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Succession of the intestinal bacterial community in Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) larvae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275211. [PMID: 36201490 PMCID: PMC9536584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the succession process of intestinal bacteria during seed production in full-cycle aquaculture of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). During the seed production, eggs, healthy fish, rearing water, and feeds from three experimental rounds in 2012 and 2013 were collected before transferring to offshore net cages and subjected to a fragment analysis of the bacterial community structure. We identified a clear succession of intestinal bacteria in bluefin tuna during seed production. While community structures of intestinal bacteria in the early stage of larvae were relatively similar to those of rearing water and feed, the bacterial community structures seen 17 days after hatching were different. Moreover, although intestinal bacteria in the late stage of larvae were less diverse than those in the early stage of larvae, the specific bacteria were predominant, suggesting that the developed intestinal environment of the host puts selection pressure on the bacteria in the late stage. The specific bacteria in the late stage of larvae, which likely composed 'core microbiota', were also found on the egg surface. The present study highlights that proper management of the seed production process, including the preparation of rearing water, feeds, and fish eggs, is important for the aquaculture of healthy fish.
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Sharma A, Chanu TI, Nayak SK, Jahageerdar S, Krishna G. Pathogenesis of Aeromonas caviae in Clariasmagur. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105662. [PMID: 35781004 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. is a pathogenic bacteria that potentially cause infection in farmed fish, including Catfishes. In the present study, dominant bacteria were isolated from diseased Clarias magur and tentatively named BLBM-05. Based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical features as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence and gyrB gene sequences (Gen Bank accession number: MT973994.1 and MZ398017.1), the bacteria in the isolate was found to be Aeromonas caviae. Further, the isolate was screened for five known virulence genes, namely β-hemolysin, lafA, exu, ompA1 and ascV. Among them, three virulence genes related to pathogenicity, including aerolysin (aer), outer membrane protein (ompA1), lateral flagella (lafA), were identified in the A. caviae isolate. The median lethal dosage (LD50) of the BLBM-05 isolate for magur was determined as 1.53x106 CFU/mL. The histopathological analysis showed that the BLBM-05 isolate induced considerable histological lesions in the magur fish, including necrosis, hemolysis of erythrocytes, myolysis, hemorrhage, and desquamation in the intestinal tissue, tissue loosening, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Drug sensitivity test showed that the isolate was susceptible to Gentamicin, Ceftazidine, Ceftrioxone, Amikacin, Tetracycline, Meropener and Oxytetracycline. The present results provide a scientific basis to identify A. caviae further, a line of treatment for magur infected by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India.
| | - Thongam Ibemcha Chanu
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Nayak
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Powarkheda Centre, Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh, 461110, India
| | - Shrinivas Jahageerdar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Gopal Krishna
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
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Murphy TR, Xiao R, Brooks ML, Rader BA, Hamilton-Brehm SD. Aquaculture production of hatchling Hawaiian Bobtail Squid (Euprymna scolopes) is negatively impacted by decreasing environmental microbiome diversity. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1724-1737. [PMID: 34724303 PMCID: PMC9299211 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims The Hawaiian Bobtail Squid (Euprymna scolopes) is a model organism for investigating host–symbiont relationships. The current scientific focus is on the microbiome within E. scolopes, while very little is known about the microbiome of the tanks housing E. scolopes. We examined the hypothesis that bacterial communities and geochemistry within the squid tank environment correlate with the production of viable paralarval squid. Methods and Results Total DNA was extracted from sediment and filtered water samples from ‘productive’ squid cohorts with high embryonic survival and paralarval hatching, ‘unproductive’ cohorts with low embryonic survival and paralarval hatching. As a control total DNA was extracted from environmental marine locations where E. scolopes is indigenous. Comparative analysis of the bacterial communities by the 16S rRNA gene was performed using next generation sequencing. Thirty‐eight differentially abundant genera were identified in the adult tank waters. The majority of the sequences represented unclassified, candidate or novel genera. The characterized genera included Aquicella, Woeseia and Ferruginibacter, with Hyphomicrobium and Rhizohapis were found to be more abundant in productive adult tank water. In addition, nitrate and pH covaried with productive cohorts, explaining 67% of the bacterial populations. The lower abundance of nitrate‐reducing bacteria in unproductive adult tank water could explain detected elevated nitrate levels. Conclusions We conclude that microbiome composition and water geochemistry can negatively affect E. scolopes reproductive physiology in closed tank systems, ultimately impacting host‐microbe research using these animals. Significance and Impact of study These results identify the tight relationship between the microbiome and geochemistry to E. scolopes. From this study, it may be possible to design probiotic counter‐measures to improve aquaculture conditions for E. scolopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Murphy
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Marjorie L Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Bethany A Rader
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott D Hamilton-Brehm
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Wu R, Shen J, Tian D, Yu J, He T, Yi J, Li Y. A potential alternative to traditional antibiotics in aquaculture: Yeast glycoprotein exhibits antimicrobial effect in vivo and in vitro on Aeromonas caviae isolated from Carassius auratus gibelio. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:639-648. [PMID: 32207876 PMCID: PMC7397907 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, antibiotics are commonly used to provide protection against pathogens; however, this practice has become controversial due to increased occurrences of microbial resistance, and alternatives are needed. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of yeast glycoprotein (YG) against Aeromonas caviae. Pathogens were isolated from liver of diseased Carassius auratus gibelio. Based on morphological and biochemical analysis, together with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolated strains were identified as A. caviae and concluded as clones of a single strain and named L2. Further pathogenicity analysis revealed that A. caviae possessed β‐haemolysis, and its median lethal dose for C. gibelio was 1.33 × 106 CFU/ml. Hepatic adenylate kinase and pyruvate kinase activities of C. gibelio were inhibited post–A. caviae infection. Antimicrobial drug test suggested that A. caviae was a multidrug‐resistant organism but could be inhibited by YG in vitro. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of YG was 83.3 mg/ml and 166.7 mg/ml, respectively. Microbiota sequencing results showed that YG supplement could obviously decrease the relative abundance of Aeromonas and increase the microbial diversity. Our study revealed that A. caviae from C. gibelio was a multidrug‐resistant bacteria strain, and could be significantly inhibited by YG in vivo and in vitro, thus providing important insights into ecological control and pathogenesis of A. caviae in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and DevelopmentMinistry of EducationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Junyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and DevelopmentMinistry of EducationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dandan Tian
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jiaqian Yu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and DevelopmentMinistry of EducationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | | | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and DevelopmentMinistry of EducationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Vadstein O, Attramadal KJK, Bakke I, Forberg T, Olsen Y, Verdegem M, Giatsis C, Skjermo J, Aasen IM, Gatesoupe FJ, Dierckens K, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. Managing the Microbial Community of Marine Fish Larvae: A Holistic Perspective for Larviculture. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1820. [PMID: 30210457 PMCID: PMC6119882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of high-quality juveniles is a bottleneck in the farming of many marine fish species. Detrimental larvae-microbe interactions are a main reason for poor viability and quality in larval rearing. In this review, we explore the microbial community of fish larvae from an ecological and eco-physiological perspective, with the aim to develop the knowledge basis for microbial management. The larvae are exposed to a huge number of microbes from external and internal sources in intensive aquaculture, but their relative importance depend on the rearing technology used (especially flow-through vs. recirculating systems) and the retention time of the water in the fish tanks. Generally, focus has been on microbes entering the system, but microbes from growth within the system is normally a substantial part of the microbes encountered by larvae. Culture independent methods have revealed an unexpected high richness of bacterial species associated with larvae, with 100-250 operational taxonomic units associated with one individual. The microbiota of larvae changes rapidly until metamorphosis, most likely due to changes in the selection pressure in the digestive tract caused by changes in host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. Even though the microbiota of larvae is distinctly different from the microbiota of the water and the live food, the microbiota of the water strongly affects the microbiota of the larvae. We are in the early phase of understanding larvae-microbe interactions in vivo, but some studies with other animals than fish emphasize that we so far have underestimated the complexity of these interactions. We present examples demonstrating the diversity of these interactions. A large variety of microbial management methods exist, focusing on non-selective reduction of microbes, selective enhancement of microbes, and on improvement of the resistance of larvae against microbes. However, relatively few methods have been studied extensively. We believe that there is a lot to gain by increasing the diversity of approaches for microbial management. As many microbial management methods are perturbations of the microbial community, we argue that ecological theory is needed to foresee and test for longer term consequences in microbe-microbe and microbe-larvae interactions. We finally make some recommendations for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari J. K. Attramadal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid Bakke
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Forberg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yngvar Olsen
- Department of Biology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marc Verdegem
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cristos Giatsis
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jorunn Skjermo
- Department of Environment and New Resources, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inga M. Aasen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kristof Dierckens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Administration of Probiotics in the Water in Finfish Aquaculture Systems: A Review. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the contribution of aquaculture to animal protein production has increased enormously, and the sector now provides almost half of the fish and shellfish consumed worldwide, making it a major food producer. Nevertheless, many factors, including infections, pollution, and stress, may result in significant economic losses. The aquaculture industry will not be totally successful without the therapeutic and preventive means to control all these factors. Antibiotics (long used in aquaculture practice) have tended to aggravate the problem by increasing antibiotic resistance. Concomitantly, probiotics have widely been suggested as eco-friendly alternatives to antibiotics. However, the way in which probiotics are applied in aquaculture is a key factor in their favorable performance. The aim of this review was to examine the current state of probiotics administration through the water in finfish aquaculture. The review also attempts to cover the research gaps existing in our knowledge of this administration mode, and to suggest the issues that need to be investigated in greater depth.
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Dittmann KK, Rasmussen BB, Castex M, Gram L, Bentzon-Tilia M. The aquaculture microbiome at the centre of business creation. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1279-1282. [PMID: 29064164 PMCID: PMC5658606 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Dittmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bastian B Rasmussen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bentzon-Tilia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Hai N. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:917-35. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N.V. Hai
- Sustainable Aquatic Resources and Biotechnology; Curtin University of Technology; Bentley WA Australia
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Farto Seguín RM, Bermúdez MB, Rivera L, Nieto TP. Increased survival of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus by using bacteria associated with cultured oysters. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2014; 26:251-262. [PMID: 25361445 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2014.920734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Preventing vibriosis in juvenile cultured Turbot Scophthalmus maximus caused by Vibrio anguillarum frequently requires the use of feed supplemented with antibiotics in addition to vaccines. Whether the use of probiotics instead of antibiotics in juvenile Turbot is a safer strategy requires more study. The antibacterial potential of 148 Vibrio spp. strains (mostly isolated from cultures of healthy oysters, clams, and Turbot) was analyzed in vitro against V. anguillarum and other pathogens by means of an agar diffusion assay. A wide spectrum of inhibitory activity was shown by 9 strains. Based on their easy phenotypic differentiation from V. anguillarum, we selected two strains (S1 and S2, both isolated from the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis) for testing in juvenile Turbot (3 g). None of the strains were virulent by intraperitoneal or bath challenges, and all were susceptible to the antibiotics most frequently used in aquaculture. Three different stocks of Turbot, which were assayed separately, were significantly protected from infection with V. anguillarum. The final survival rates of fish treated in mixed challenges with S1 or S2 and V. anguillarum were 44% and 66%, respectively, whereas only 17% of the fish treated with only the pathogenic strain survived. The application of probiotic strains also increased the survival time of juvenile Turbot after infection with V. anguillarum. Both strains persisted in the epidermal mucus layer of the fish for 30 d, and they were not displaced by the pathogen. These data prove the efficacy of using bacteria well adapted to the dynamics of culture production as a way to provide juvenile Turbot immediate protection against infection by V. anguillarum. Moreover, the epidermal mucus sampling was useful for investigating the persistence of both probiotic strains when exposed to the pathogen.
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C De B, Meena DK, Behera BK, Das P, Das Mohapatra PK, Sharma AP. Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:921-971. [PMID: 24419543 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan C De
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
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Talpur AD, Memon AJ, Khan MI, Ikhwanuddin M, Abdullah MDD, Bolong AMA. GutLactobacillussp. bacteria as probiotics forPortunus pelagicus(Linnaeus, 1758) larviculture: effects on survival, digestive enzyme activities and water quality. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2012.714406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Probiotics as antiviral agents in shrimp aquaculture. J Pathog 2013; 2013:424123. [PMID: 23738078 PMCID: PMC3657448 DOI: 10.1155/2013/424123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp farming is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimps or prawns for human consumption and is now considered as a major economic and food production sector as it is an increasingly important source of protein available for human consumption. Intensification of shrimp farming had led to the development of a number of diseases, which resulted in the excessive use of antimicrobial agents, which is finally responsible for many adverse effects. Currently, probiotics are chosen as the best alternatives to these antimicrobial agents and they act as natural immune enhancers, which provoke the disease resistance in shrimp farm. Viral diseases stand as the major constraint causing an enormous loss in the production in shrimp farms. Probiotics besides being beneficial bacteria also possess antiviral activity. Exploitation of these probiotics in treatment and prevention of viral diseases in shrimp aquaculture is a novel and efficient method. This review discusses the benefits of probiotics and their criteria for selection in shrimp aquaculture and their role in immune power enhancement towards viral diseases.
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Lauzon H, Gudmundsdottir S, Steinarsson A, Oddgeirsson M, Petursdottir S, Reynisson E, Bjornsdottir R, Gudmundsdottir B. Effects of bacterial treatment at early stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhuaL.) on larval survival and development. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:624-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Ninawe
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Marine Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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The impact of zinc on the bacterial abundance in the intestinal tract of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/v10055-008-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Owing to the problem of antibiotic resistance and subsequent reluctance of using antibiotics, the use of probiotics in larviculture is becoming increasingly popular. During the early stages of development, manipulation of the larval digestive system seems possible through the addition of probiotics either through the culture water or via the livefood. Well-studied probiotics used in human medicine and terrestrial agriculture have proved to be successful in aquaculture and therefore reduce the need for extensive biosafety trials. The selection of probiotics requires various in vitro screening experiments, which assay for the production of antagonist compounds, their growth in and attachment to fish intestinal mucus, and the production of other beneficial compounds such as vitamins, fatty acids and digestive enzymes. Further information regarding probiont suitability can be obtained from its identification, interaction with livefood and host pathogenicity. Finally, pilot-scale in vivo tests need be performed, after which a production cost-benefit analysis to determine its economic viability needs to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall G Vine
- Department of Ichthyology & Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
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Macey BM, Coyne VE. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of the farmed South African abalone Haliotis midae by the probionts Vibrio midae SY9, Cryptococcus sp. SS1, and Debaryomyces hansenii AY1. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 8:246-59. [PMID: 16532366 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Viable cell counts and/or in situ hybridization were used to determine whether the probionts Vibrio midae SY9, Cryptococcus sp. SS1, and Debaryomyces hansenii AY1 can colonize the gastrointestinal tract of the South African abalone Haliotis midae. The number of culturable probiotic cells reisolated from H. midae fed probiotic-supplemented feed for 3 weeks ranged from 10(6) to 10(7) cfu/g gut material. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in probiont numbers 2 days after feeding the probiotic-supplemented feed had been halted correlated with a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in intestinal protease and amylase activity. There was a positive correlation between Cryptococcus sp. SS1 and amylase activity (r2= 0.681) and V. midae SY9.8 and protease activity (r2= 0.711) in the H. midae intestine. Although culturable probionts were isolated from abalone that had not been fed probiotic-supplemented feed for a 2-week period, the drop in the number of probiotic cells colonizing the abalone digestive tract 2 days after feeding with the probiotic-supplemented feed had been halted indicates that farmed abalone should be fed probiotic-supplemented feed at least every second day for maximum benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Macey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Chapter 17 Prospects of fish probiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Ringø E, Schillinger U, Holzapfel W. Chapter 18 Antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from aquatic animals and the use of lactic acid bacteria in aquaculture. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Longeon A, Peduzzi J, Barthélemy M, Corre S, Nicolas JL, Guyot M. Purification and partial identification of novel antimicrobial protein from marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas species strain X153. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2004; 6:633-641. [PMID: 15747093 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-004-3009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A marine bacterium, X153, was isolated from a pebble collected at St. Anne du Portzic (France). By 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequence analysis, X153 strain was identified as a Pseudoalteromonas sp. close to P. piscicida. The crude culture of X153 was highly active against human pathogenic strains involved in dermatologic diseases, and marine bacteria including various ichthyopathogenic Vibrio strains. The active substance occurred both in bacterial cells and in culture supernatant. An antimicrobial protein was purified to homogeneity by a 4-step procedure using size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. The highly purified P-153 protein is anionic, and sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gives an apparent molecular mass of 87 kDa. The X153 bacterium protected bivalve larvae against mortality, following experimental challenges with ichthyopathogenic Vibrio. Pseudoalteromonas sp. X153 may be useful in aquaculture as a probiotic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Longeon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, UMR 5154 CNRS, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, USM 502, 63, rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
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Rodríguez A, Cuesta A, Esteban MA, Meseguer J. The effect of dietary administration of the fungus Mucor circinelloides on non-specific immune responses of gilthead seabream. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 16:241-249. [PMID: 15123327 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-4648(03)00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Accepted: 06/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The immunostimulant potential of the whole fungus Mucor circinelloides administered in the diet to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) was studied. Three different lyophilised strains were used: the wild-type (R7B) and two mutant strains in the carotene-production pathway which are enriched in lycopene (MU224) or beta-carotene (T31). Fish were fed diets containing 0 (control) or 10 g of one of the whole M. circinelloides strains per kg feed. After 2, 4 or 6 weeks of treatment the growth rate as well as humoral (lysozyme activity) and cellular (phagocytosis and cytotoxicity) immune responses were determined. The specific growth rate increased slightly with all the M. circinelloides-supplemented diets. Serum lysozyme activity increased slightly (P>0.05) in fish fed the mutant strain-supplemented diets. Of the cellular responses, phagocytosis significantly increased after 6 weeks, in fish fed the wild-type strain-supplemented diets while cytotoxicity increased after 4 weeks in fish fed the beta-carotene-enriched strain-supplemented diet. The immune responses were increased to some degree by diets containing whole M. circinelloides strains. These results are discussed in the light of the on-going search for new microorganisms, wild or mutant-type, for use as immunostimulants in fish farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Villamil L, Figueras A, Aranguren R, Novoa B. Non-specific immune response of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), experimentally infected with a pathogenic Vibrio pelagius. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2003; 26:321-329. [PMID: 12899407 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a pathogenic Vibrio pelagius, isolated during a mass mortality of turbot larvae, on the non-specific immune response of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), macrophages was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro treatment of head kidney (HK) macrophages with viable V. pelagius caused a significant inhibition of the chemiluminescence (CL) response in comparison with untreated macrophages, while incubation with heat-killed bacteria did not affect this response. In vivo, the intraperitoneal injection of V. pelagius resulted in a significant inhibition of the CL response in infected fish at days 1 and 4 post-infection compared with the control fish response. The HK macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production was enhanced by in vitro incubation with intermediate doses of viable V. pelagius (5 x 10(3) and 5 x 10(4) bacteria mL(-1)) and higher doses of the heat-killed bacteria (5 x 10(4)-5 x 10(6) bacteria mL(-1)). In both cases, the NO inhibitor N-omega -nitro-L-arginine was capable of down-regulating the specific NO induction caused by incubation with the bacterial treatments. In contrast, incubation with ECPs at higher doses caused a reduction in NO production. In vivo, a significant enhancement in NO production was also observed in macrophage supernatants at day 10 post-infection. Lysozyme concentration in the serum was also significantly increased in the experimentally infected fish at days 4 and 10 post-injection. In addition, viable V. pelagius and its ECPs significantly reduced HK macrophage viability in vitro, whereas no significant differences in viability were observed during the incubation with heat-killed bacteria. As NO production was enhanced in the experimentally infected fish, the inhibitory effect of the NO donor, S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), was tested in vitro in a cell-free assay. The results showed that growth of V. pelagius was significantly inhibited using SNAP at a high concentration (1 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
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Villamil L, Figueras A, Toranzo AE, Planas M, Novoa B. Isolation of a highly pathogenic Vibrio pelagius strain associated with mass mortalities of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), larvae. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2003; 26:293-303. [PMID: 12962238 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial strain, characterized as Vibrio pelagius (Hq 222), was isolated from a turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), larvae mass mortality in a commercial fish farm in Spain. Turbot larvae, post-larvae (0.2 g) and juveniles (5 and 15 g) were experimentally infected. The bacterium appeared to be very virulent for larvae and post-larvae, LD50 being < 5 bacteria mL(-1) for larvae 1 week post-infection and 3.9 x 10(5) bacteria mL(-1) in post-larvae at day 12 post-infection. The bacterial strain was recovered in pure culture from the internal organs of infected fish. Histological lesions in post-larvae exhibited swelling and necrosis of gill secondary lamellae, sloughing of intestinal mucosa and necrosis of haematopoietic tissue in the kidney. Vibrio pelagius (Hq 222) was able to grow in sterile sea water when incubated at room temperature or at 15 degrees C. Vibrio pelagius (Hq 222) was more adherent to the turbot cell lines TV-1 and TF than Escherichia coli. In both cell lines, the number of adhered bacteria increased with incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
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Farto R, Pérez MJ, Fernández-Briera A, Nieto TP. Purification and partial characterisation of a fish lethal extracellular protease from Vibrio pelagius. Vet Microbiol 2002; 89:181-94. [PMID: 12243895 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purification, characterisation and lethal effect of an extracellular protease present in the extracellular products (ECPs) of a pathogenic Vibrio pelagius (7P) strain are described. The extracellular protease was purified by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography and characterised by enzymatic assays. The lethal effect was evaluated by injection into fish. The native protease had a molecular mass of 39 kDa, was active on casein and L-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide (LNA) and its metalloprotease nature was shown by the LNA inhibition profile. Kinetic studies on the hydrolysis of casein and LNA confirmed a competitive inhibition of one substrate with respect to the other. The temperature assays showed that both aminopeptidolytic and caseinolytic activities were labile at 70 degrees C for 3 min. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of 7P protease revealed a high degree of homology with other metalloproteases of Vibrio species that are implicated in virulence. The purified 7P protease showed an LD(50) of 1.77 microgprotein/g fish for turbot. The quick lethal effect (<24h) and the macroscopic damage (external haemorrhagic areas, principally on fins and mouth, petechial haemorrhages in internal organs, but with no external or internal apparent necrotic areas) detected in the host were similar to those obtained by injection of total ECP and live cells of 7P strain. An extracellular protease with endopeptidolytic and exopeptidolytic activities, responsible for the lethal effect of ECP and clinical signs of vibriosis in turbot was purified from a pathogenic V. pelagius (7P) strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farto
- Departamento de Biología Funcional y Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000; 64:655-71. [PMID: 11104813 PMCID: PMC99008 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.64.4.655-671.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need in aquaculture to develop microbial control strategies, since disease outbreaks are recognized as important constraints to aquaculture production and trade and since the development of antibiotic resistance has become a matter of growing concern. One of the alternatives to antimicrobials in disease control could be the use of probiotic bacteria as microbial control agents. This review describes the state of the art of probiotic research in the culture of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and live food, with an evaluation of the results obtained so far. A new definition of probiotics, also applicable to aquatic environments, is proposed, and a detailed description is given of their possible modes of action, i.e., production of compounds that are inhibitory toward pathogens, competition with harmful microorganisms for nutrients and energy, competition with deleterious species for adhesion sites, enhancement of the immune response of the animal, improvement of water quality, and interaction with phytoplankton. A rationale is proposed for the multistep and multidisciplinary process required for the development of effective and safe probiotics for commercial application in aquaculture. Finally, directions for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verschuere
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Gatesoupe FJ, Lambert C, Nicolas JL. Pathogenicity of vibrio splendidus strains associated with turbot larvae, scophthalmus maximus. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 87:757-63. [PMID: 10594718 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Turbot larvae were challenged with eight strains of Vibrio splendidus isolated from diseased larvae, plus a ninth strain pathogenic to scallop larvae (A515; Nicolas et al. 1996). Six strains caused heavy mortality but the scallop pathogen and the other two strains did not. All the strains shared a large number of phenotypic traits, and an attempt was made to relate virulence to genotype and phenotype. Five of the six pathogenic strains were very similar, as shown by RAPD fingerprinting and phenotypic characteristics. The relatedness of the other strains was intermediate between the main pathogenic group and V. splendidus ATCC 33125, but the DNA-DNA homology between the pathogenic group and the reference strain was still high (78% of reassociation rate). The non-pathogenic isolates may be a useful tool for determining the possible virulence factors, as all the isolates differed by few characteristics.
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