The underlying mechanisms are now being elucidated, and are discussed here. Attempts to augment tissue GC sensitivity are predicted to permit safe and effective use of low-dose GC therapy in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Endocrine Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Lesovaya EA, Yemelyanov AY, Kirsanov KI, Yakubovskaya MG, Budunova IV. Antitumor effect of non-steroid glucocorticoid receptor ligand CpdA on leukemia cell lines CEM and K562. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2012; 76:1242-52. [PMID: 22117551 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791111006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in chemotherapy of hematological malignancies, particularly leukemia. Their effect is mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a well-known transcription factor. Besides their therapeutic impact, GCs may cause a number of side effects leading to various metabolic complications. The goal of immediate interest is testing glucocorticoid analogs capable of induction/enhancement of GR transrepression, but preventing GR dimerization and transactivation leading to side effects. In this work we have investigated effects of a promising new selective GR agonist, 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methylethylammonium chloride (CpdA), on CEM and K562 leukemia cells. Both cell lines express functional GR. CpdA compared with the glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA) exerted more prominent cytostatic and apoptotic effects on the cells. Both cell lines exhibited sensitivity to CpdA, demonstrating a good correlation with the effects of FA on cell growth and viability. In contrast to FA, CpdA did not induce GR transactivation evaluated by no obvious increase in expression of GR target (and dependent) gene FKBP51. At the same time, luciferase assay showed that CpdA efficiently activated transrepression of NF-κB and AP-1 factors. We also evaluated the effect of combined action of CpdA and the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib. The latter induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis in both T-cell leukemia cell lines. By treatment of CEM cells with different CpdA/GC and Bortezomib doses, we have designed a protocol where CpdA shows potentiating effect on Bortezomib cytotoxic activity. Generally, the present work characterizes a novel non-steroid GR ligand, CpdA, as a promising compound for possible application in leukemia chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lesovaya
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Briassoulis G, Horvath A, Christoforou P, Lodish M, Xekouki P, Quezado M, Patronas N, Keil MF, Stratakis CA. Lack of mutations in the gene coding for the hGR (NR3C1) in a pediatric patient with ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, absence of stigmata of Cushing's syndrome and unusual histologic features. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2012; 25:213-9. [PMID: 22570980 PMCID: PMC5590677 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2011.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare cases of human glucocorticoid receptor (hGRalpha) (NR3C1) gene mutations have been described in the gemline or somatic state in Cushing's disease (CD). AIM We describe a pediatric patient with CD with clinical evidence of partial glucocorticoid resistance (GR) due to the relative absence of stigmata of Cushing's syndrome (CS). CASE DESCRIPTION A 14-year-old boy with slow growth and hypertension, but no other signs of CS was admitted for CD evaluation. Urinary free cortisol levels (UFC) were consistently 2-3-fold the upper normal range. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 3x4 mm hypoenhancing lesion in the right side of the pituitary gland anteriorly (microadenoma). A graded dexamethasone suppression test indicated that the patient had partial GR. Histology confirmed an adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)-producing pituitary adenoma. We hypothesized that a NR3C1 mutation was present. Sequencing of the entire coding region of the gene produced normal results in both peripheral and tumor DNA. CONCLUSION We present the case of a pediatric patient with an ACTH-producing tumor but little evidence of CS. No mutations in the coding sequence of NR3C1 were detected. We conclude that low level somatic mosaicism for NR3C1 mutations or a mutation in another molecule participating in hGRalpha-signaling may account for this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Briassoulis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Panek M, Pietras T, Antczak A, Górski P, Kuna P, Szemraj J. The role of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 in Polish patients with bronchial asthma. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:4749-57. [PMID: 22015776 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
N363S and ER22/23EK polymorphisms observed within glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) may play an important role in the development of bronchial asthma. NR3C1 gene is associated with an altered sensitivity to GCs. The aim of the research project was to study the correlation between this NR3C1 gene polymorphisms and occurrence of asthma in the population of Polish asthmatics. Peripheral blood was obtained from 207 healthy volunteers and 221 asthma patients. Genotyping was carried out with PCR-RFLP method. In the groups of patients with uncontrolled moderate asthma and uncontrolled severe disease, the genotype distribution for the investigated polymorphisms was as follows: N363S-AA, AG, GG occurring with 0.881/0.073/0.046 frequency and ER22/23EK-GG, GA, AA occurring with 0.963/0.037/0.000 frequency. Chi-square analysis revealed a significantly different (P < 0.05) distribution between cases and controls for the N363S polymorphisms. The N363S polymorphism of NR3C1 gene is significantly associated with bronchial asthma, susceptibility to the development of moderate to severe form of uncontrolled bronchial asthma.
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Namazi S, Zareifar S, Monabati A, Ansari S, Karimzadeh I. Evaluating the Effect of 3 Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Polymorphisms on Risk of Relapse in 100 Iranian Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case-Control Study. Clin Ther 2011; 33:280-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trebble P, Matthews L, Blaikley J, Wayte AWO, Black GCM, Wilton A, Ray DW. Familial glucocorticoid resistance caused by a novel frameshift glucocorticoid receptor mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:E490-9. [PMID: 20861124 PMCID: PMC4110505 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Familial glucocorticoid resistance is a rare condition with a typical presentation of women with hirsutism and hypertension, with or without hypokalemia. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the cause of apparent glucocorticoid resistance in a young woman. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied a family with a novel glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mutation and a surprisingly mild phenotype. Their discovery resulted from serendipitous measurement of serum cortisol with little biochemical or clinical evidence for either hyperandrogenism or mineralocorticoid excess. RESULTS The causative mutation was identified as a frameshift mutation in exon 6. Transformed peripheral blood lymphocytes were generated to analyze GR expression in vitro. Carriers of the mutation had less full-length GR, but the predicted mutant GR protein was not detected. However, this does not exclude expression in vivo, and so the mutant GR (Δ612GR) was expressed in vitro. Simple reporter gene assays suggested that Δ612GR has dominant negative activity. Δ612GR was not subject to ligand-dependent Ser211 phosphorylation or to ligand-dependent degradation. A fluorophore-tagged construct showed that Δ612GR did not translocate to the nucleus in response to ligand and retarded translocation of the wild-type GR. These data suggest that Δ612GR is not capable of binding ligand and exerts dominant negative activity through heterodimerization with wild-type GR. CONCLUSION Therefore, we describe a novel, naturally occurring GR mutation that results in familial glucocorticoid resistance. The mutant GR protein, if expressed in vivo, is predicted to exert dominant negative activity by impairing wild-type GR nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Trebble
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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