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Inubushi T, Nag P, Sasaki JI, Shiraishi Y, Yamashiro T. The significant role of glycosaminoglycans in tooth development. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae024. [PMID: 38438145 PMCID: PMC11031142 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the roles of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), integral components of proteoglycans, in tooth development. Proteoglycans consist of a core protein linked to GAG chains, comprised of repeating disaccharide units. GAGs are classified into several types, such as hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. Functioning as critical macromolecular components within the dental basement membrane, these GAGs facilitate cell adhesion and aggregation, and play key roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby significantly influencing tooth morphogenesis. Notably, our recent research has identified the hyaluronan-degrading enzyme Transmembrane protein 2 (Tmem2) and we have conducted functional analyses using mouse models. These studies have unveiled the essential role of Tmem2-mediated hyaluronan degradation and its involvement in hyaluronan-mediated cell adhesion during tooth formation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of GAG functions in tooth development, integrating insights from recent research, and discusses future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Priyanka Nag
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sasaki
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiraishi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ida-Yonemochi H, Takeuchi K, Ohshima H. Role of chondroitin sulfate in the developmental and healing process of the dental pulp in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:133-148. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Listik E, Azevedo Marques Gaschler J, Matias M, Neuppmann Feres MF, Toma L, Raphaelli Nahás-Scocate AC. Proteoglycans and dental biology: the first review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Nahás-Scocate ACR, de Moraes GFA, Nader HB, Vicente CM, Toma L. Analysis of proteoglycan expression in human dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 90:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthases expression and localization in embryonic mouse molars. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:413-20. [PMID: 27318667 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) and hyaluronan synthases (HASs) have been shown to play critical roles in embryogenesis and organ development. However, there have not been any studies examining HA and HAS expression and localization during tooth development. The present study was designed to investigate the expression of HA and three isoforms of HASs (HAS1, 2, 3) in embryonic mouse molars. The first mandibular embryonic mouse molars were examined by immunohistochemistry at E11.5, E13.5, E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5. PCR and western blot analyses were performed on RNA and proteins samples from E13.5 to E18.5 tooth germs. At the initial stage (E11.5), HA and HASs were expressed in the dental epithelium but not the underlying dental mesenchyme. HA immunostaining gradually increased in the enamel organ from the bud stage (E13.5) to the late bell stage (E18.5), and HA and HASs were highly expressed in the stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium. HA immunostaining was also enhanced in the dental mesenchyme and its derived tissues, but it was not expressed in the ameloblast and odontoblast regions. The three HAS isoforms had distinct expression patterns, and they were expressed in the dental mesenchyme and odontoblast at various levels. Furthermore, HAS1 and HAS2 expression decreased, while HAS3 expression increased from E13.5 to E18.5. These results suggested that HA synthesized by different HASs is involved in embryonic mouse molar morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
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Morita T, Fujikawa K, Baba O, Shibata S. An in situ hybridization study of Hyaluronan synthase (Has) mRNA in developing mouse molar and incisor tooth germs. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 21:28-40. [PMID: 27289075 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a major constituent molecule in most extracellular matrices and is synthesized by Hyaluronan synthase (Has). In the present study, we examined expression patterns of Has1, -2, -3 mRNA in developing mouse molar and incisor tooth germs from embryonic day (E) 11.5 to postnatal day (P) 7, focusing on Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and the apical bud in particular. Has1 mRNA expression was not detected in all tooth germs examined. Has2 mRNA was expressed in the surrounding mesenchyme from E12.0 to 18.0 in both molar and incisor tooth germs, but disappeared after birth. Meanwhile, Has3 mRNA was exclusively expressed within the enamel organ, especially in the inner enamel epithelium (IEE), stellate reticulum (SR), and stratum intermedium (SI) until the early bell stage at E16.0. Has3 mRNA disappeared as IEE differentiated into differentiating ameloblasts (dABs), but remained in SI until the root developmental stage of the molar tooth germ at P7. Has3 mRNA was also expressed in HERS until P7. In incisors, Has3 mRNA was expressed in the apical bud, especially in the transit-amplifying (TA) cell region from E16.0 to P7, and in the papillary layer (PL) adjacent to the mature enamel. These gene expression patterns suggested that Has3 is the main control factor for prenatal and postnatal HA synthesis of the tooth germ, and may in part regulate crown and root formation of the tooth germ, maintenance of stem cell niches in the apical bud as well as mineral transport in PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Morita
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Fujikawa
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Otto Baba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shibata
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sato R, Fukuoka H, Yokohama-Tamaki T, Kaku M, Shibata S. Immunohistochemical localization of tenascin-C in rat periodontal ligament with reference to alveolar bone remodeling. Anat Sci Int 2015; 91:196-206. [PMID: 25957016 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-015-0285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the immunohistochemical localization of tenascin-C in 8-week-old rat periodontal ligaments. Tenascin-C immunoreactivity was detected in zones along with cementum and alveolar bone, and more intensely on the resorption surface of alveolar bone than on the formation surface. On the resorbing surface, tenascin-C immunoreactivity was detected in Howship's lacunae without osteoclasts, and in the interfibrous space of the periodontal ligaments, indicating that this molecule works as an adhesion molecule between bone and fibers of periodontal ligaments. Upon experimental tooth movement by inserting elastic bands (Waldo method), the physiological resorption surface of alveolar bone under compressive force showed enhanced bone resorption and enhanced tenascin-C immunoreactivity. However, on the physiological bone formation surface under compressive force, bone resorption was seen only occasionally, and no enhanced tenascin-C immunoreactivity was noted. In an experiment involving excessive occlusal loading to rat molars, transient bone resorption occurred within interradicular septa, but no enhanced tenascin-C immunoreactivity was seen in the periodontal ligaments. These results indicate that tenascin-C works effectively on the bone resorbing surface of physiological alveolar bone remodeling sites, rather than on the non-physiological transient bone resorbing surface. Fibronectin immunoreactivity was distributed evenly in the periodontal ligaments under experimental conditions. Co-localization of tenascin-C and fibronectin immunoreactivity was observed in many regions, but mutually exclusive expression patterns were also seen in some regions, indicating that fibronectin might not be directly involved in alveolar bone remodeling, but may play a role via interaction with tenascin-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Sato
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fukuoka
- Maxillofacial Orthognatics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamaki Yokohama-Tamaki
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masaru Kaku
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shibata
- Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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Orsini G, Ruggeri A, Mazzoni A, Nato F, Manzoli L, Putignano A, Di Lenarda R, Tjäderhane L, Breschi L. A review of the nature, role, and function of dentin non-collagenous proteins. Part 1: proteoglycans and glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jiang BZ, Yokohama-Tamaki T, Wang ZL, Obara N, Shibata S. Expression, localisation and synthesis of versican by the enamel organ of developing mouse molar tooth germ: an in vivo and in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:995-1006. [PMID: 20813348 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Versican is a large, aggregating chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan. In dental tissue, versican expression occurs primarily in mesenchymal tissue but rarely in epithelial tissue. We investigated the expression, localisation and synthesis of versican in the enamel organ of the developing tooth germ. DESIGN To elucidate versican localisation in vivo, in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry were conducted in foetal ICR mice at E11.5-E18.5. Epithelium and mesenchyme from the lower first molars at E16.0 were enzymatically separated and versican mRNA expression was investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Organ culture of the separated samples combined with metabolic labelling with [(35)S], followed by gel filtration, was performed to analyse secreted proteoglycans. RESULTS Versican mRNA was first expressed in the thickened dental epithelium at E12.0 and continued to be expressed in the enamel organ until the bell stage. Versican immunostaining was detected in the stellate reticulum areas from the bud stage to the apposition stage. The enamel organ at E16.0 expressed versican mRNA at a level comparable to that in dental mesenchyme. Furthermore, when compared to dental mesenchyme, about 1/2-3/4 of the [(35)S]-labelled versican-like large proteoglycan was synthesised and released into tissue explants by the enamel organ. CONCLUSIONS The dental epithelium of developing tooth germ is able to synthesise significant amounts of versican.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Zhan Jiang
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa 1757 Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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Ruggeri A, Orsini G, Mazzoni A, Nato F, Papa V, Piccirilli M, Putignano A, Mazzotti G, De Stefano Dorigo E, Breschi L. Immunohistochemical and biochemical assay of versican in human sound predentine/dentine matrix. Eur J Histochem 2009; 53:e15. [PMID: 30256870 PMCID: PMC3168232 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of versican proteoglycan within the human dentine organic matrix by means of a correlative immunohistochemical analysis with field emission in-lens scanning electron microscope (FEI-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), fluorescence microscope (FM) and biochemical assay. Specimens containing dentine and predentine were obtained from non carious human teeth and divided in three groups: 1) FEI-SEM group: sections were exposed to a pre-embedding immunohistochemical procedure; 2) TEM group: specimens were fixed, demineralised, embedded and submitted to a post-embedding immunohistochemical procedure; 3) FM group: sections mineralised and submitted to a pre-embedding immunohistochemical procedure with fluorescence labelling. Specimens were exposed to two different antibodies to assay distribution of versican fragments and whole versican molecule. Western Blotting analysis of dentine and pulp extracts was also performed. The correlative FEI-SEM,TEM and FM analysis revealed positive immunoreaction for versican fragments both in predentine and dentine, while few gold particles identifying the whole versican molecule were found in predentine only under TEM. No labelling of versican whole molecule was detected by FEI-SEM and FM analysis. The immunoblotting analysis confirmed the morphological findings. This study suggests that in fully developed human teeth versican fragments are significant constituents of the human dentine and predentine organic matrix, while versican whole molecule can be visualised in scarce amount within predentine only. The role of versican fragments within human dentine organic matrix should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruggeri
- Department of SAU&FAL, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - G Orsini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Mazzoni
- Department of SAU&FAL, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - F Nato
- Department of SAU&FAL, University of Bologna, Italy.,Department of SUAN, University of Urbino, Urbino Italy
| | - V Papa
- Department of SAU&FAL, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - M Piccirilli
- Department of Stomatology and Oral Science, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A Putignano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Mazzotti
- Department of SAU&FAL, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - E De Stefano Dorigo
- Unit of Dental Sciences and Biomaterials, Department of Biomedicine, University of Trieste
| | - L Breschi
- Unit of Dental Sciences and Biomaterials, Department of Biomedicine, University of Trieste.,Unit of Dental Sciences and Biomaterials, Department of Biomedicine, University of Trieste
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Transcriptome database KK-Periome for periodontal ligament development: Expression profiles of the extracellular matrix genes. Gene 2007; 404:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sone S, Nakamura M, Maruya Y, Takahashi I, Mizoguchi I, Mayanagi H, Sasano Y. Expression of Versican and ADAMTS During Rat Tooth Eruption. J Mol Histol 2005; 36:281-8. [PMID: 16200461 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-005-5534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motifs (ADAMTS) is a family of extracellular proteases and implicated in cleaving proteoglycans, such as aggrecan, versican and brevican. No information is available about expression or localization of these ADAMTSs in teeth. Versican is a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that is present in a variety of connective tissue including dental pulp, dentin, cementum and periodontal ligaments. The present study was designed to investigate expression of ADAMTSs and versican during rat tooth eruption. Rat maxillary first molars in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 were examined. The mRNA expression of ADAMTS1, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5 and versican was localized using in situ hybridization. ADAMTS1, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5 and versican were expressed in dental pulp cells, odontoblasts, cementoblasts, cementocytes, periodontal ligament cells, osteoblasts and osteocytes. The temporal and spatial expression pattern in these cellular phenotypes was comparable among ADAMTSs and versican. The present study suggests that dental pulp cells, odontoblasts, cementoblasts, cementocytes, periodontal ligament cells, osteoblasts and osteocytes may be involved in both production and degradation of versican with secreting ADAMTS1, ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sone
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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